Dietary and toxicity exposure of emerging persistent organic pollutants to human health through consumption of cereal crops from Pakistan

There is a lack of scientific literature regarding the bioaccumulation, dietary, and toxicity exposure of emerging persistent organic pollutants through food crops. The current mini-review presents the dietary intake, spatial distribution pattern, and screening-levels risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the cereal crops and environmental compartments from Punjab Province, Pakistan. Results of congener specific analysis were in accordance to the previously reported pattern of detected POPs across the globe. Spatial distribution was influenced by the industrial and urban fraction and trend of spatial distribution pattern was observed as follows: industrial/urban areas > industrial/peri-urban areas > agricultural/rural areas. Dietary intake of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via consumption of cereal crops was observed higher and was in accordance to the previously reported levels while human health was at marginal risk to cancer. The results of dietary and toxicity exposure of detected POPs warrant auxiliary devotion in future, to this group of contaminants.     

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fresh water farm fish species from Punjab (India) and evaluation of their dietary intake for human risk assessment

In India, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been used extensively in both agricultural and industrial sectors, resulting in deterioration of terrestrial and aquatic environment. In the present study, analysis of POPs in fresh water ecosystem comprising samples of fish, sediments, and water was done from fish farms in Punjab, India. POP residues comprising lindane, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, endosulfan sulfate, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (PCB-28, PCB-138, PCB-180) were detected in fish samples. Residues of p,p’ DDE and p,p’ DDD were recorded utmost in fish flesh with mean levels of 13.8 and 5.8 ng g^?1, respectively. PCB residues were estimated in 20 fish samples with values in the range ND–46.3 ng g^?1. The mean residue levels detected in this study were lower than the recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs) described by EU-MRLs, Italian-MRLs, FDA-2001, and FAO-1983. At the current levels of POP residues in fish flesh, the human health risk assessment based on both deterministic (mean residue levels) and probabilistic (95th percentile upper bound limit) approaches, reflected that cancer and non-cancer risks were within United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) prescribed limits. The presence of POP residues in fish farm sediments and water elucidated the relationship between occurrence of POP residues in fish and its aquatic environment.     

南极海洋生物持久性有机污染物:水平、传递与风险评价

尽管南极被认为是远离人类污染的净土,但近年来不断发现有机氯农药、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚和全/多氟化合物等传统和"新型"持久性有机污染物(POPs)存在于南极的非生物及生物环境中,由此引发了全球各国对南极生态系统的不断关注.POPs性质稳定,能够久存于环境中,并具有毒性,易富集于生物体内并产生一定的健康风险.为了解南极和南...     

A review on emerging persistent organic pollutants: Current scenario in Pakistan

During the last few years, a new drift on screening of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in the environment of Pakistan has been observed. However, across the globe a number of reports have been devoted to the screening levels, distribution, and risk assessment and on the emission of POPs. In the case of Pakistan, the knowledge achieved and understanding of POPs contamination in the environmental compartments are still limited. Recently published literature has been a key to explore the mystery of new emerging POPs from the environment of the country. In this review, an effort was made to summarize the results of recently published reports on POPs (PCNs, PBDEs, DPs, and PCBs) from biotic and abiotic environments of Pakistan. This review also presents the available data published to date for organochlorines. The results of previously reported studies reflected that newly emerging POPs were influenced by the industrial and urban fractions and were in line with the distribution pattern of other regions of the world. These results revealed that urgent attention must be paid to these new emerging POPs, as they are reported to be present in considerable concentrations. Such detected concentrations of these banned pollutants should be checked/screened by scientific authorities to avoid adverse health risks to humans and animals.     

区域生态风险管理研究进展

近20a来,随着生态风险评价研究的不断深化,区域生态风险评价的理论和方法日臻完善,与此紧密相关的生态风险管理日益受到了广泛关注.生态风险管理具有基于监控的反馈机制、风险受害者参与、程序灵活非线性化、关注成本效益等共同点.总结了国内外生态风险管理的研究进展,发现近年来生态风险管理的研究多是基于生态风险评价的结果,针对不同的风险类型和等级采取不同的管理措施.国内现有的研究对灾害风险管理的体系、机制建设较为成熟,但区域生态风险管理的机制研究尤其是预警和防范方面研究尚不成熟.基于此,构建了基于风险来临前、风险到来时和风险过后的区域生态风险管理的基本框架,研究结果对生态风险管理理论的构建和实践应用具有重要的意义.     

