勐宋Sangpabawa中棕榈藤资源的保护和持续利用

物种多样性的研究是生物多样性研究的基础,对生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。Ｓａｎｇ ｐａｂａｗａ是哈尼语“头人的藤林”,它是我国仅有的为保护棕榈藤资源而建立的自然保护区。本文通过对勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源现状的研究,分析了棕榈藤数量锐减的原因：１．市场经济新形势下,管理不善,造成人们过度采收藤条,并且采收时滥砍乱伐;２．外界干扰影响了棕榈藤的正常自然更新;３．良种藤的栽培使非良种藤在当地处于濒危或渐危状态。并提出利用价值是衡量保护价值的一个重要标准这一原则。在此基础上,提出勐宋Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ中棕榈藤资源的保护对策：１．挖掘藤类资源的利用价值,增强人们对它的保护意识;２．加强对Ｓａｎｇｐａｂａｗａ的管理,完善村规民约,防止偷砍乱伐;３．建立棕榈藤收集区和种苗基地,保护藤类资源多样性,满足生产种植需求;４．建立商品藤生产和加工基地,满足市场需求。     

海南岛次生低地雨林棕榈藤伴生群落优势种生态位研究

以海南岛甘什岭自然保护区次生低地雨林群落优势种及棕榈藤为试验材料,通过重要值筛选群落优势种,利用生态位宽度、相似性比例和生态位重叠探究棕榈藤与各林层优势种对资源的作用机制,为棕榈藤资源保护和利用提供理论参考。结果显示:(1)青梅(Vatica mangachapoi)和铁凌(Hopea reticulata)为群落建群种,5种棕榈藤在整个群落中具有相对较高的重要值,但差异较大,其中杖藤(Calamus rhabdocladus)最大(0.286),小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)最小(0.053),其排序为:杖藤大白藤(C.faberii)黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)白藤(C.tetradactylus)小钩叶藤。(2)5种棕榈藤在群落中具有较大的生态位宽度,其中杖藤最大(Bi和Ba分别为2.900和0.612),且明显大于草本层,但与其他林层优势种差异小。(3)棕榈藤种间与优势种均表现出较低的生态位相似性比例,除黄藤与亮叶鸡血藤(Callerya nitida)外,各林层优势种与所有棕榈藤种相似性比例最高的物种相同,为益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)、百足藤(Pothos repens)、铁凌和青梅;藤种间,杖藤与各其它棕榈藤具有较高的生态位相似性比例,小钩叶藤最小。(4)林层优势种和棕榈藤的Lik和Lki值总体较低,均低于0.1,且生态位宽度大的不一定重叠程度越高;其中0~0.023的重叠数量占总数的63.5%,0.023~0.046为36.0%,0.046的仅占0.5%。研究认为,棕榈藤在群落中具有相对较高的资源利用能力,但种间差异较大,棕榈藤种间及其与优势种间均表现为生态位分化,物种间倾向于资源共享。     

海南岛低地次生雨林棕榈藤分布及其影响因子

本文以海南岛甘什岭6种天然棕榈藤为研究对象,采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)与冗余分析(RDA)筛选了棕榈藤种群分布的主要生境因子,探究了种群密度随主要环境因子梯度的变化规律。结果表明:杖藤(Calamus rhabdocladus)和大白藤(C.faberii)种群密度最大,黄藤(Daemonorops jenkinsiana)和白藤(C.tetradactylus)次之,小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)和单叶省藤(C.simplicifolius)种群密度最小;影响棕榈藤分布的条件作用因子为5种,影响大小为全P坡位全N坡形岩石裸露率,排序轴中第一轴解释33.5%物种-生境相关性信息,4轴共解释73.7%的相关性信息;棕榈藤在5种生境梯度下呈现一定的差异性,白藤适宜于全P含量相对较高且岩石裸露率低的下位斜坡;大白藤适宜N、P含量相对较少且岩石裸露率低的中上位地段;单叶省藤适宜于N、P偏低的中位凹地,杖藤适宜于土壤全P和岩石裸露率低的凹地;黄藤适宜于全P偏低的岩石裸露偏高的中上位凹地;小钩叶藤幼苗适宜于N、P含量偏高的斜坡。综上所述,杖藤和黄藤对该地区生境的适应能力最强,全P、坡位、坡形、全N和岩石裸露率是影响该地区棕榈藤种群分布的主要因素,6种棕榈藤对生境响应不同,且幼苗期棕榈藤对生境的响应较其他生长期有明显差异。在棕榈藤天然更新资源保护和恢复过程中,针对不同种类和生长阶段采取相应措施有利于藤资源保存。     

