十一星瓢虫在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了十一星瓢虫在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各 虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在16℃下世代的发育历期最长(64.2天),而32℃时仅为16.4天,24℃和28℃时分别为27.1天和21.5天。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为10.9℃,11.1℃,12.5℃和10.6℃,有效积温分别为40.9,110.3,39.7,359.4日·度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,16℃时最长,为34.7天,在32℃下最短,为14.1天; 单雌产卵量在24℃时最高,平均为463.8粒,32℃时最低,为96.4粒。在恒温24℃～28℃内, 十一星瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力较高, 种群加倍时间较短。16℃时种群增长受到较大制约,种群趋势指数仅为24℃时的10.7%,种群加倍时间约22.3天,为24℃时的4.1倍。32℃时十一星瓢虫的发育历期缩短,存活率、繁殖力降低。     

Synaptic organization of retinotectal connections of the frog application of pulse triggered averaging

Pulse-triggered averaging technique was applied to retinotectal connections of the frog. An extracellular single unit was first isolated from the terminals of retinal fibers, and then intracellular responses were recorded from a tectal neuron in the vicinity of the extracellular recording electrode. Intracellular potentials in response to a moving stimulus were averaged by triggering with the isolated presynaptic impulses. The results show that "on-off" retinal fibers monosynaptically excite E-E type (EPSP at "on" and "off" of light) and EI-EI type (EPSP-IPSP at "on" and "off" of light). One of the E-E type neurons was identified as a large ganglionic neuron in layer 8.     

Evidence that levamisole, pyrantel, morantel, amidantel, deacylated amidantel and hycanthone may act on acetylcholine receptors of central neurones of Helix aspersa

1. Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurones in the suboesophageal ganglionic mass of the snail, Helix aspersa. Neurones were classified as either "H" cells, inhibited by acetylcholine or "D" cells, excited by acetylcholine. 2. The actions of levamisole, morantel, pyrantel, amidantel, deacylated amidantel and hycanthone were investigated on these neurones and compared to that of acetylcholine. 3. Levamisole was 10.85 +/- 0.56 times less active than acetylcholine on "H" cells but more than 100 times less active on "D" cells. On "H" cells levamisole had a secondary gradual depolarizing effect which was irreversible and resulted in the loss of cell activity. 4. Morantel and pyrantel were 1.12 +/- 0.13 and 2.56 +/- 0.26 times respectively less active than acetylcholine on "D" cells and 5.16 +/- 0.6 and 3.53 +/- 0.63 times respectively less active than acetylcholine on "H" cells. 5. Amidantel was more than 100 times less active than acetylcholine on both "D" and "H" cells while its deacylated derivative was 26.0 +/- 1.0 and 76.0 +/- 3.25 times respectively less active than acetylcholine on "D" and "H" cells. 6. Hycanthone possessed weak inhibitory effects on "H" cells but also appeared to reduce the duration of acetylcholine inhibitory responses when applied immediately after the acetylcholine response had reached its maximum.     

温度对食菌小蠹光滑足距小蠹实验种群发育和繁殖的影响

为了明确温度对光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus发育和繁殖的影响, 本研究分别采用真菌Acremonium kiliense和Ambrosiella hartigii在培养皿中饲养雌成虫和幼虫, 以及半人工饲料在试管中培养雌成虫的方法, 系统地研究了该食菌小蠹在16~31℃范围内6个恒温条件下的发育和16~28℃范围内5个恒温条件下的繁殖力和性比。结果表明: 从16~28℃, 光滑足距小蠹未成熟期各虫态和卵至成虫的发育历期均随温度升高而缩短, 16℃时蠹虫的发育历期为28℃时的3~4倍, 31℃时除蛹外发育历期又有延长。各温度下均以幼虫的发育历期为最长, 占卵至成虫羽化整个发育历期的50%以上。幼虫发育的最适温度为26.44℃。发育起点温度在11.0℃（蛹）至12.7℃（卵至成虫）之间。卵期有效积温最小（61.5日·度）, 幼虫期最大（189.7日·度）, 卵至成虫需要12.7℃以上约305日·度的积温才能完成发育。卵至成虫的存活率在16~25℃范围内从53.3%增大至68.3%, 28~31℃范围内又从35.0%降至3.3%。31℃时幼虫几乎不能化蛹。在半人工饲料中, 22~25℃范围内每雌平均后代数为114.3~121.5头, 以25℃时为最大, 约为16℃时的3倍、19℃和28℃时的2倍。雌雄性比以16℃时为最小（9.6∶1）, 25℃时最大（23.3∶1）, 其余温度下均为19.0∶1以上。结果说明, 温度直接影响光滑足距小蠹的发育, 主要通过影响虫道真菌生长和产孢而影响光滑足距小蠹的繁殖。     