生态风险评价方法述评

生态风险是由环境的自然变化或人类活动引起的生态系统组成、结构的改变而导致系统功能损失的可能性。生态风险评价是定量预测各种风险源对生态系统产生风险的或然性以及评估该风险可接受程度的方法体系,因而是生态环境风险管理与决策的定量依据。在介绍了生态风险概念的基础上,按照风险源性质的分类标准将生态风险划分为化学污染类风险源、生态事件类风险源、复合类风险源3类,并分别论述了3类生态风险对应评价方法的特点与发展的方向。另外,针对生态风险评价研究的现状,讨论了我国生态风险研究的优先领域,包括建立急性、慢性毒理数据库,构建外来生物入侵风险评价标准等,同时,建议将综合概率统计学、复杂系统理论与遥感技术等手段引入生态风险评价方法中,以进一步提高风险评价结果在生态风险管理中的有效性。     

Quandaries and complexities of ecological risk assessment: Viable options to reduce humanistic arrogance

Ecological risk assessment has been used to support decisions regarding human‐generated actions which affect natural “resources”; and indigenous ecosystems. Often, the logical and scientific input serve as rationalization to legitimize the process. Though widely accepted as the realistic and sole paradigm, Ecological Risk Assessments do not address the complexities of the natural world, are humanistically arrogant, and disregard or do not consider alternatives which offer imagination and realistic attempts to reduce human impact to the land.

Ecological Alternatives Assessment practices would place the highest priority on: (a) continued temporal and spatial evolution of existing complex ecological relationships, (b) acknowledgment of the inherent rights of all species, and (c) examination of alternatives to reduce effects of anthropogenic actions. These steps, as discussed, are not impossible to accomplish and are necessary for favorable short‐term (50–500 years) anthropocentric alternatives and maintenance of long‐term (+1,000 years) biodiversity of species and ecosystems.     

Ciprofloxacin: in vivo genotoxicity studies

The fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is widely used in antimicrobial therapy. It inhibits the bacterial gyrase and in high concentrations in vitro also the functionally related eukaryotic topoisomerase-II, which resulted in genotoxic effects in several in vitro tests. In order to evaluate the relevance of these findings, ciprofloxacin was tested in vivo for genotoxic activity using the following test systems: micronucleus test in bone marrow of mice, cytogenetic chromosome analysis in Chinese hamster, dominant lethal assay in male mice and UDS tests in primary rat and mouse hepatocytes in vivo. These results are compared with already published in vitro and in vivo studies with ciprofloxacin. All in vivo genotoxicity revealed no genotoxic effect for ciprofloxacin. In addition, ciprofloxacin was found to be non-carcinogenic in two rodent long-term bioassays. Therefore, ciprofloxacin is considered to be safe for therapeutic use.     

光和噪声污染胁迫下城市生态斑块鸟类风险评价

为应对城市生态斑块光污染、噪声污染范围快速扩张和强度增加对鸟类带来的生态风险,探讨了将微观鸟类风险阈值与宏观光污染、噪声污染分布数据结合进行生态风险评价的全链条研究方法,具体包括：探究微观层面光、声污染胁迫下鸟类生态风险阈值,分别获得光污染对黄雀和栗鹀寤寐节律及声污染对画眉鸟退避行为的生态风险阈值,并提出由实验室环境中获得的鸟类光污染强度风险阈值推算室外夜间混合光环境中鸟类光污染强度风险阈值的方法;同时获取宏观光、声环境分布数据,其中光环境分布数据基于Luojia 1-01和Jilin 1-7B夜光遥感影像获得,声环境分布数据通过软件模拟、实测校核、ArcGIS属性赋予等系列操作获得;结合微观鸟类风险阈值和宏观光、声环境分布数据开展生态风险评价,以典型城市生态斑块为实例分析光污染和噪声污染胁迫下鸟类生态风险分布特征;搭建生态风险评价平台并进行鸟类生态风险可视化展现。该生态风险评价方法可为城市宏观区域光、声污染生态风险的快速评价提供科学规范的研究和技术范例。     

污染物环境生态效应评价研究进展

总结了污染物环境生态效应评价的关键环节--生态受体选择、反应终点和评价参数确定等研究现状,分析讨论了这些环节目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向.个体和种群层次上的生态受体研究较为深入,相应的反应终点研究也较为成熟,但群落和系统层次上的生态受体研究较少,相应的反应终点还不能完整的表征其结构与功能发生的变化.应用能够完整反映生态系统功能及结构组织状态的反应终点,以生态系统为受体进行污染物环境生态效应评价是今后的研究方向.基于假设检验的NOEC只是一个实验设计浓度,不能构造置信区间;ECx由不同的数学模型计算的结果差异较大,置信区间随效应值x的降低而增大.研究综合假设检验与数学模型各自优点的评价参数估算方法是污染物环境生态效应评价的重要研究内容.     

