现代民族植物学引论

提出了“现代民族植物学”的概念,阐述了其内涵,简要介绍了研究思路和方法,并用具体事例说明了现代民族植物学的重要意义.现代民族植物学是民族植物学的一个发展阶段,是指利用现代科学技术手段(计算机科学、信息科学、分子生物学、药物化学等等)研究当地人群与植物之间的相互作用关系.以AFLP和SSR分子标记技术研究云南藏区青稞种质资源的研究为例,证明了传统文化在植物遗传多样性保护中的作用.对滇东南瑶族药浴植物荷花藤的药物化学研究,证实了其传统药浴知识的科学合理性.现代民族植物学具有广阔的发展和应用前景.     

拉祜族食用花卉的民族植物学研究

应用民族植物学的方法,对拉祜族的食用花卉进行了调查和研究,发现有相当多的花卉种类在一个狭窄的范围被一个单一的民族食用,实属罕见;首次全面报道了拉祜族食用花卉92种,分别属于37个科。其食用过程中的加工方法和烹调技巧都有讲究,食花的部位也有所选择。探讨了地域差别与食用花卉的异同,发现同一民族在不同地域环境或具有一定地理距离时,其选择的食用花种类有很大的不同,这与他们的生活习惯、居住环境及海拔高度有着极为密切的关系。有些植物分布区域很广,但不是分布区域内的同一民族都会选择食用它们;有些植物在不同的区域内虽然都被食用,但食用的目的和意义并不如一。还探讨了拉祜族食用花卉的重要性,以及其文化意义及开发利用前景。     

中国李的民族植物学

对我国李属资源的植物学形态、分布、品种、应用开发历史、民族文化等进行了论述.     

广东阳春重阳传统药市药用民族植物学研究

该研究自2013年开始对阳春开展了全面的中药资源普查工作,在全面了解阳春地区药用植物资源的基础上,于2013年和2014年两次对阳春重阳传统药市进行全面跟踪调查。结果表明：阳春重阳传统药市出售的药物种类丰富,共收集鉴定得出134种药用植物,隶属于60科117属,并对收集到的药用植物进行编目,包括俗名、学名、药用部位、用途和用法等。从药用植物的科、属分布上来看,其中种类较多的科有大戟科(11种)、蝶形花科(10种)、菊科(10种)、茜草科(9种)、马鞭草科(6种)、姜科(5种)、防己科(5种)。药用植物的种类广泛分布于各科和属中,而非集中于少数科、属内。此外,还对阳春重阳传统药市所形成的文化基础、植物应用特色和药材地域特色进行了分析,在药市中调查到一批具有当地特色的滋补养生类的药材,得出阳春当地具有将药用植物融入日常饮食的习惯。药市中售卖的药材功效与当地的自然环境密切联系,其中尤以治疗与岭南地区湿热的气候和瘴疠虫蛇等特点所引起的常见疾病为主。同时,对阳春药市的可持续发展提出了意见和建议。     

菊的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的角度考证研究了菊花的历史记载、民间传说和象征,民俗应用历史和方法,阐述了菊花的食用和药用价值。     

尽快地开展我国民族植物学的研究

本文论述了民族植物学的含义 ,在我国开展民族植物学的意义和如何推动民族植物学研究的开展提出了建议。     

广西龙胜红瑶传统药用植物的民族植物学知识

瑶族是一个拥有悠久历史和灿烂文化的民族,红瑶是其中一个分支,因妇女服饰上的花纹图案以大红色为主而得名,其生活习俗饱含民族特色,对植物尤其是药用植物的利用方式,与其他民族不同。该研究采用经典的民族植物学理论和方法,访问调查了广西龙胜红瑶传统药用植物种类,根据植物拉丁名、中文名、当地名、用途、用法及药用部位,对其进行民族植物学编目,并与《中国药典》作了比较。结果表明:共记录到药用植物95种,隶属于57科83属,其中蔷薇科、百合科种类最多,分别含有7种,显示龙胜红瑶传统药用植物资源的多样性;全株入药的植物种类41种,占总数的43.16%;根入药的种类为23种,占总数的24.21%;叶入药的种类为13种,占总数的13.68%。药用植物的药用部位以全株、根及叶为主;治疗风湿类疾病的药物比重最大,为23.47%,推测与其生活的环境有关;与《中国药典》比较,发现71种植物未被其收录,另有17种虽被收录但主治功效不同,有7种被收录且主治功效大致相同,为新型中药的研发提供了借鉴。同时,还探讨了龙胜红瑶传统药用植物的药用价值、资源现状及文化传承的问题。     

中药磨芋的民族植物学

从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国磨芋的历史变迁及现代研究,论述了花磨芋和疏花磨芋的区别。认识磨芋是一种很好的食疗佳品,值得进一步推广。     

显脉旋覆花的民族植物学调查

通过民族植物学研究的方法,对显脉旋覆花进行实地调查和文献查阅,比较了不同民族的使用习惯.结果发现显脉旋覆花作为跌打损伤药是湖南通道侗族居民特有的用药方式;资源现状调查结果表明,显脉旋覆花市场需求大,种植繁殖困难,导致资源锐减.应加强显脉旋覆花的引种栽培研究及综合开发利用.     

