一种钙调素结合蛋白对小麦质膜H~ -ATP酶活性的调节

植物生长素参与植物生长和发育诸多方面的调节。研究表明,生长素的调节机制与Caz”的存在紧密相关。Caz”在植物激素的信号传导中起着信使作用（Hepler和Randy1985）,它与钙调素（Ca．－－－urr－ulin,CaM）结合参与了各种类型植物激素应答反应的调节。现已查明,CaM的诸多功能常受其内源性结合蛋白的调控。本研究组曾分离得到一种新的植物CaM结合蛋白——CaMBP－10o实验证明,CaMBP－10通过与CaM的特异性结合显著抑制了CaM对其靶酶的激活（尚克进等1991）。前期工作还发现CaMBP－10对生长素诱导的小麦芽鞘伸长和质子外排均有…     

白菜转脂蛋白CaMBP10分子中钙调素结合结构域的鉴定

植物转脂蛋白(LTPs)是多基因编码的蛋白家族, 广泛分布于高等植物,其确切的生理功能至今仍不清楚. 本室从白菜中分离的钙调素结合蛋白-10 (CaMBP10) 经序列分析 被鉴定为植物转脂蛋白家族成员,体外实验证明钙调素(CaM)调节其脂质结合活性.为了深入了解转脂蛋白与CaM的相互作用机制,本文通过删除、缺失和定点突变等分子生物学手段确定了白菜转脂蛋白CaMBP10分子中的钙调素结合结构域.该结构域位于分子C末端 64~83位氨基酸残基之间,其中疏水氨基酸的分布具有1-5-8-10 的CaM结合模序特征.     

CaMBP-10单克隆抗体的制备及CaMBP-10在豌豆器官中的表达检测

用电泳纯钙调素结合蛋白BP 10 (CaMBP 10 )免疫小鼠 ,制备单克隆抗体 (McAb) .用MEP(mercapto ethtyl pyridine)HyperCel疏水层析柱从细胞培养上清中纯化并获得单克隆抗体 ,同时测定了抗体 抗原反应的基本特性 .此单克隆抗体具有较高纯度、特异性和亲和力 .亲和常数 (Kaff)为1 2 6× 10 9(mol L) -1,此抗体和CaM在空间上以相同或相近的位点与CaMBP 10相结合 .以胶体金标记的抗体为探针 ,研究CaMBP 10在豌豆幼叶、成熟叶、茎尖、茎、根等不同器官的分布特征 ,并与胶体金标记CaM的结合情况相对照 .结果显示 ,CaMBP 10在植物中的分布特点与文献报道的CaM的分布特点相一致 ,提示CaMBP 10可能是在蛋白水平上对CaM进行区域化和可用性调节     

钙调素及其结合蛋白BP-10对类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化的作用

报道光诱导的内源类囊体膜蛋白的磷酸化可被一种新的植物钙调素(Calmodulin ,CaM )结合蛋白BP 1 0 (CaMBP -1 0 )显著抑制 ,并且抑制作用能被外加CaM消除 .同时 ,此磷酸化反应也可被EGTA和CaM拮抗剂TFP(trifluoperazine)及W 7(N ( 6 aminohexyl) -5- chloro -1 naphthalenesulfonamide)抑制 .提示 :( 1 )Ca ²⁺和CaM可能参与并调节植物光合作用 ;( 2 )催化类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化的激酶可能受Ca ²⁺和CaM调控 .进一步实验表明BP -1 0对类囊体膜蛋白的脱磷酸化作用无任何影响 .     

