Spatial distribution of rainstorm hazard risk based on EW-AHP in mountainous scenic area of China

Rainstorm hazards seriously affect the lives of residents and activities of tourists in rainstorm harder-hit scenic areas. The assessment of rainstorm hazard risk has a great significance in the area. Based on the disciplines of geography and tourism, an assessment system has been constructed by using the Entropy Weight-Analytic Hierarchy Process and exponential model. Finally, the Huayang Ancient Town Scenic Area in China has been taken as study area, and its rainstorm hazard risk and spatial distribution have been evaluated. The results indicate the following: The rainstorm hazard risk areas are mainly concentrated along rivers, valleys, or roads; The specific spatial distributions are: rainstorm hazard risk of the Huayang Old Streets is high, that of the Red Cliff Valley and both sides of the Mandarin Duck River are higher, that of the Golden Monkey Valley and the Macaque Park are lower, that of the Tangluo Ancient Road is low, and the risks of other areas are medium; The main influencing factors of rainstorm hazard risk are elevation, terrain, gap and width of river, distance to river, building density, tourist flow and tourism activity; People's awareness, system of monitoring and early warning, emergency plan, facilities and equipment for rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation need to be continuously improved.     

Evaluating rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation capability in mountainous ecological scenic areas: A case study of the Qinling Mountains,China

Abstract

Mountainous areas have become tourism hotspots in recent years, at the same time, some tourism safety issues have been revealed. To study rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation capabilities, four representative scenic areas in the Qinling Mountains of China were selected as research foci for this study. The similar weight method and the unascertained measure model were used to establish an evaluation index, and the weights of indices at all levels were determined. Rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation capabilities in the four scenic areas and on defferent slopes were then evaluated quantitatively. The results found that : according to the rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation capabilities, the rankings of these scenic areas from high to low were Taibai Mountain National Forest Park, Cuihua Mountain National Geopark, Huayang Scenic Area, and Jinsixia National Forest Park. The rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation capability on the north of the Qinling Mountains were higher than on the south slope, and the difference was relatively large. Rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation capabilities on the eastern and western Qinling Mountains were more similar. These conclusions could provide a reference for regional rainstorm hazard prevention and mitigation measures, as well as sustainable development.     

陕南茶树栽培区域生态与地方品种分布

陕南秦巴山区是亚热带北缘地区。由于生态环境复杂,地区差异性大,茶树栽培与引种受到一定限制。大致以汉江谷地粮作区为界,南部大巴山北麓低山丘陵区为适栽区;北部秦岭南麓低山丘陵区则为次适栽区。地方茶树群体品种有7个,约由28个地方品种组成,呈斑、块状分布。     

基于生物多样性与生态系统服务功能的秦岭山系自然保护体系规划

生物多样性与生态系统服务是目前生态保护的两大主要目标,在保护区体系规划设计中兼顾两个保护目标有助于发挥自然保护区的综合效益。以生物多样性与生态系统服务功能都重要的秦岭山系为研究区域,在生物多样性、水源涵养和土壤保持重要性评估的基础上,通过空缺分析,提出了秦岭山系的保护区体系优化方案。研究结果表明,现有的自然保护区保护了33.5%的生物多样性极重要区,22.9%的水源涵养极重要区,但是只保护了7.4%的土壤保持极重要区;建议在秦岭主峰、秦岭西部和东南部分别建立自然保护区群和生态功能保护区,保护区面积占秦岭山系总面积的31.4%,使生物多样性、水源涵养、土壤保持的极重要区的保护比例达76.2%、70.5%和41.5%,生态保护效益得到提升。研究结果可以为秦岭山系生态保护政策的制定提供参考,同时对于其他地区自然保护体系规划、以及国家公园构建也具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Ecological risk assessment for key industrial development zones in the areas surrounding the Bo Sea in China

Although industrial zones have been attracting attention around the world due to their huge regional economic contributions, ecological risk assessment for industrial zones has gained little attention. In high ecological risk locations, landslides, earthquakes, and floods often occur, often causing extensive damage, including loss of human lives and property. However, during planning, development, and management of industrial zones, only the socioeconomic risks are usually taken into account and the risks of ecological factors affecting industries are often ignored. In this article, we put forward a procedure to link different risk factors and their GIS-determined spatial variation to estimate the ecological risk to key industrial zones in the 98,200 km² area surrounding the Bo Sea. The ecological risk factors in this region are mainly rainstorms, geological risks, storm surges, seawater intrusion, soil erosion, and earthquakes. The key industrial development zones located in this area were classified into three industry types according to the sensitivity of the industry to different ecological risk factors. Using historical data and hierarchical analytic process as well as weighted ecological risk values, industry susceptibility was determined. We integrated the risk values of each ecological factor with the susceptibility of each industry type to each ecological factor in order to quantify the total risk associated with each key industry zone in the region. The results showed that high ecological risk existed in Liaodong and Laizhou Bay and Tianjin and Dalian seashore.     