荠菜的民族植物学

以民族植物学的观点介绍荠菜〔Ｃａｐｓｅｌａｂｕｒｓａ－ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｄｉｃ．〕的食用和药用历史,分析了荠菜的营养与药用价值以及现代人热衷于荠菜的原因,探讨了荠菜的民族植物文化学。作者认为,荠菜集美食、营养、保健、药用于一体,是值得开发利用的一种重要野菜。     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay, District Swat, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty-seven species （45.2%） were classifted as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood （37.3 % ）, forty-five as forage （35.7 % ）, twenty-eight as honey bee species （22.2%）, twenty-seven as vegetable species （21.4%）, 25 as edible fruits （14 wild and llcultivated）, thirteen as timberwood （10.3%）, twelve as ornamental （9.5%）, eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers （7.9%）, ten as fencing （7.9%）, five as poisonous （4%）, four as religious/superstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools （2.4%）, three as utensil cleaner species （2.4%）, three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

民族植物学应重视“人类利用实践对植物资源影响”的研究

对民族民间利用植物资源的传统知识进行调查编目、探究相关传统知识形成的原因和影响因素一直是民族植物学研究的重点内容.作为“人与植物”之间关系中一个重要领域——人类利用实践对植物资源影响的研究却相对被忽略.重视这一研究领域,既可以为民族植物学方法及原理在植物资源保护与可持续利用实践提供理论依据,从而有助于推动民族植物学研究进入“应用阶段”,同时也拓展了民族植物学研究领域.其中,人类采集活动(尤其是越来越严重的商业性采集)对植物资源的影响应该受到民族植物学家的重点关注.     

Plant use knowledge of the Winikina Warao: The case for questionnaires in Ethnobotany

A questionnaire was used to measure plant use knowledge for 18 plants from 40 randomly selected Winikina Warao respondents of two villages in the Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela. Five use values are presented: reported use (RU) value for each plant and plant part; plant part value (PPV); specific use (SU) value; intraspecific use value (IUV); and overall use value (OUV). The overall use value can be used to target plants of potential interest to researchers. Although certain precautions must be taken when undertaking this type of study, questionnaires are important tools that can be used to assess the dynamic interplay between people and the plants they use.

---

Conocimiento del uso de plantas de los winikina warao: el caso de cuestionarios en etnobotánica

Resumen  Un cuestionario fue utilizado para medir el conocimiento de 18 plantas usadas por los Winikina Waroa del delta del rio Orinoco, Venezuela. Cinco valores de uso son presentados: valor de uso reportado (RU) para cada planta y parte de planta; valor de la parte de planta (PPV); valor de uso especifico (SU); y valor de uso total (OUV). El valor de uso total se puede utilizar para escoger plants de interés a investigadores. Aunque es necesario tomar ciertas precauciones para emprender un estudo de este tipo, cuestionarios son herramientas que se pueden utilizar para asesar la interacción dinmica que existe entre la gente y su uso de plantas.

     

Ethnobotanical and ecological assessment of plant resources at District Dir,Tehsil Timergara,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan

Background

Ethnobotanical and ecological study of plants is very important in understanding the culture of a society and it provides a base for further study on scientific lines. This paper, the use of medicinal plants and their role in the treatment of different diseases have been duly observed and noted in Tehsil Timergara.

Gathered food plants in the mountains of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): Ethnobotany and multivariate analysis

Gathered food plants (GFPs) (wild and weeds) are crucial for understanding traditional Mediterranean diets. Combining open interviews and free-listing questionnaires, we identified 215 GFP items, i.e., 53 fungi and 162 from 154 vascular plant species. The variation in frequency and in salience among the items follows a rectangular hyperbola. Highly salient species were Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Scolymus hispanicus L., and Pleurotus eryngii (DC.: Fr.) Quélet. Salience and frequency showed no correlation with the expected health benefits of each species. Regional frequency in the Mediterranean and local frequency are directly related. Thus, local food plants are much less “local” than expected. Different types of culinary preparations provide the most information in the cluster analysis of variables. The cluster analysis of items produced a tree with 10 clusters that form culture-specific logical entities, allowing people to structure their environment. Within each cluster, plant species are replaced and incorporated provided they resemble the general profile. This allows innovation and adaptation on a local level and explains the differences between adjacent localities in the list of species. Two types of clusters or species complexes are described: “species-labeled” and “uses-labeled.” Lastly, we discuss the underlying empirical basis of the ethnoclassification in the Mediterranean area.     