中国棕榈藤资源及其分布特征研究

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木材林产品,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用。通过查阅相关文献、野外调查和标本鉴定,对中国棕榈藤植物的种类组成、地理分布类型及特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)中国分布有较丰富的棕榈藤植物资源,共计3属40种(含变种),在云南、海南、广西等12个省区均有分布,其生长习性以攀援型为主。(2)中国棕榈藤植物表现出明显的水平和垂直地带性分布规律;水平地域性分布明显,形成了西南(云南西双版纳)和东南(海南省)两大分布中心,而其他区域分布的种类相对较少;海拔1000m以下地区分布的种类较多,有一定数量的广布种。(3)中国棕榈藤植物可划分为10个分布区类型,其中,以热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型的种类为主,特有种也占有一定比例;种类的分布与中南半岛、南亚棕榈藤植物区系有密切的联系。     

海南岛低地雨林恢复对棕榈藤分布及生长的影响

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木质森林资源,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用。为了解热带雨林恢复过程及林分结构对棕榈藤分布生长的影响,应用样方调查和排序分析法,对海南岛甘什岭3种不同恢复阶段的次生雨林进行调查。结果表明:(1)棕榈藤多度在恢复中前期最高(74±43),中期次之(32±37),前期最低(0±0),棕榈藤频度分布整体表现为中前期中期前期。中期的杖藤(13.62±8.39 mm)、小钩叶藤(8.01±3.05 mm)、多果省藤(6.54±7.52 mm)和黄藤(3.62±2.52 mm)地径生长大于中前期(7.52±3.75,6.72±3.33,4.73±5.20,3.51±2.4 mm),白藤(1.32±0.53 mm)小于中前期(7.87±6.45mm);中期林分的杖藤(131. 35±62. 72 cm)和黄藤(23. 93±15. 23 cm)高生长大于中前期(90.02±92.13,23.72±17.93 cm),但白藤(8.31±0.85 cm)、多果省藤(32.43±30.91 cm)和小钩叶藤(31.62±8.74 cm)小于中前期(54.30±50.77,48.46±78.11,34.35±7.10 cm)。(2)棕榈藤多分布在恢复中前期和中期林分中,灌丛群落不利于棕榈藤分布,黄藤、杖藤、多果省藤和白藤倾向于分布在恢复中前期的群落中,小钩叶藤多分布在恢复中期的群落中。(3)平均树高与棕榈藤多度均呈正相关,立木密度与棕榈藤多度呈正相关,最大胸径、平均胸径与小钩叶藤多度呈正相关。建议资源保护要加强对热带雨林的保护,资源培育利用要根据不同藤种进行林分结构调整或者选择适宜林分结构进行近自然培育。     

海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林棕榈藤空间点格局分析

以海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林白藤(Calamus tetradactylus)、大白藤(C.faberii)、华南省藤(C.rhabdocladus)、黄藤(Daemonorops margaritae)和小钩叶藤(Plectocomia microstachys)5种棕榈藤种群为研究对象,采用点格局分析方法对棕榈藤种内和种间空间分布格局及相互关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)海南岛甘什岭热带低地雨林棕榈藤种群的空间格局与空间尺度有着密切的关系,在小尺度上,5种棕榈藤种群都更倾向于聚集分布,随着尺度的增长,各棕榈藤种群主要趋向于随机分布,形成不同的空间分布格局。(2)各藤种间的空间关联情况在整体尺度上表现出明显负关联的是白藤和黄藤、白藤和大白藤,这可能是因为它们对生存空间及养分的需求相同或相似,存在明显的竞争关系。(3)华南省藤和大白藤在整体尺度上表现出明显正关联,这可能是由于它们在生长过程中相互庇护,用于抵御动物捕食和热带雨林内多变的外部环境。(4)黄藤和小钩叶藤以及白藤和小钩叶藤呈现出明显不相关,这说明它们对环境和生存空间的依赖没有冲突性,能做到和平共存。     

