广西北部湾近岸生态系统风险评价

根据2009年9月广西北部湾近岸的海洋生态调查资料,利用地理信息系统的空间分析功能,从海水水质、营养水平、生物量和初级生产力水平、生物多样性和生态系统缓冲容量5个方面分析了秋季广西北部湾近岸海域环境现状,并进一步利用生态风险综合指数对广西北部湾海洋生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:2009年秋季,广西北部湾近岸海域生态环境质量较好,大部分生态系统风险指标等级均处于“中低”或“较低”水平,整体处于低风险状态.生态风险综合指数结果显示,广西北部湾海域生态风险分布具有明显的空间异质性,离岸水域生态系统的风险综合指数较低,越靠近港湾内,风险状态等级越高.     

Distribution,speciation, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,China

This paper analyzed the distribution and speciation of seven heavy metals in sediments in Jiaozhou Bay. The ecological risk was assessed using three index approaches (i.e., risk assessment code (RAC), contamination factor (CF), and potential ecological risk index (PERI)) and by a comparison with sediment quality guidelines (Chinese Marine Sediment Quality Standards (CMSQS), and threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) from the USEPA). Pb, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, and Hg contents at most sites were above the corresponding TEL and Class I criteria (CMSQS) value. Particularly, high contents of Cu, detected at sites S₇ (124.5 mg kg^?1) and S₈ (118.3 mg kg^?1), exceeded the respective PEL value, indicating that harmful biological effects might occur. Speciation analysis, individual CF, and RAC calculations suggested that Cd had the highest bioavailable fraction and thus posed a very high risk to aquatic ecosystem; Cu and Zn showed a medium–high risk. Both global CF and PERI analysis indicated a high pollution risk at sites S₇, S₁, S₃, and S₂, but the assessments of specific sites were different. The incomplete consistency suggested that it is necessary to consider both total contents and chemical speciation for providing a more realistic appraisal for the risk of heavy metals in sediments.     

杭州湾滨海湿地土壤有机碳含量及其分布格局

通过研究杭州湾自然潮滩湿地和围垦湿地土壤有机碳含量及其分布格局,揭示湿地植被演替、外来物种入侵和围垦活动对土壤有机碳分布的影响.结果表明:潮滩湿地土壤表层有机碳含量在4.41～8.58 g·kg-1,平均值6.45 g·kg-1.不同植被类型下表层土壤有机碳表现为:芦苇(8.56±0.04 g·kg-1)＞互花米草(7.31±0.08 g·kg-1)＞海三棱蔗草(5.48±0.29 g·kg-1)＞光滩(4.47±0.09 g·kg-1);围垦湿地表层土壤有机碳表现为:20世纪60年代(7.46±0.25 g·kg-1)＞2003年(5.12±0.16 g·kg-1)＞20世纪80年代(1.96±0.46 g·kg-1),即土壤有机碳含量随围垦时间延长表现为先降低后升高的趋势;土壤有机碳在垂直剖面上均表现为由表向下逐渐降低的趋势.潮滩湿地和围垦湿地的土壤有机碳与pH呈显著负相关,与总氮呈显著正相关,表明在土壤中氮主要以有机氮的形态存在.潮滩湿地有机碳与碳氮比相关性不明显,而围垦湿地具有显著正相关性,说明围垦利用对湿地土壤碳氮比产生了一定影响.研究表明,潮滩湿地土壤固碳能力随着植物群落演替逐步增强,而外来入侵种互花米草的大量入侵和扩散将有可能降低潮滩湿地生态系统土壤的储碳功能.围垦引起的土壤水分、颗粒组成的变化以及耕作、土地利用和利用历史是影响围垦湿地土壤有机碳分布的主要原因.     

Sources,impacts and trends of pharmaceuticals in the marine and coastal environment

There has been a significant investment in research to define exposures and potential hazards of pharmaceuticals in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. A substantial number of integrated environmental risk assessments have been developed in Europe, North America and many other regions for these situations. In contrast, comparatively few empirical studies have been conducted for human and veterinary pharmaceuticals that are likely to enter coastal and marine ecosystems. This is a critical knowledge gap given the significant increase in coastal human populations around the globe and the growth of coastal megacities, together with the increasing importance of coastal aquaculture around the world. There is increasing evidence that pharmaceuticals are present and are impacting on marine and coastal environments. This paper reviews the sources, impacts and concentrations of pharmaceuticals in marine and coastal environments to identify knowledge gaps and suggests focused case studies as a priority for future research.     