CaMBP-10的cDNA克隆和表达及钙调素结合活性分析

采用RT PCR法 ,从中国大白菜中分离了编码CaMBP 1 0的cDNA克隆 .该cDNA全长 4 96bp ,编码 92个氨基酸 ,3′端含有 2 1 6bp的非编码区和poly A尾 .将此BP 1 0cDNA的成熟蛋白序列导入表达质粒pET1 5b并转化至大肠杆菌E .coliBL2 1 (DE3)condonplus RIL进行表达 .以免疫印迹和钙调素结合分析法对重组BP 1 0进行鉴定 ,证明其保持了与天然BP 1 0相同的钙调素结合活性 .氨基酸和核苷酸序列分析结果显示 ,它与植物转脂蛋白高度同源 ,特别是含有 8个保守半胱氨酸 .BP 1 0与转脂蛋白之间具极为相似的理化性质如分子量、等电点、热稳定性等 .据此认为 ,CaMBP 1 0是转脂蛋白家族的新成员 ,Ca2 + CaM信号系统可能参与植物转脂蛋白功能的调节     

转脂蛋白CaMBP10的胶体金标记及对白菜中CaMBP10结合蛋白的鉴定

植物转脂蛋白 (LTP)是一类广泛存在于高等植物中的空间结构高度保守的碱性小分子蛋白,其确切功能和调节机制至今仍不清楚.本室从白菜中分离的钙调素结合 蛋白10 (CaMBP10),经序列分析被鉴定为植物转脂蛋白家族成员.近期研究结果表明 ,CaMBP10 参与了植物的生物与非生物胁迫反应.为了深入探讨CaMBP10的抗性机制,确定植物中与其相互作用的蛋白质,本文拟建立胶体金标记CaMBP10 的方法,通过凝胶覆盖分析,检测植物样品中的CaMBP10 结合蛋白为此,对标记反应的最适条件进行了优化,确定最佳条件为：交联剂戊二醛用量为0.034%,交联反应pH值为7 .0,交联反应时间为40 min,胶体金颗粒度为10 nm,胶体金溶液的pH为7.0. 本文确定建立了植物样品中CaMBP10结合蛋白的分析与鉴定方法.     

植物的钙调素亚型

钙调素是一种高度保守的多功能Ca2 结合蛋白,在Ca2 信号转导途径中处于中心环节.近年来的研究表明,CaM亚型在植物中普遍存在,不同的CaM亚型与靶蛋白相互作用,它们的表达特性和生物学功能存在差异.该文介绍了植物 CaM亚型的研究现状和进展.     

植物免疫应答过程中 Ca2 ＋及 CaM/CML 的功能

钙离子是一个多功能的第二信使,在植物响应各种生理刺激时,Ca2＋参与调节植物的多种生长发育和胁迫适应过程。在这些过程中,Ca2＋信号带有特异性标签,通过Ca2＋结合蛋白及其下游靶蛋白感知不同刺激并翻译成响应的细胞反应。钙调素（CaM）和钙调素类蛋白（CML）是Ca2＋主要感受器,通过调节不同靶蛋白的活性调控多种细胞功能。最近在植物对抗病原菌的防卫反应中有关Ca2＋／CaM信号转导系统的研究取得了一定进展。重点关注植物免疫应答过程中受CaM／CML调控的信号组分的研究,包括参与Ca2＋信号产生和Ca2＋依赖的表达基因组分调控。     

小麦黄化胚芽鞘的细胞壁钙调素和钙调素结合蛋白

小麦黄化胚芽鞘经苯基琼脂糖亲和层析提取和纯化,其细胞壁CaM在有钙和缺钙时SDS电泳呈现不同的迁移率;依赖Ca~(2 )与苯基疏水结合;在紫外吸收光谱上具有五个特征峰;对PDE的激活剂量反应曲线和从非活性状态向活性状态转变时所需的Ca~(2 )浓度均和胞内CaM相同,说明细胞壁CaM和胞内CaM具有相同的基本理化特性。采用CaM琼脂糖亲和层析,发现在小麦细胞壁中存在CaM结合蛋白,其中以分子量为40.7 kD的 CaM结合多肽为主。细胞壁CaM结合蛋白不具有过氧化物酶、ATP酶或酸性磷酸酯酶的活性。     