Sampling techniques and disturbance of algal vegetation in permanent quadrats

Summary In studying permanent quadrats established in an algal vegetation by means of sampling in the quadrat itself, the vegetation is exposed to the risk of disturbance by the sampling. By taking small samples (microsampling or reduced size sampling) this risk is reduced considerably. The quantitative minimal area of vegetation units ofVaucheria, filamentous green algae and Oscillatoriaceae is less than 20 mm². InVaucheria components, however, often the viability for cultivation purposes is the limiting factor for the size of a sample suitable for a complete analysis of the permanent quadrat. The minimum size of a viableVaucheria sample is 1 cm². The disturbance of the algal layer by other external factors is often more intense than that caused by sampling. Nomenclature follows Polderman (1975b). Contribution to the Symposium of the Working Group for Succession Research on Permanent Plots, held at Yerseke, The Netherlands, October 1975. The author thanks Dr. Ir. W. G. Beeftink for helpful criticism and Mrs. R.A. Polderman-Hall for correcting the English text. The investigation of the algal communities of saltmarshes in the Wadden area is a project of the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research.     

HFRSV在平皿表面室温暴露后存活力的定量研究

将肾综合症出血热病毒布于玻璃平皿表面,室温条件下分别暴露０、３０、６０、９０和１２０ｍｉｎ,观察病毒的定量存活情况。结果在经过１２０ｍｉｎ的暴露后,ＨＦＲＳＶ的效价仍高达１０４．２３ＴＣＩＤ５０。这一结果为ＨＦＲＳ的流行病学及其防治研究提供了重要的基础数据。     

Economically and ecologically important plant communities in high altitude coniferous forest of Malam Jabba,Swat, Pakistan

A study on the economically important plant communities was carried out during summer 2008 in various parts of Malam Jabba valley, Swat. The principal aim of the study was phytosociological evaluation with special reference to the occurrence of commercially important medicinal plant species in coniferous forest of the study area. Secondly to prepare ethnobotanical inventory of the plant resources of the area, as well as to evaluate the conservation status of important medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) through rapid vulnerable assessment (RVA) procedure. The study documented 90 species of ethnobotanical importance, out of these 71 spp used as medicinal plant, 20 spp fodder plant, 10 spp vegetables, 14 spp wild fruit, 18 spp fuel wood, 9 spp furniture and agricultural tools, 9 spp thatching, fencing and hedges, 4 spp honey bee, 2 spp evil eyes, 2 spp religious and 3 spp as poison. Phytosociologically six plant communities were found, comprising five herbs-shrubs-trees communities and one meadow community. Further study is, therefore, required to quantify the availability of species and to suggest suitable method for their production and conservation. Recommendations are also given in the spheres of training in identification, sustainable collection, value addition, trade monitoring and cooperative system of marketing.     

关于数量化I方法的自变量之间交互作用计算

自变量之间存在交互作用时,在应用数量化方法Ｉ时如何计算自变量间的交互作用建立数量化方程．     

Sampling in aerobiology. Differences between traverses along the length of the slide in Hirst sporetraps

Two years of data from four longitudinal traverses along each day's slide prepared from a continuously running Burkard sporetrap have been analyzed statistically. Using the Friedman test, a statistically significant difference was found between the four traverses, with a greater than 7% loss of pollen grains in the two outer traverses in relation to the inner. Four slides were then selected for more detailed analysis, using 18 longitudinal traverses with a 1-mm separation from the upper to the lower edge of the Melinex tape. There was found to be a progressive decline from the centre to the outside, and more than 4% of pollen grains were found outside the typical 14 mm width of the impaction orifice. There was no correlation between pollen grain size and the decline in counts from the centre to the outside. For the complete data set, there was a general rise in the diversity of bollen types with increasing sample counts, but above about 1000 pollen grains per sample there were no more than 27 pollen types found, often even fewer. A discussion is presented of whether four traverses really should be a fixing sample size, or whether it might be better to fix the total pollen count beginning with a traverse in the middle of the slide and ending with a variable number of traverses when that count is reached.