Ecological risk assessment in a tropical wetland contaminated with gasoline: Tier 1

To assess natural attenuation and the efficiency of remediation actions after more than two years a large accident with gasoline spill contaminated a wetland in a tropical region, an Ecological Risk Assessment based on the Dutch Triad was applied. In total, eight surface water-sampling points were distributed randomly in the affected area and on reference area upstream the contaminated site, with similar ecological characteristics. Risks based on chemical, ecotoxicological, and ecological lines of evidence (LoE) were calculated to integrate the environmental risk indexes. The chemical risk was derived from toxic pressure coefficients based on the total BTEX and naphthalene concentrations. Ecotoxicological LoE based on acute toxicity with Daphnia similis and Aliivibrio fischeri bioassays and chronic toxicity with Desmodesmus subspicatus bioassay contributed to raise uncertainty due to low sensitivity of acute assays. Genotoxicity and endocrine disruption biomarkers of Oreochromis niloticus were used to calculate the Biomarker Stress Index (BSI) assumed as Ecological Risk Index. The integration of the Chemical Risk Index with BSI to estimate the Biological Vulnerability Index allowed a meaningful analysis of the threats to the aquatic ecosystem, thereby supporting managers and decision-makers.     

Distribution and contamination assessment of arsenic and mercury in surface sediments from the intertidal zone of Yantai Sishili Bay,China

Sixty surface sediment samples from the intertidal zone of Yantai Sishili Bay (YSB) have been analyzed for arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) to evaluate their contamination levels and potential ecological risks. Concentrations of As and Hg ranged from 7.01–23.56 and 0.00–0.01 μg g^?1 in the dry season; during the wet season, the corresponding data were 1.44–6.17 and 0.00–0.02 μg g^?1. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) and potential ecological risk index (E_rⁱ) were used to conduct a pollution assessment. The results demonstrated that the intertidal zone of YSB has good sediment quality and that As and Hg are not likely to cause negative environmental impacts in the region.     

Atrazine and its metabolites in surface and well waters in rural area and its human and ecotoxicological risk assessment of Henan province,China

A study to monitor atrazine (ATR) and its metabolites in surface and well waters in rural area of Henan province was undertaken. A total of 66 surface water and 38 well water samples were collected during the period from July to August in 2016. The residues of ATR and its metabolites, such as desethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and hydroxyatrazine (HA) were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. The detection rate of ATR and its metabolites under different pH values was investigated. Based on the survey results, a human health non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment was conducted for adults and children. Ecotoxicological risk assessment was also conducted using default endpoint values and the risk quotient method. The results showed that ATR and DEA were the most frequently detected substances, the detection rate of which were 75.0 and 60.6%, respectively, and the level of ATR and its metabolites in this research was in the mid-range when compared with other countries. The detection rate of ATR and DEA in alkali water was much higher than that in acid water. ATR posed low potential non-carcinogenic risk to human through the exposure route of drinking water, and showed acceptable carcinogenic risk estimates for adults and children both in median and highest concentration. Ecotoxicological risk of ATR and DEA assessment revealed acceptable risk.     

胶州湾湿地海域水体和表层沉积物环境质量评价

基于2009年对胶州湾湿地48个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对胶州湾湿地水体和表层沉积物环境质量现状进行了评价.结果表明:对参与评价的pH值、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、CODMn、石油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、六六六、滴滴涕、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群等16项指标而言,各调查月份大沽河感潮河段水质处于中污染-重污染水平,潮间带区域水质处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域水质处于轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地不同区域富营养化程度差异明显,其中大沽河感潮河段水体EI值在58.13 ～327.89,富营养化程度严重;潮间带区域水体EI值在1.34 ～19.96,富营养化程度较为严重;浅海区域水体EI值在0.65 ～ 2.10,富营养化程度较轻.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物质量基本处于轻污染水平,其中大沽河感潮河段处于轻污染水平,潮间带区域处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域处于较清洁-轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物中重金属单项污染参数(Cfi)和污染程度指数(Cd)较低,污染程度处于低级水平,Cu、Zn是表层沉积物中的主要污染因子;重金属潜在的生态危害系数(Eir)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)较小,污染程度属于低生态危害范畴.     