中国第四纪哺乳动物地理区划

中国第四纪哺乳动物地理区可划分为古北界的北方区及其东北亚区,属东洋界的南方区及其东部位于二者之间的过渡区。南北两个区系的雏型早已出现,但非常明确而具体,且涉及到几乎各主要哺乳动物目主要始于更新世的早期,北方区与南方区的分异在中更新世已基本稳定,其界线大约位于秦岭山嵴。晚更新世时,南北之间的界线从秦岭的某个地段转向南,沿阿坝若尔盖等地青藏高原的东缘而下,从而为现代动物地理区系的形成奠定了基础。东部过     

Genetic diversity of golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) population from Qinling Mountains in China revealed by sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region

The golden takin is an endangered species, listed as a First Grade Protected animal and found only in the Qinling Mountains in China. A great deal of research on the golden takin's living habitat, population size, and home range has been conducted. Here, we employed sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region to study the genetic diversity of the golden takin from three separate nature reserve parks in the Qinling Mountains. We also compared the results of our study with previously published data on the genetic diversity of mixed takin species located in the Qinling Mountains and the Minshan area. Based on 62 sampled golden takin individuals, we found an overall mean genetic haplotype diversity of 0.687. There is no significant geographic genetic diversity across different golden takin populations within the Qinling Mountains. However, we did show significant diversity between golden takin from the Qinling Mountains and from Minshan. These original data provide a foundation for the genetic diversity of golden takin, and will yield comprehensive information for better supporting the management in the national reserve parks.     

2000-2018年西秦岭景观格局变化及生态系统健康评价

西秦岭地区生态环境脆弱,人地矛盾日益加剧,区域景观格局变化及其生态系统健康演变趋势关系到区域生态安全。研究探讨2000—2018年西秦岭景观格局和生态系统健康状况的时空演变,采用2000—2018年的遥感数据,分析西秦岭的景观格局及其演变;并且在活力-组织力-反弹力(VOR)框架模型的基础上,结合生态系统服务能力和人类胁迫指标,分析西秦岭的生态系统健康状态及变化趋势。研究结果表明：西秦岭有三种优势景观,包括林地、耕地和草地,2000—2018年景观类型转移主要发生在这三者的互相转换;城镇用地的面积也处于增加的态势且增势较大。西秦岭景观扩张是通过大量小规模零散的斑块扩张实现的。由于秦岭生态保护的加强,西秦岭的景观异质性和破碎化程度在2005年出现转折点,景观类型呈均衡发展趋势。研究区超过60%面积的地区生态景观属于健康状态,且2000—2018年西秦岭的生态系统健康指数呈增加态势,生态系统的状态逐渐向好发展,但西秦岭的高寒山地以及秦岭与黄土高原复合边缘地带的生态脆弱区处于亚健康或不健康状态。研究成果对西秦岭生态脆弱敏感地带的生态保护与治理具有重要意义。     

生态保护红线区干扰退化风险评价——以安徽省为例

评估生态保护红线斑块受人类干扰的潜在退化风险,可为差异化、精细化的红线监管方案拟定提供科学依据。以安徽省域为例,基于InVEST模型,定量分析了2017年农田、城镇、矿区、交通干线等风险源对红线内各生境受体的干扰退化风险度。结论如下:全省和红线内受人类干扰退化风险由高到低的生境类型依次是农田、草地、湿地和林地。生态保护红线内人类干扰退化风险较全省平均水平更低。全省整体干扰退化风险指数呈现"北高南低"的格局。高风险区集中在合肥城区、芜马城区、淮蚌城区周边,两淮矿区及周边,低风险区则主要分布在皖西和皖南山区、巢湖湖区、沿江沿淮湖区等。干扰退化风险较高的红线斑块主要为合肥北部淠河——滁河干渠和董大水库水源地红线,铜陵市郊区棋盘山红线,长江干流芜马段自然岸线红线,淮河干流淮蚌段水体及岸线红线,阜阳城区颍河及周边湿地红线,皇藏峪西部宿淮交界处山体红线,宿州市砀山县城区东南部红线等,建议重点监管,防控人类干扰导致的生态风险。     