Cloning of the spoT gene of "Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae" and development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection of the bacterium in insects

Marginal chlorosis is a new disease of strawberry in which the uncultured phloem-restricted proteobacterium "Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae" is involved. In order to identify the insect(s) vector(s) of this bacterium, homopteran insects have been captured. Because a PCR test based on the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) applied to these insects was unable to discriminate between "P. fragariae" and other insect-associated proteobacteria, isolation of "P. fragariae" genes other than 16S rDNA was undertaken. Using comparative randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs, an amplicon was specifically amplified from "P. fragariae"-infected strawberry plants. It encodes part of a "P. fragariae" open reading frame sharing appreciable homology with the spoT gene from other proteobacteria. A spoT-based PCR test combined with restriction fragment length polymorphisms was developed and was able to distinguish "P. fragariae" from other insect bacteria. None of the many leafhoppers and psyllids captured during several years in and around infected strawberry fields was found to carry "P. fragariae." Interestingly however, the "P. fragariae" spoT sequence could be easily detected in whiteflies proliferating on "P. fragariae"-infected strawberry plants under confined greenhouse conditions but not on control whiteflies, indicating that these insects can become infected with the bacterium.     

Analysis of the kinetic growth patterns of cultured cells. III. The effect of inoculation density, of a geroprotector-antioxidant and of stationary-phase aging

With the help of a previously devised model of cultured cell growth kinetics it was shown that the "plateau" level on the growth curve of human embryo diploid fibroblasts increased, if the cells were grown with Epigid geroprotector-antioxidant (equal results with two drug concentrations: 10(-5) and 10(-7) M, resp.). It was also found that the "plateau" level on the growth curve of cultured "3 days aged" Chinese hamster cells (subcultivated to a fresh medium 3 days after a 1:6 subcultivation) lays higher than the "plateau" level of "14 days aged" cells but lower than that of "7 day aged" cells. Furthermore it was shown that an increase in inoculation density of Chinese hamster cells increased proportionately the rate of cell population growth but had a little effect on the "plateau" level of the growth curve. The data obtained are discussed in terms of some "proliferative" theories of cellular ageing.     

Techniques for universal evaluation of astringency of green tea infusion by the use of a taste sensor system

A practical method for universal evaluation of the astringency of green tea infusion by a taste sensor system was established. The use of EGCg aqueous solution as a standard enabled analysis with high accuracy and reproducibility. The sensor output was converted into taste-intensity on the basis of Weber's and Weber-Fechner laws, which was named the "EIT(ast)" value ("EIT" and "ast" are abbreviations for "Estimated Intensity of Taste" and "astringency" respectively). It was clarified that green tea infusion is to be classified into eight grades on the EIT(ast) scale. Furthermore, the high correlation of the EIT(ast) value with the human gustatory sense and the high stability of the taste sensor were proved.     