钙调素对钙调素结合蛋白-10和玉米非特异性脂转移蛋白与脂质结合活性的影响

荧光标记的脂质结合实验表明,钙调素结合蛋白-10（CaMBP-10）具有典型的植物非特异性脂质转移蛋白与脂质结合的特性。进一步实验研究了钙调素（calmodulin,CaM）对CaMBP-10和玉米nsLTP与脂质结合的活性的影响,结果显示无论在有钙和无钙条件下,CaM对两者的影响均有不同之处,W-7和TFP能消除CaM的影响。提示CaM不仅与CaMBP-10和玉米nsLTP特异性相互作用,而且对2种脂转移蛋白可能具有不同的调节机制。     

钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白的研究进展

钙调素是普遍存在于真核生物细胞中、发挥多种生物学调控作用的信号组分.钙调素不仅在有Ca2 情况下通过与钙依赖性钙调素结合蛋白作用而传递信号,也能在相对无Ca2 条件下直接结合钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白而传递信号.综述了无钙离子结合钙调素及钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白的结构特性、钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白的种类及其可能的生物学作用,这将有助于我们深入认识钙调素介导信号途径的特异性、复杂性和多样性.     

Competitive binding of calmodulin isoforms to calmodulin-binding proteins: implication for the function of calmodulin isoforms in plants.

In plants, multiple calmodulin (CaM) isoforms exist in an organism which vary in their primary structures in as much as 32 residues out of their 148 amino acids. These CaM isoforms show differences in their expression patterns and/or target enzyme activation ability. To further understand the biological significance of CaM isoforms, we examined whether CaM isoforms act on specific regulatory targets. In gel overlay assays on various soybean tissue extracts, surprisingly, two soybean CaM isoforms (SCaM-1 and SCaM-4) did not show significant differences in their target binding protein profiles, although they exhibited minor differences in their relative target binding affinities. In addition, both SCaM isoforms not only effectively bound five known plant CaMBPs, but also showed competitive binding to these proteins. Finally, immunolocalization experiments with the SCaM proteins in sections of various tissues using specific antibodies revealed similar distribution patterns for the SCaM isoforms except for root tissues, which indicates that the SCaM isoforms are concomitantly expressed in most plant tissues. These results suggest that CaM isoforms may compete for binding to CaMBPs in vivo. This competitive nature of CaM isoforms may allow modulation of Ca(2+)/CaM signaling pathways by virtue of relative abundance and differential target activation potency.     

钙调蛋白在植物发育中的功能

钙调蛋白(CaM)在植物生长和发育中有着多种功能,它参与了一系列的发育过程如细胞分裂、细胞代谢、胁迫、花药和雌蕊以及胚胎的发育等．对钙调蛋白功能的了解将有助于更深入研究钙/钙调蛋白介导的信号网络,为研究植物体内各类代谢的信号转导奠定基础．     

生物素标记钙调素用于植物钙调素结合蛋白的检测

用生物素标了己了花椰菜ＣａＭ。生物素标记的ＣａＭ具有与天然ＣａＭ相似的Ｃａ２＋依赖电泳特性,可激活ＣａＭ依赖性磷酸二酯酶,能够检测出５０ｎｇ的磷酸二酯酶。利用它建立了检测植物ＣａＭ结合蛋白的生物素－覆盖法（Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－ｏｖｅｒｌａｙ）并证实酶标亲和素可与胡萝卜愈伤组织内６４ｋＤ蛋白质非特异结合,因此将此法运用于植物材料时必需设置酶标亲和素处理的对照。用生物素－覆盖法检测胡萝卜愈伤组织形成过程中的ＣａＭ结合蛋白时可检出２,４－Ｄ诱导的ＣａＭ结合蛋白。     

Differential expression of genes encoding calmodulin-binding proteins in response to bacterial pathogens and inducers of defense responses