崇明东滩海岸带生态系统退化诊断体系的构建

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)概念模型,构建了崇明东滩海岸带农田、湿地和近海生态系统退化评价的指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法相结合的乘法合成法得到各评价指标的权重,并通过指标值的地理空间量化和空间聚类分析了各生态系统的退化程度.结果表明:2005年,东滩海岸带生态系统的退化程度在空间上可分为4个级区,1级区、2级区、3级区和4级区的退化程度依次加重;重金属含量的权重在近海、湿地和农田生态系统中均最大,分别为0.65、0.20和0.26;对湿地生态系统影响较大的指标还有鸟类多样性指数、土地利用强度和外来物种互花米草的盖度,其权重分别为0.26、0.16和0.10;影响农田生态系统较大的因素还有土地利用强度,权重为0.22.     

近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价方法——以同安湾为例

基于国外近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价方法,结合我国海洋环境质量评价的研究现状,从生物要素以及水质和沉积物的物理化学要素中筛选出11个指标构成近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价指标体系;综合考虑国内外的评价标准,确定了优、良、中、差、劣5个生态质量状况等级的评价标准;采用层次分析和模糊数学的方法构建近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价方法,并通过同安湾生态质量状况等级与较大的人为扰动以及污染物浓度分布的相关分析对该评价方法进行验证.结果表明:同安湾生态质量状况综合评价等级为中级,处于向差过渡的状态,受人为扰动较大;该方法能够较好地反映主要的人为环境压力和风险因子,同时对未超标的污染因子有一定的预警作用.     

Estimating phosphorus retention of existing and restored coastal wetlands in a tributary watershed of the Laurentian Great Lakes in Michigan,USA

Simulation modeling with uncertainty analysis was applied to the question of nonpoint source pollution control through extensive wetland restoration. The model was applied to the Quanicassee River basin, a tributary stream to Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron in northeastern Michigan, USA. An estimate of the role of the existing 695 ha of riverside and lake-side wetlands in the lower Quanicassee River basin suggests that they retain 1.2 metric tons of phosphorus per year (mt P/yr), or 2.5% of the total phosphorus load from the basin. A simple Vollenweider-type model of phosphorus retention by created wetlands, calibrated with 3-years of data from two wetland sites in Midwestern USA, was used to estimate the effect of major wetland restoration in the basin. For a wetland restoration project involving 15% of the Quanicassee River basin or 3,120 ha of wetlands, an estimated 33 mt P/yr could be retained, assuming a proper hydrologic connection between the wetlands and the river. This would represent a reduction of two-thirds of the existing phosphorus load to the Bay from the Quanicassee River basin. Large-scale wetland restoration appears to be a viable management practice for controlling phosphorus and other nonpoint source pollution from entering Saginaw Bay. It is an alternative that meets two major resource goals – developing wetland habitat and controlling pollution to the Great Lakes.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in shellfish collected from Fujian,China

Abstract

With industrialization and human activities, shellfish may be contaminated by various pollutants such as heavy metals. This study aims at the concentrations of As, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb in shellfish collected from Fujian of China, and the risk of heavy metals in shellfish on human health based on target hazard quotients (THQ). Results showed that the THQ values of the elements were far below 1, except for As with an average value of 1.148 in razor clam. No detrimental health effects of heavy metals on humans health was observed by daily consumption of mussel and oyster, but the exposed population to short-necked clam, scallop and razor clam might experience noncarcinogenic health risks because each of the total THQ values was above 1 for the three shellfish.     

江苏氮磷钾化肥使用地域分异及环境风险评价

深入认识江苏省氮磷钾化肥投入的空间格局及其环境风险,有利于调控江苏农田施肥合理分布、加强化肥使用风险管理和分区指导,防治农业面源污染.考虑氮磷钾3种化肥不同的环境污染效应,建立带有权重系数的化肥使用环境风险指数模型,对江苏省氮磷钾化肥使用强度的地域分异特征和环境风险进行研究.应用层次分析法,确定氮磷钾3因子的权重.根据国家生态县建设化肥使用强度小于250 kg·hm-2的标准,参照目前发达国家氮磷钾1∶0.5∶0.5的养分结构,确定氮磷钾3元素的环境安全阈值.结果表明:目前江苏氮磷钾化肥使用强度呈现出从南到北逐步增加的规律性地域分异,极值比为3.3.其中,氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的极值比分别是3.3、4.5、4.4.全省13个地市氮磷钾投入平均比例是1∶0.39∶0.26,不尽合理.苏南地区氮磷钾肥比例相对平衡,苏北地区养分结构失调严重.全省氮磷钾化肥施用环境风险指数为0.69,属于中度环境风险;苏南地区处于低度风险,苏中地区处于中度风险,苏北地区各地市处于中度、重度或严重风险.江苏省化肥施用的地域分异及环境风险受到自然、经济、体制、政策、管理等多种因素影响.     