家蚕吡哆醛激酶的融合表达与纯化

【目的】吡哆醛激酶（pyridoxal kinase, PLK, EC 2.7.1.35）是维生素B6的关键代谢酶。本研究原核表达家蚕Bombyx mori重组PLK, 为进一步开展家蚕PLK的催化作用机制和表达调控机制的研究奠定基础。【方法】构建家蚕PLK基因融合表达质粒, 转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli诱导表达, 经Ni²⁺ 亲和层析纯化后, 对融合蛋白的催化活性进行分析。【结果】纯化后的家蚕重组PLK经SDS-PAGE鉴定为单一条带, 比活力为1 800 U/mg, 纯化倍数为40倍。在底物过量的条件下, 该重组酶的体外最适反应温度是50℃; 最适pH为5.5~6; Zn²⁺ 是酶促反应有效的激活剂。【结论】重组家蚕PLK与来源于家蚕组织的PLK具有相同的催化性质。     

转基因棉种植对土壤水解酶活性的影响

转Bt基因棉和转Bt＋cpTI基因棉种植面积不断扩大,它们种植后杀虫晶体蛋白在土壤中的残留特性及对土壤水解酶活性的影响是环境风险评价的重要组成部分,本文采用盆栽实验的方法对此进行了初步研究。结果表明,转基因棉出苗后生长到30天时可向土壤中释放Bt杀虫晶体蛋白,而双抗棉种植时CpTI杀虫晶体蛋白的释放量与品种有关;转基因棉出苗后30天时,与等价基因系非转基因棉（各对照）相比,转Bt基因棉（“中30”）和双抗棉A（转Bt＋CpTI棉“中41”）的种植并未使脲酶、蛋白酶和磷酸单脂酶活性发生显著变化,而双抗棉B（转Bt＋CpTI棉“双抗321”）的种植使土壤磷酸单脂酶活性显著下降。从杀虫晶体蛋白的释放和对酶活性的影响来看,双抗棉A的种植对土壤的生物活性扰动更小。     

家蚕高密度AFLP连锁图谱的构建

为了进行家蚕Bombyx mori数量性状的QTL定位研究,以白色茧系品种C₁₀₀ (♀)和近交系大造(P50)(♂)杂交得到F₁,用F₁(♂)与双隐性标记的C₁₀₀ (♀)回交,得到回交一代(BC₁),用改进的AFLP分子标记方法,经96组选择性扩增引物扩增,获得分离比为1∶1(P≤0.05)的1 744个AFLP位点。用Map Manager QTXb19（Version 0.29）连锁图谱构建软件,构建了具有814个标记,36个连锁群的家蚕高密度AFLP分子标记连锁图谱。该连锁图谱覆盖的家蚕基因组长度为13 005 cM,连锁群长度变化范围为109.0～1 573.7 cM,连锁群的平均长度为361.25 cM,其标记间平均图距15.98 cM,最小图距2.3 cM,最大图距47.7 cM,标记间大于30 cM的gap共有39个。该连锁图平均每个连锁群23个标记,最多一个连锁群有92个标记,最少8个标记。该连锁图谱确定了与经典实验遗传图谱第15连锁群和W染色体连锁群相对应的两个连锁群。     

青杨脊虎天牛CYP4G2基因片段的克隆、序列分析与表达

根据报道的十几种昆虫CYP4家族基因的氨基酸序列保守区域设计一对引物,利用RT-PCR技术扩增编码青杨脊虎天牛Xylotechus rusticus中肠细胞色素氧化酶CYP4G2蛋白的cDNA片段,构建原核表达载体pET-CYP4G2,将其转化入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli JM109中表达。序列分析结果表明,该基因(CYP4G2,GenBank登录号为EF429250)保守区域阅读框全长387 bp,编码129个氨基酸残基,预测分子量和等电点分别为16.9 kD和5.75;推导的氨基酸序列与已报道的昆虫CYP4家族氨基酸序列一致性较高（63%～86%）,且具有细胞色素氧化酶的典型特征。IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE电泳检测到一条22 kD大小的外源蛋白,与预测融合蛋白的分子量大小相应。CO差光谱分析证明重组菌表达了有活性的pET-CYP4G2。     

Traveling waves in cross-diffusion models of population dynamics

"Traveling wave"--type solutions of some models with cross-diffusion were considered. It was shown that "cross-diffusion" terms, as opposed to "diffusion" terms, do not increase the dimensionality of the automodel system. The bifurcation approach was used to study the dependence of the wave solutions on the parameters of the models being considered, and the waves were classified. It was shown that, at the same parameter values, both "fast" and "slow" waves can exist and that these waves are described by different automodel systems.     