省藤属11种棕榈藤亲缘关系的AFLP分析

分别对棕榈科11种省藤属植物的基因组总DNA进行EcoRⅠ+TaqⅠ与EcoRⅠ+PstⅠ限制性双酶切,采用AFLP标记技术分析其亲缘关系.用12对引物对11种棕榈藤的30个代表植株进行选择性扩增,共得到扩增谱带998条,其中多态条带981条,多态性带达98.3%.用MEGA 4.0软件中p-distance计算结果显示,11种棕榈藤30份样本间的遗传距离在0.050～0.391之间,平均为0.297;当遗传距离为0.15时,11种棕榈藤可聚为4个组;第Ⅰ组包括直立省藤、滇南省藤、杖藤、小省藤、勐腊鞭藤、长鞭藤、褐鞘省藤共7个种,第Ⅱ组仅有云南省藤1个种,第Ⅲ组由宽刺藤和泽生藤2个种构成,第Ⅳ组仅含省藤一种,可能为新种.AFLP检测结果表明,以形态特征为依据所划分的鞭轴亚属(Rhachicirrus)植物单独聚为一类;而原始省藤亚属(Protocalamus)和省藤亚属(Calamus)两个亚属的物种在整个聚类图上互相交叉渗透,各亚属植物未能独立成组;省藤亚属植物种之间遗传分化程度较高.因此,省藤属植物之间的亲缘关系和分亚属的标准、依据还需更深入地研究.     

国产棕榈藤资源开发利用前景

藤条是我们日常用来加工编织用具的植物性原料。它包括很多植物种类的藤茎、棕榈藤则是其中质量最好,加工利用价值最高的一种。它可以用来加工编织成极受家庭喜爱的各种高级、精美、耐用的家俱和日用品。最常见的有藤椅、藤沙发、藤桌,书架、凳、茶几;藤箱、藤蓝、花蓝、藤席、萝、、框、帽等等;还可制手杖、伞柄、编绳、缆、架藤桥。我国有悠久的藤制品加工历史,精湛的手艺制成品在世界各地享有盛誉。藤制品是我国传统出口创汇的项目之一。目前台湾省更是世界棕榈藤制品的重要加工出口基地。     

华南地区3个棕榈藤种光合途径的判别

C3植物可以通过转入C4植物基因而具备C4植物光合特性,从而提高产量。有鉴于此,本文通过测定我国华南地区分布的黄藤(Daemonoropsmargaritae(Hance)Becc.)、单叶省藤(CalamussimplicifoliusC.F.Wei)和白藤(C.tetradactylusHance)等3个棕榈藤种苗木和成年植株叶片的叶绿素含量、气孔密度、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxylase,PEPC)、丙酮酸磷酸二激酶(pyruvatephosphatedikinase,PPDK)和稳定碳同位素比值等指标以判别3个藤种的光合途径,为棕榈藤转入C4植物基因工作提供理论依据。结果表明,3种藤种苗木和成年植株的叶绿素含量和气孔密度比常见C3植物和C4植物高,但叶绿素a/b值、叶片上下表面气孔比值、PEPC酶活性、PPDK酶活性和稳定碳同位素比值等指标均较低,与常见C3植物的对应指标相当或略低,而远小于常见C4植物,因此认为黄藤、单叶省藤和白藤等3个藤种是C3植物。     

华南地区3个棕榈藤种光合途径的判别

C3植物uT以通过转入C4植物基因而具备C4植物光合特性,从而提高产量.有鉴于此,本文通过测定我国华南地区分布的黄藤(Daemonorops margarttae(Hance)Becc.)、单叶省藤(Calamus simplicifolius C.F.Wei)和白藤(C.tetradactylus Hance)等3个棕榈藤种苗木和成年植株叶片的叶绿素含量、气孔密度、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC)、丙酮酸磷酸二激酶(pyruvate phosphate dikinase,PPDK)和稳定碳同位素比值等指标以判别3个藤种的光合途径,为棕榈藤转入C4植物基因工作提供理论依据.结果表明,3种藤种苗木和成年植株的叶绿素含量和气孔密度比常见C3植物和C4植物高,但叶绿素a/b值、叶片上下表面气孔比值、PEPC酶活性、PPDK酶活性和稳定碳同位素比值等指标均较低,与常见C3植物的对应指标相当或略低,而远小于常见C4植物,因此认为黄藤、单叶省藤和白藤等3个藤种是C3植物.     