黄土高原区主导生态风险识别及分异性研究——以黄河流域中游为例

黄河流域作为典型的生态脆弱区,其生态问题复杂多样,亟待全面的生态治理和修复。同时,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是当前我国发展战略之一。明确黄河流域存在的生态问题,做好区域生态修复,开展综合治理是黄河流域可持续发展的重点。因此把握黄河流域的自然条件的区域差异,开展综合性的生态风险识别与评价,明确区域风险空间异质性分布与特点,是服务于区域生态修复、促进黄河流域高质量发展的重点。结合黄河流域中游气候、地形、植被等多自然本底情况识别风险源,建立服务于研究区生态保护和修复的区域生态风险评价体系,并通过GEE和GIS平台,可视化和量化了各类生态风险,并采用空间相关分析明确了生态风险的主要成因。结果表明：1）研究区的生态风险空间分布具有显著的区域特征,各个要素的生态风险呈现明显的东南和西北的差异、不同土地覆被情况的差异、人类活动带与非人类活动带的差异以及河流沿河与非沿岸的差异;2）植被净生态系统生产力呈现东南高西北低的特征,温度植被干旱指数显示西北部、山西、陕西南部存在较高的干旱风险,土壤侵蚀风险主要存在于黄河沿岸、其他河谷地带以及西北部,防风固沙服务能力在山西省山区以及植被生长较好的地区较高;3）综合生态风险评价显示宁夏以及陕西北部多数地区属于高风险区,低风险区主要分布在研究区西南部以及山西省西部沿线地区;4）双变量的Moran''s I指数显示地表温度、植被覆盖和汛期降水是导致综合生态风险西北和东南差异的主要原因,坡度是导致局部风险差异的主要原因。     

秦岭西段鱼类多样性现状初报

对秦岭西段汉江水系和嘉陵江水系的鱼类和环境调查显示,人类活动对鱼类多样性产生了较大的影响。本文试图对该地区鱼类多样性丧失的现状加以报道并对原因进行分析。以前该地区鱼类共有142种,本次调查的渔获物中只有34种。鱼类物种资源的减少是多种因素造成的：水坝的修建使得鱼类栖息地环境改变从而导致鱼类的种类和种群数量变化,水污染、过度捕捞和非法渔业也在一定程度上破坏了鱼类物种多样性。     

Landslide Hazard and Risk Mapping Using the Weighted Linear Combination Model Applied to the Tevankarai Stream Watershed,Kodaikkanal, India

Natural hazards like landslides, earthquakes, and floods are a major deterrent to the development of mountain regions of the world. Recently, there has been a rise in the number of landslides in Western Ghats, India. Several factors cause landslides and they depend on the local geo-environmental set-up of the region. This study attempts to map the spatial distribution of landslide hazard and analyze the risk for a typical hill town, Kodaikkanal in the Western Ghats, India, facing rapid urbanization and infra-structure growth, using a weighted linear combination model in a geographic information system platform. Landslides in the region are triggered by rainfall and it is fairly uniform throughout the area. Hence, the susceptibility map is used as the hazard map. Validation of the weighted linear combination model using landslide hazard index shows that landslide density increases with the hazard class. The risk assessment matrix (RAM) is used to evaluate risk based on the land use and landslide hazard category. The land use map is reclassified by assigning damage potential for each land use feature. The risk map is classified into low, moderate, and high risk categories. Suitable control measures are suggested for various risk categories.     