Motor asymmetry of the forelimbs of the rat

Preference was studied of one of the forelimbs during performance of different manipulating movements in white rats. High degree of "handedness" was observed in all studied movements. However it was not absolute--no animals performed all movements by one and the same limb. Degree and character of "handedness" were different for different movements, though the number of "righthanded" rats in most tests as a whole exceeded the number of "lefthanded" ones. The "handedness" depends on the individuality of the animal, the character of the motor task, learning and interference of different motor tasks during training.     

不同超级杂交稻组合期剑叶14C-同化物的转运及分配与早衰关系的研究

选取具有不同早衰特性的超级杂交稻组合两优培九、Y两优1号和培两优E32为供试材料,借助14C同位素示踪技术对其不同生育期剑叶14C同化物分配及转化进行了研究。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,剑叶(源)同化物向穗中(库)的转运比例逐渐增加,在供试组合中以两优培九分配效率最高,Y两优1号次之,培两优E32最低;剑叶14C-同化物在供试组合中的转运能力也有类似的趋势,在3个超级杂交稻组合中,以两优培九"源、库、流"的协调性最好,Y两优1号次之,培两优E32最差。     

Influence of cereal leaf epicuticular wax on Diuraphis noxia probing behavior and nymphoposition

The effect of cereal leaf surface wax on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid, probing behavior and nymphoposition was evaluated. Ultrastructure of leaf epicuticular wax from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) c.v. Arapahoe and Halt was different from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v. Morex, and oat (Avena sativa L.) c.v. Border. Both wheat cultivars had similar rod-shaped epicuticular wax, while barley and oat plants had flakes. The chemical composition comparison of gas chromatograms also indicated that the extract of the two wheat cultivars had similar pattern of peaks, while the barley and oat leaves had similar peaks. Cereal variety significantly affected aphid probing behavior (P < 0.05), but wax removal using ethyl ether swab did not (P < 0.05). Aphids initiated significantly more probes on Border oat leaves than on Morex barley irrespective of wax removal, although total probing duration per aphid was not significantly different among the four cereals examined. Accumulative salivation duration per aphid on oat leaves with wax was significantly longer than other cereal leaves with wax, while accumulative ingestion duration per aphid on Arapahoe wheat and Morex barley was significantly longer than on oat. Nymphoposition of D. noxia on cereal leaves maintained on the benzimidazole-agar medium showed that aphids produced a greater number of nymphs on Morex barley and less on Border oat leaves, although wax removal did not affect aphid nymphoposition. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes from the 4 cereal genotypes using ethyl ether swab indicated that the influence of wax on plant resistance to D. noxia probing and reproduction was limited. Morex barley was the most favorable, while Border oat was the least favorable cereal host of D. noxia.     

Dynamics of the interaction of polyreactive immunoglobulins with immobilized antigens]

The kinetic of polyreactive immunoglobulins (PRIG) and immobilized antigen interaction was examined at different temperatures. It was shown that this process can be described by the so-called "competitive" model, and the relatively simple method for the rate constant determination for this process was developed. According to the "competitive" model PRIG molecule could be either in "active" or in "inactive" state and dynamic equilibrium exist between "active" and "inactive" molecules which strongly depend on incubation temperature. Only "active" PRIG can interact with antigens, and this is the reason of strong temperature dependence of PRIG-antigen interaction. The data also show that the mechanism of PRIG-antigen interaction differ from that of antibody-antigen interaction.     