Calmodulin (CaM) plays an important role in sensing and transducing changes in cellular Ca²⁺ concentration in response to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Although CaM is implicated in plant-pathogen interactions, its molecular targets and their role in defense signaling pathway(s) are poorly understood. To elucidate the signaling pathways that link CaM to defense responses, we screened a cDNA library constructed from bean leaves undergoing a hypersensitive response (HR) with radiolabeled CaM isoforms. A total of 26 putative CBPs were identified. Sequencing of the cDNAs revealed that they represent 8 different genes. They are homologues of previously identified CaM-binding proteins (CBPs) in other systems. However, some CBPs are novel members of known CBP families. The proteins encoded by these clones bound CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. To determine if these CBPs are involved in plant defense responses, we analyzed their expression in bean leaves inoculated with compatible, incompatible and nonpathogenic bacterial strains. Expression of three CBPs including an isoform of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (PvCNGC-A) and two hypothetical proteins (PvCBP60-C and PvCBP60-D) was induced whereas the expression of two other isoforms of CNGCs (PvCNGC-Band PvCNGC-C) was repressed in response to incompatible pathogens. The expression of the rest, a small auxin up RNA (PvSAUR1) and two hypothetical proteins (PvCBP60-Aand PvCBP60-B), was not changed. The expression of most of the pathogen-regulated genes was also affected by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, hydrogen peroxide and a fungal elicitor, which are known to induce defense responses. Our results strongly suggest that at least five bean CBPs are involved in plant defense responses.     

Characterization of EGTA-washed synaptosomal membrane with emphasis on its calmodulin-binding proteins. Demonstration of possible reconstitution with added calcium/calmodulin.

Endogenous calmodulin (CaM) in the EGTA-washed cerebral-cortical synaptosomal membrane (SM) preparation was estimated below 3 micrograms/ml protein by the semiquantitative immunoblot analysis (Natsukari, N., Ohta, H. and Fujita, M. (1989) J. Immunol. Methods 125, 159-166). Membrane-bound CaM was immunoelectron-microscopically demonstrated in EGTA-washed, non-treated (control), and Ca(2+)-treated cerebral-cortical synaptosomal membranes (SM) as well as for the SM enriched with added CaM. The density of CaM increased in the above order. CaM-dependent adenylate cyclase and CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II) activities were restored, whereas the phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was not affected by exogenous CaM over all the Ca2+ concentrations tested. Adenylate cyclase at pCa 6.2 was synergistically activated either by GTP and CaM or by CaM and beta-adrenergic agonist, (+/-)-isoproterenol, reflecting the intactness of signal transduction pathway in the SM. Also demonstrated were the presence of protein kinase A, CaM-kinase II, and their endogenous substrates in the SM. Based on 32P-autoradiography and 125I-CaM overlay data certain CaM-binding proteins such as CaM-kinase II and synapsin I were identified on SDS-PAGE. Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent CaMBPs were distinguished by 125I-CaM gel overlay with and without Ca2+. The former had bigger molecular size (greater than or equal to 49 kDa) than the latter (less than or equal to 34 kDa). Yield of Ca(2+)-dependent CaMBPs was not affected by Ca2+ concentration during preparation of the SM while that of Ca(2+)-independent CaMBPs was reduced by exposure to 100 microM Ca2+. In contrast with the CaMBPs of brain SM, those of enterocyte and eyrthrocyte plasma membranes especially, microvillous membrane of the enterocyte, showed quite distinct CaMBP profiles. The present findings suggested that the EGTA-washed SM preparation made a useful system for studying the role of CaM in the brain SM.     

Detection of calmodulin-binding proteins and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation linked to calmodulin-dependent chemotaxis to folic and cAMP in Dictyostelium

Calmodulin (CaM) antagonists, trifluoperazine (TFP) or calmidazolium (R24571), dose-dependently inhibited cAMP and folic acid (FA) chemotaxis in Dictyostelium. Developing, starved, and refed cells were compared to determine if certain CaM-binding proteins (CaMBPs) and CaM-dependent phosphorylation events could be identified as potential downstream effectors. Recombinant CaM ([35S]VU-1-CaM) gel overlays coupled with cell fractionation revealed at least three dozen Ca(2+)-dependent and around 12 Ca(2+)-independent CaMBPs in Dictyostelium. The CaMBPs associated with early development were also found in experimentally starved cells (cAMP chemotaxis), but were different for the CaMBP population linked to growth-phase cells (FA chemotaxis). Probing Western blots with phosphoserine antibodies revealed several phosphoprotein bands that displayed increases when cAMP-responsive cells were treated with TFP. In FA-responsive cells, several but distinct phosphoproteins decreased when treated with TFP. These data show that unique CaMBPs are present in growing, FA-chemosensitive cells vs. starved cAMP-chemoresponsive cells that may be important for mediating CaM-dependent events during chemotaxis.     