我国湿地评价研究综述

湿地评价研究已成为新世纪湿地科学前沿研究领域的热点问题。近年来 ,随着对湿地认识的不断深入 ,我国湿地评价研究内容不断丰富 ,研究水平提高幅度较大 ,研究方法由过去仅局限于湿地特征描述的定性评价 ,发展到湿地价值评价、湿地生态系统健康评价、湿地环境影响评价以及湿地生态风险评价等方面 ,3S技术和数学方法在湿地评价研究中也得到了较为广泛的应用。今后我国湿地评价研究应侧重于湿地评价理论、湿地评价指标体系和模型、湿地对比评价研究、退化湿地评价研究、湿地与全球气候变化以及新技术和新方法应用等方面     

Health risk assessment of a reservoir-type water source in the northeastern region of China

Urban water sources are the major source of water resources for urban life, and its water quality affects the daily life and health of the local people. However, there were some reports on the poor water quality status of water sources in the past. In the present study, by applying fuzzy synthetic evaluation, the water quality was studied from a total of 24 water samples from a reservoir-type water source in the northeastern region of China. Health risks of eight trace elements in source water were assessed using health risk assessment model and Monte Carlo simulation, and source apportionment of eight trace elements in source water were also analyzed. The results indicated that the water quality of the source water was acceptable for category I surface water, while the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and manganese (Mn) were higher than the permissible level. The noncarcinogenic risks due to eight trace elements exposure were As > Mn > Pb > Cd ≈ Cr > Se > Zn > Cu and carcinogenic risk of Arsenic (As) was 3E?05 with a maximum probability. Furthermore, statistical analyses, such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) showed that the trace metals in the water source have a certain degree of anthropogenic contributions, especially Mn. Overall, both the contents of TP and Mn and the health risk of As require some attention of the relevant department, and further protected measures should be taken in the source water.     

新入侵种刺桐姬小蜂在中国的危险性评估

采用GARP生态位模型预测分析了刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinaeKim在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性定量分析方法,对刺桐姬小蜂在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国东南部大部分地区都是该虫的适生区。在福建、广东、海南地区风险值为2.0585,存在高度危险性;在其他东南部省区存在中度危险性。据此提出了针对性的风险管理措施。     

Human health risk assessment and sources analysis of nitrate in shallow groundwater of the Liujiang basin,China

High levels of nitrates in groundwater pose a risk to human health. Hence, groundwater-human health risk assessment and sources analysis are essential. The article aims to assess risk level and identify sources of nitrate in shallow groundwater of the Liujiang basin by using a human health risk assessment (HHRA) model, Factor analysis (FA) and GIS spatial analysis. The results indicated that the most serious pollution was distributed in southern region of the basin; about 60% of the samples exceeded the recommended limit of nitrate as per the World Health Organization limit. Moreover, ingants' health risk were greater than those of adults and children, and about 56% of the groundwater samples will put the infants at risk of health. FA was used to identify various underlying natural and anthropogenic processes that created these distinct risk levels. The FA results can be categorized by two major factors: (1) Organic fertilizers and sewage discharge contamination in central region. (2) Blocking effect of granite and redox conditions in southern parts. This study demonstrates that the great variation of nitrate risk levels in the basin should be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic processes.     

杭州湾南岸大桥建设区域潮间带大型底栖动物功能群及营养等级的季节动态

2006年5月至2007年1月在杭州湾南岸跨海大桥附近潮滩共采集到32种大型底栖动物,根据其食性类型划分为5种功能群。用功能群方法对这些物种生境变化的关系进行了分析,结果表明:大型底栖动物各多样性指数在潮带间差异显著,季节间则只有Margalef种类丰度(S)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)存在显著性差异;各功能群密度在季节间均不存在显著性差异,而在潮带间除了浮游生物食者外,其它类群均存在显著性差异;肉食者的种类数在潮带间不存在显著性差异,而在季节间存在显著性差异,其它功能群刚好相反。滩涂大型底栖动物群落主要包括4个营养级别,各营养级的构成密度在季节间差异不显著,在潮带间则差异显著;各营养级种类数是处于第四级的肉食者季节间差异显著,潮带间变化不显著,处于第二、三营养等级的功能群则正好相反。底栖动物功能群多样性综合反映了杭州湾南岸大桥建设区域潮间带大型底栖动物群落变化情况。