Effects of data imbalance on estimation of heritability

Summary Effects of data imbalance on bias, sampling variance and mean square error of heritability estimated with variance components were examined using a random two-way nested classification. Four designs, ranging from zero imbalance (balanced data) to low, medium and high imbalance, were considered for each of four combinations of heritability (h²=0.2 and 0.4) and sample size (N=120 and 600). Observations were simulated for each design by drawing independent pseudo-random deviates from normal distributions with zero means, and variances determined by heritability. There were 100 replicates of each simulation; the same design matrix was used in all replications. Variance components were estimated by analysis of variance (Henderson's Method 1) and by maximum likelihood (ML). For the design and model used in this study, bias in heritability based on Method 1 and ML estimates of variance components was negligible. Effect of imbalance on variance of heritability was smaller for ML than for Method 1 estimation, and was smaller for heritability based on estimates of sire-plus-dam variance components than for heritability based on estimates of sire or dam variance components. Mean square error for heritability based on estimates of sire-plus-dam variance components appears to be less sensitive to data imbalance than heritability based on estimates of sire or dam variance components, especially when using Method 1 estimation. Estimation of heritability from sire-plus-dam components was insensitive to differences in data imbalance, especially for the larger sample size.Supported by grants from the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station and the University of Illinois Research Board. Charles Smith, H. W. Norton and D. Gianola contributed valuable suggestions     

Recollections of my friendship with Klaus Ruckpaul

Klaus Ruckpaul was the leader of cytochrome P450 research in the "East" Germany when the world was politically divided into "East" and "West". Under strong political pressure during the "Cold War", the communication between the scientists in the "East" countries with those in the "West" countries was badly restricted. He wanted to improve the situation, and organized an international gathering of the biochemists studying cytochrome P450. The first meeting was held in 1976, and it developed later into a big international conference named "International Conference on Cytochrome P450, Biochemistry and Biophysics". He and his colleagues also contributed greatly to the elucidation of the mechanism of P450-catalyzed reactions. I respect him for his great contribution to the advancement of biochemical study on cytochrome P450, and feel happy that I have enjoyed a long friendship with him.     

Molecular and biologic characteristics of attenuated rubella viruses

AIM: To study stability/variability of rubella virus vaccine strain "Orlov-B" during its adaptation to other tissue substrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vaccine strains of rubella virus Wistar 27/3 and "Orlov-B" as well as wild type strains "Orlov-D" and "Lebedev" were used. Rhesus monkeys were used as laboratory animals. Standard virological, molecular and statistical methods were applied. RESULTS: Obtained as a result of adaptation to other tissue substrate - diploid human cell line M-22 - strain "Orlov-D" demonstrated stability on RCT40 sign in in vitro experiments. Comparative genotyping of "Orlov-B" and "Orlov-D" strains on gene E1 showed identity of nucleotide sequences of both variants. Genetic stability of virus on the gene coding the most immunogenic protein E1 was confirmed in vivo: the stable high immunogenic and protective activity of both "Orlov-B" and "Orlov- D" strains was demonstrated in experiments on rhesus macaques. CONCLUSION: New data on stability of attenuated rubella virus vaccine strains have practical significance for the development of new vaccines.     

Biochemical heterogeneity of mitochondria]

Rat liver mitochondria were fractionated on the basis of their sedimentation coefficients in the gradient of ficoll. The fractions ("heavy", "middle" and "light" mitochondria) were heterogeneous with regard to the content of protein, DNA, cytochrome a + a3 and respiratory activity. Heterogeneity of mitochondria did not result from the damage or microsomal and lysosomal contamination. The biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in the different fractions of mitochondria was studied. In vivo incorporation of radioactive precursor into RNA was highest in the fractions of "middle" mitochondria, whereas in vitro the "heavy" mitochondria showed maximum activity in the synthesis of RNA. In vitro DNA synthes was maximum in the fractions of "heavy" mitochondria, protein synthesis in "heavy" and "light" mitochondria. Activity of the synthesis of RNA, DNA and proteins in vitro depends on the content of DNA and cytochrome a + a3 in the different fractions of mitochondria. It is supposed that heterogeneity of mitochondria may be connected with their biogenesis.