京津冀城市群土地利用生态风险的时空变化分析

以京津冀城市群为研究区,基于1984、1990、2000、2005、2010和2015年土地利用数据,利用斑块密度、蔓延度和土地利用类型的主观权重构建土地利用生态风险指数,从而揭示京津冀城市群地区6个时间节点的土地利用生态风险空间分布特征。土地利用生态风险划分为5个等级:低风险区、较低风险区、中等风险区、较高风险区和高风险区,将较高风险区和高风险区定义为综合高风险区,然后计算其重心转移轨迹,从而探究土地利用生态综合高风险区的空间转移动态变化规律。结果表明在研究时段内:(1)研究区土地利用生态风险的总体分布规律为城市中心城区周边的土地利用生态风险逐渐加剧,非城市地区低于城市地区,且高风险区、较高风险区的面积呈增加趋势。(2)京津冀城市群13个地级市综合高风险区变化各不相同:北京市、天津市、唐山市和廊坊市的综合高风险区呈现出增加的趋势;承德市、张家口市、保定市、石家庄市、秦皇岛市、邯郸市和邢台市的综合高风险呈现出降低的趋势;而沧州市和衡水市几乎不变。(3)综合高风险区的重心转移方向基本分为三类:朝首都方向、朝东部海洋方向和自身发展方向,且重心转移方向与城市的规划、治理及发展方向联系密切。     

基于GIS的渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价

以渭河下游河流沿线区域为研究区,基于风险度量的基本原理和区域生态风险评价的流程框图,构建了综合生态风险值的计算模型,即综合生态风险值是综合风险概率、综合生态损失度和综合社会经济易损度的叠加.在研究区历史资料考证和2002年ETM+遥感影像景观分类的基础上,通过选取干旱、洪水、污染和水土流失,利用地理信息系统和现代地理学中的大量数学方法,按照评价步骤和计算模型,将研究区4种生态风险源综合评价结果划分为低风险区,较低风险区,中等风险区,较高风险区和高风险区5个级别.研究结果为环境管理和生态风险决策提供数量化的理论依据和数据支持.     

Hydrogeochemical evolution and risk assessment of human health in a riverbank filtration site,northeastern China

Intensive agriculture and industrial activities have resulted in contamination in rivers and groundwater quality, which threatens human health. In this study, we used comprehensive physiochemical indicators to assess the quality of groundwater used for drinking and irrigation in addition to the potential risks to local residents in a riverbank filtration site. Human health risks through drinking water intake and dermal contact were also estimated. Moreover, we analyzed the spatial distribution regularities of health risk values in a riverbank filtration site. The assessment results revealed that NH₄–N, NO₂–N, F^?, Mn, and As are main contaminants affecting groundwater quality and that 62% of the total samples is suitable for a variety of purposes. All groundwater in the study area is suitable for irrigation based on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Na percentage (%Na), and U.S. Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and Wilcox diagrams. The health risk assessment suggests that residents in the study area are at high health risk, and women and children face higher risk than men in both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. The spatial distribution regularities of health risk values suggest that the human health risk value of each groundwater sample is different in the study area and has certain regularity. Therefore, effective measurements must be taken to address the groundwater contamination and to reduce the human health risks.     

Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metal Status and Human Health Risk Assessment in the Agricultural Soils of the Jinxi River Area,China

Soil contamination with heavy metals is one of the main environmental concerns in China, mainly owing to rapid industrialization and mining activities in certain areas. The current study aimed at monitoring the levels of heavy metals in soils of the industrial areas along the Jinxi River and surrounding Lake Qingshan. In addition, a health risk assessment for humans in contact with these soils was also conducted. The results revealed that the soils of the studied areas were contaminated with Cr, Cu, As, Se, Cd, Pb, and Zn and that the industrial activities were the main source of soil contamination therein. Furthermore, soils of the sites adjacent to Lin’an city exhibited higher levels of heavy metals than the upstream and Lake Qingshan sites. Most of the studied heavy metals tended to concentrate in the fine soil fractions (PM100, PM10, and PM2.5). Calculation of the hazard index (HI) revealed that humans, especially children, have potential health risks. Moreover, As was found to contribute to more magnitude of cancer risks. Thus, we concluded that the unmanaged development negatively affects the Chinese environment and human health. Furthermore, fine fractions of soil particles should be considered for risk assessment.     

Assessment of Human Health Risk for an Area Impacted by a Large-Scale Metallurgical Refinery Complex in Hunan,China

Due to accelerated urbanization and reform of industrial structure in China, polluting industries in major cities have been closed or relocated. Consequently, large numbers of industrial sites were generated and the contaminated soils on and around these sites may pose risks to humans. This case study presents an estimation of human health risks for an area that is mainly impacted through air dispersion and deposition from a large-scale metallurgical refinery complex in Zhuzhou city, Hunan Province, China. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by the contaminants were estimated under future industrial and residential land use scenarios. The result shows that adverse health effects may occur primarily through ingestion of soils contaminated with As, Cd, and Pb. The total carcinogenic risks of multiple contaminants for a large area exceed the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10^?5, and several localized hotspots, where the total hazard index exceeds 1 were identified. Soils in the Tongda site pose the highest carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic hazards. It is concluded that potential human health risks exist under the proposed redevelopment scenarios, and development of risk-based remediation strategies is recommended.     