Estimation of nuclear DNA content of various bamboo and rattan species

We determined the nuclear DNA content (genome size) of over 35 accessions each of bamboo and rattan species from Southeast Asia. The 2C DNA per nucleus was quantified by flow cytometry. The fluorescence of nuclei isolated from the leaves and stained with propidium iodide was measured. The genome size of the bamboo species examined was between 2.5 and 5.9 pg DNA per 2C nucleus. The genome size of the rattan species examined ranged from 1.8 to 10.5 pg DNA per 2C nucleus. This information will be useful for scientists working in diverse areas of plant biology such as biotechnology, biodiversity, genome analysis, plant breeding, physiology and molecular biology. Such data may be utilized to attempt to correlate the genome size with the ploidy status of bamboo species in cases where ploidy status has been reported.     

Rattan,rubber, or oil palm: cultural and financial considerations for farmers in kalimantan

Forest-based farmers are faced with rapidly changing economic opportunities due to many factors. In response, farmers are changing their main economic activities and land uses. This study compares the financial costs and benefits of the principal land use options in two sub-districts of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Financial benefits of oil palm plantation, traditional rattan gardens, intensive rubber plantation, and traditional rubber plantation are compared on a land unit basis. Oil palm is by far the most profitable, followed by rattan gardens. Rubber production, at current prices, is not profitable. Benefit-cost ratios and returns to labor, which better reflect the farmer perspective, reveal that rattan is more attractive, with oil palm in a strong second place. Non-financial considerations also help to explain the resilience of the rattan garden system. The conclusions summarize the findings and offer options to counter the strong negative impact of recent events on the rattan farmers.     

Small-scale utilization of rattan by a Semai Community in West Malaysia

The role rattan plays in the life of a small Semai community in West Malaysia is discussed. Of the 24 rattan species occurring in the study area, four are frequently used for binding, housebuilding, basketry, fish traps and snares, and other artifacts. These are briefly described and some illustrated. Some species are used for food, medicinal, and ritual purposes. The Semai have a profound knowledge of nature and have a good concept of rattan systematics that comes very close to scientific classification. Demand for rattan for commercial use threatens the rattan populations and has led to heavy depletion of some of the most useful species.     

Identification of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers Linked to Sex Determination in Calamus simplicifolius C. F. Wei

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker technique was used to determine the sex of Calamus simplicifolius C. F. Wei In the present study, DNA samples were extracted individually from 10 male and 10 female plants. After a total of 1 040 decamer primers had been tested, an approximate 500-bp male-specific DNA fragment was generated with the S1443 primer. It is feasible to identify sex at the early stages of plant life, which is beneficial for improving breeding programs of this dioecious species. In addition, we have obtained a proper RAPD protocol that is useful for other species of rattan.     

Rattan (Calamoideae) abundance and above-ground biomass at a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia

Background: Rattans are widespread throughout paleo-tropical forests; however, there is no information on their contribution to above-ground biomass (AGB).

Aims: This study established biomass baseline values for 11 different rattan species in a Malaysian primary forest, and calculated the overall rattan AGB contribution and dynamics during two years.

Methods: All rattan stems in five 100 m × 100 m study plots were counted in 2011 and 2013. Biometric non-invasive measurements were carried out on 11 climbing and non-climbing species and total rattan biomass for both years calculated was compared.

Results: Rattans contributed with 3.1 Mg ha^?1 to the forest AGB. There was no significant change in rattan biomass between the years.

Conclusions: These preliminary results are the first published on the AGB contribution of rattans to Malaysian primary forests. Further studies are required to ascertain values across forest types and over time to reliably estimate the contribution of rattan species to ABG and carbon sequestration.     

Identification of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers Linked to Sex Determination in Calamus simplicifolius C. F. Wei.

The random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） molecular marker technique was used to determine the sex of Calamus simplicifolius C. F. Wei In the present study, DNA samples were extracted individually from 10 male and 10 female plants. After a total of 1 040 decamer primers had been tested, an approximate 500-bp male-specific DNA fragment was generated with the S 1443 primer. It is feasible to identify sex at the early stages of plant life, which is beneficial for improving breeding programs of this dioecious species. In addition, we have obtained a proper RAPD protocol that is useful for other species of rattan.