Ca~(2 )-Calmodulin is Involved in Betacyanin Accumulation Induced by Dark in C_3 Halophyte Suaeda salsa

The C_3 halophyte Suaeda salsa was used to investigate the roles of Ca~(2 ),Ca~(2 )channels,and calmodulin(CAM)in betacyaninmetabolism.Seeds of S.salsa were cultured in both the dark and light for 3 days.The fresh weight and betacyanin contentwere much higher in S.salsa seedlings formed in the dark than in seedlings formed in the light.The addition of Ca~(2 )tothe half-strength MS nutrient solution promoted betacyanin accumulation in the dark,whereas Ca~(2 )depletion by EGTAsuppressed the dark-induced betacyanin accumulation in shoots of S.salsa.The Ca~(2 )channel blocker LaCl_3 also inhibiteddark-induced betacyanin accumulation.The highest activity of CaM and the maximum betacyanin content decreased by51% and 45%,respectively,in shoots of S.salsa seedlings treated with the potent CaM antagonist chlorpromazine in thedark.Furthermore,the other CaM antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide(W-7)also inhibited theactivity of CaM and dark-dependent betacyanin accumulation,whereas its less active structural analog N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide(W-5)had little effect on the responses to dark of S.salsa seedlings.These results suggest thatCa~(2 ),Ca~(2 )-regulated ion channels,and CaM play an important role in dark-induced betacyanin accumulation in the shootsof the C_3 halophyte S.salsa.     

Calmodulin-binding proteins of calcium-independent type in rat brain synaptosomal membranes: their localization and properties.

Some properties of calmodulin(CaM)-binding proteins (CaMBPs) of the Ca(2+)-independent type were investigated in the synaptosomal membrane (SM) from rat brain using the [125I]CaM gel overlay method. When SM was prepared in the presence of Ca2+, Ca(2+)-independent CaM binding was decreased, whereas the Ca(2+)-dependent type was not altered. All Ca(2+)-independent-type CaMBPs were membrane-bound and scarcely present in the soluble fractions. When SM was heat-denatured, the 24/22.5-kDa CaMBPs could no longer be detected by [125]CaM binding and a new component with higher molecular mass (greater than 200 kDa) was shown to bind CaM in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. A possible effect of cAMP- and Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation on CaM binding was also examined.     

拟南芥钙调素定点突变基因分离及其在钙不依赖钙调素结合蛋白检测中的应用

动植物系统研究表明,钙调素不仅在结合钙离子时调节多种靶酶或靶蛋白的活性,而且没有钙离子结合时,还可以通过结合钙不依赖的钙调素结合蛋白,发挥多种生物学作用．然而,目前却没有体内分析钙调素与钙不依赖钙调素结合蛋白相互作用的方法．首先,采用定点突变的方式,得到了拟南芥钙调素亚型2的多个突变基因mCaM2,随后,大肠杆菌重组表达突变蛋白的电泳迁移率及⁴⁵Ca²⁺覆盖分析表明,得到了编码失去钙结合能力的钙调素的突变基因mCaM2₁₂₃₄, mCaM2₁₂₃₄突变钙调素中所有4个钙结合EF-hand结构域中的关键氨基酸谷氨酸均突变为谷氨酰胺．在酵母双杂交体系中,作为诱饵蛋白的突变钙调素mCaM2₁₂₃₄与我们前期体外方法报道的钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白AtIQD26存在相互作用．这将为钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白提供有用的体内研究工具,有利于我们全面认识钙-钙调素-钙调素结合蛋白信号途径．