生态风险评价研究进展

20多年来,生态风险评价研究经历了从环境风险到生态风险到区域生态风险评价的发展历程,风险源由单一风险源扩展到多风险源,风险受体由单一受体发展到多受体,评价范围由局地扩展到区域景观水平.区域生态风险评价就是大尺度上研究复杂环境背景下包含多风险源、多风险受体的综合风险研究.目前,区域生态风险评价的理论框架已经搭建起来,统计方法多采用相对评价法.区域生态风险评价未来的发展方向为继续加强实验和野外调查,进一步减小不确定性,逐步解决尺度推移问题.区域生态风险评价必须与经济、社会、文化相结合,才能充分发挥它在管理决策中的作用.     

基于Citespace软件的生态风险知识图谱分析

伴随着重大环境事件频发,环境污染、生态破坏现象的日益严峻,生态风险研究受到各国学者和政府的广泛关注。对整个生态风险研究领域进行全面系统的分析,旨在探究研究热点及趋势,归纳研究主题演进,了解当前国际研究现状。以Web of Science数据库为数据源,利用Citespace软件,绘制生态风险研究知识图谱,进行文献可视化分析。研究发现:(1)国际生态风险研究的发文数量经历了缓慢增长-平稳增长-迅速增长3个阶段;(2)生态风险研究分为奠基期,成长期,拓展期3个阶段,各阶段研究热点不同,当前研究热点是"空间分布、生态系统服务、城市土壤、源解析、海洋沉积物";(3)生态风险研究由单一风险源、风险受体、小尺度的评价演化为多种风险源、多种风险受体的大尺度综合评价;(4)欧美国家、学者奠定了该领域的研究基础,中国起步较晚但发展迅速。     

区域生态风险评价的关键问题与展望

区域生态风险评价具有多风险因子、多风险受体、多评价终点、强调不确定性因素以及空间异质性的特点,它与传统的生态风险评价在风险源、胁迫因子和评价尺度上具有明显区别。尝试建立了一个基于陆地生态系统的区域生态风险评价框架,同时针对目前区域生态风险评价的研究现状,指出不确定性分析、尺度外推难、评价指标不统一、评价标准不统一、风险因子筛选及优先排序、区域内污染物复合、水生过渡到陆生生态系统风险评价、特殊的人为因素等是目前区域生态风险评价存在的关键问题及难点所在,并提出解决这些问题可能所需的工具、手段和理论方法突破。最后指出区域生态风险观测与数据采集加工、区域生态风险指标体系的统一与整合、区域生态风险评价方法论、区域生态风险的空间分布特征与表达以及区域生态风险评价反馈与管理机制5个方面是区域生态风险评价未来的研究重点。     

生态修复过程中的若干问题——以POPs污染土壤为例

生态修复是在受污染土壤所在的区域环境条件下,以土壤生态系统自净能力为基础耦合其它修复技术,达到修复高效、安全和可靠的目的。以POPs污染土壤为例,总结了污染土壤生态修复的4个原则,分析了生态修复过程,对修复目标确立,修复过程控制,修复结果评估做了探讨。在分析耦合概念和生态修复过程的基础上,认为修复技术的耦合过程是生态修复的关键,总结了生态修复中的耦合原则、耦合策略和耦合方式。展望了生态修复的发展趋势和研究方向。     

微生物降解持久性有机污染物的研究进展与展望

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是伴随着人类工业化发展而产生的合成类污染物,具有高毒性、持久性、长迁移性和高生物富集性等特点,POPs污染物的微生物降解一直是环境科学与技术应用领域的研究热点。微生物降解技术修复POPs污染环境具有无二次污染、成本低、快速简便等优点,拥有广泛的应用前景。本文论述了各种POPs微生物分解代谢的最新研究进展,包括降解性微生物资源以及降解机制。此外,还讨论了计算生物学、合成生物学、基因组学等技术在POPs微生物降解中的潜力和应用,以期为环境中持久性有机污染物的修复提供参考。