多气候情景下中国森林火灾风险评估

森林火灾风险主要取决于致灾因子、承灾体以及防灾减灾能力,综合评估和预测森林火灾风险是制定科学的林火管理政策的基础.本文基于经典自然灾害风险模型和可获取数据构建森林火灾风险评估模型与指标体系,评估过去和未来的森林火灾风险.未来气候情景数据包括RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5、RCP 6.0和RCP 8.5下5个全球气候模式(GFDL-ESM2M、HadGEM2-ES、IPSL-CM5A-LR、 MIROC-ESM-CHEM和NorESM1-M)日值数据.根据最高温度、最小相对湿度、平均风速和每日降水量分别计算1987—2050年历史观测数据和未来气候情景下各格点每日火险天气指数系统中各个指数.结果表明: 1987—2010年,森林火灾风险高和很高的区域分别占21.2%和6.2%,主要分布在大兴安岭和长白山地区、云南大部分区域和南方零散分布的区域.森林火灾可能性高和很高的区域主要分布在东北和西南地区,分别占森林面积的13.1%和4.0%.与观测时段相比,2021—2050年RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5、RCP 6.0和RCP 8.5情景下森林火灾可能性高和很高的区域分别增加0.6%、5.5%、2.3%和3.5%,华北地区增幅明显.气候变化引起的森林火灾高风险区域有些增加,RCP 8.5情景下增幅最明显(+1.6%).     

Developing A Regional Ecological Risk Assessment: A Case Study of a Tasmanian Agricultural Catchment

A regional ecological risk assessment was conducted for the Mountain River catchment in Tasmania, Australia. The Relative Risk Model was used in conjunction with geographic information systems interpretations. Stakeholder values were used to develop assessment endpoints, and regional stressors and habitats were identified. The risk hypotheses expressed in the conceptual model were that agriculture and land clearing for rural residential are producing multiple stressors that have potential for contamination of local waterbodies, eutrophication, changes in hydrology, reduction in the habitat of native flora and fauna, reductions in populations of beneficial insects in agricultural production systems, increased weed competition in pastures, and loss of aesthetic value in residential areas. In the risk analysis the catchment was divided into risk regions based on topography and land use. Stressors were ranked on likelihood of occurrence, while habitats were ranked on percentage land area. Risk characterization showed risks to the maintenance of productive primary industries were highest across all risk regions, followed by maintenance of a good residential environment and maintenance of fish populations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to show the variability in risk outcomes stemming from uncertainty about stressors and habitats. Outcomes from this assessment provide a basis for planning regional environmental monitoring programs.     

黄河流域濒危物种保护热点区与保护空缺识别

黄河流域具有重要的生物多样性保护意义,通过研究珍稀濒危物种分布热点区可为生物多样性保护提供依据。选取70种濒危维管植物和陆生脊椎动物,综合多来源的分布数据,运用物种分布模型Maxent模拟物种分布区,结合自然地理区划,计算保护价值,进行热点区分析,并结合国家级自然保护区和国家公园体制试点区的分布情况进行空缺分析。研究结果显示,黄河流域濒危物种分布主要呈现出南高北低、集中于山地的特征,热点区包括秦岭区域、太行山区域、子午岭-六盘山区域、陇中高原至松潘高原、祁连山、贺兰山和沿黄湿地等。在区分自然地理区后,现有的国家级自然保护区和国家公园体制试点区覆盖了热点区面积的13.89%,保护空缺主要出现于子午岭南部、六盘山南部、松潘高原南部和拉脊山等。建议在推进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展中将濒危物种热点区考虑在内,对黄河流域自然保护地体系进行优化,并针对黄河流域的三个自然地理分区提出了相应的保护建议。此外,研究发现,在进行热点区分析时,考虑自然地理区域划分,并综合多类群叠加和单一生物类群的分析结果进行统筹考虑,可能会更好满足生物多样性就地保护需求。