Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enteritidis from foods involved in human salmonellosis outbreaks in southern Brazil

The antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 79) isolated from foods involved in human salmonellosis outbreaks in Southern Brazil during the period of 2001 to 2002 was analysed. The isolates were individually tested using the disc diffusion method against 10 antimicrobial agents. Most isolates were susceptible to all drugs tested. No S. Enteritidis isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or sulfazotrim and only one was resistant to chloramphenicol. The predominant resistance observed was to nalidixic acid (21.5%), gentamicin (12.7%), and streptomycin (11.4%), while intermediate resistance was observed most often for kanamycin (29.1%), neomycin (17.7%), and streptomycin (13.9%). Resistance was verified in 30 isolates (30.97%) grouped in 14 different patterns. Resistance to more than one agent was verified in 13 (16.46%) of the isolates. Two isolates were resistant to four drugs and only one strain presented resistance to three antibiotics.     

A high prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from pigs and a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli from cattle and sheep in Great Britain at slaughter

The incidence of antimicrobial resistance and expressed and unexpressed resistance genes among commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals at slaughter in Great Britain was investigated. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among the isolates varied according to the animal species; of 836 isolates from cattle tested only 5.7% were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, while only 3.0% of 836 isolates from sheep were resistant to one or more agents. However, 92.1% of 2480 isolates from pigs were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Among isolates from pigs, resistance to some antimicrobials such as tetracycline (78.7%), sulphonamide (66.9%) and streptomycin (37.5%) was found to be common, but relatively rare to other agents such as amikacin (0.1%), ceftazidime (0.1%) and coamoxiclav (0.2%). The isolates had a diverse range of resistance gene profiles, with tet(B), sul2 and strAB identified most frequently. Seven out of 615 isolates investigated carried unexpressed resistance genes. One trimethoprim-susceptible isolate carried a complete dfrA17 gene but lacked a promoter for it. However, in the remaining six streptomycin-susceptible isolates, one of which carried strAB while the others carried aadA, no mutations or deletions in gene or promoter sequences were identified to account for susceptibility. The data indicate that antimicrobial resistance in E. coli of animal origin is due to a broad range of acquired genes.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from the skin surface of clinically normal cats

Samples were collected from 148 adult cats, processed for isolation of Staphylococcus species and tested for susceptibility to penicillin G, gentamicin, oxacillin, amoxycillin, ampicillin, cephalexin and rifampin. Methicillin resistance was also determined. Ninety-eight isolates were obtained (66% of samples). Coagulase-negative species were most common, and the most frequently isolated species (37 samples) was Staph. felis . Other coagulasenegative species, such as Staph. simulans , Staph. epidermidis and Staph. Saprophyticus were also isolated. Coagulase-positive species were obtained from 40 cats; the most frequent was Staph. intermedius (26 samples), followed by Staph. aureus (14 samples). Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, with 58·2% of the isolates showing resistance to at least one drug. Resistance to Penicillin G was observed in 49 of the 98 isolates (50%), 22 samples were resistant to oxacillin (22·4%) and 12 to rifampin (12·2%). Resistance to amoxycillin and ampicillin was very similar to that observed to Penicillin G. Gentamicin was the most active antimicrobial agent. Three MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ) were isolated, which represents 21·4% of the isolates of that species. Nineteen MRS (methicillin resistant staphylococci) were also observed, distributed among Staph. intermedius (eight), Staph. simulans (six) and Staph. felis (five) isolates. The role of these micro-organisms on the skin of cats is discussed.     

Prevalence and Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Mulago National Referral Hospital,Uganda

Introduction

Carbapenemases have increasingly been reported in enterobacteriaceae worldwide. Most carbapenemases are plasmid encoded hence resistance can easily spread. Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae are reported to cause mortality in up to 50% of patients who acquire bloodstream infections. We set out to determine the burden of carbapenem resistance as well as establish genes encoding for carbapenemases in enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates obtained from Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study with a total of 196 clinical isolates previously collected from pus swabs, urine, blood, sputum, tracheal aspirates, cervical swabs, endomentrial aspirates, rectal swabs, Vaginal swabs, ear swabs, products of conception, wound biopsy and amniotic fluid. All isolates were subjected to phenotypic carbapenemase screening using Boronic acid-based inhibition, Modified Hodge and EDTA double combined disk test. In addition, all the isolates were subjected to PCR assay to confirm presence of carbapenemase encoding genes.

Results

The study found carbapenemase prevalence of 22.4% (44/196) in the isolates using phenotypic tests, with the genotypic prevalence slightly higher at 28.6% (56/196). Over all, the most prevalent gene was blaVIM (21,10.7%), followed by blaOXA-48 (19, 9.7%), blaIMP (12, 6.1%), blaKPC (10, 5.1%) and blaNDM-1 (5, 2.6%). Among 56 isolates positive for 67 carbapenemase encoding genes, Klebsiella pneumonia was the species with the highest number (52.2%). Most 32/67(47.7%) of these resistance genes were in bacteria isolated from pus swabs.

Conclusion

There is a high prevalence of carbapenemases and carbapenem-resistance encoding genes among third generation cephalosporins resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Uganda, indicating a danger of limited treatment options in this setting in the near future.     

Detection of methicillin and mupirocin resistance in staphylococcal hospital isolates with a touchdown multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Staphylococcal hospital isolates (n = 166) were tested in a touchdown multiplex-polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of methicillin and mupirocin resistance and discrimination of S. aureus (femA gene) from coagulase negative staphylococci and other bacteria. All isolates harbored the 16SrDNA (Staphylococcus genus specific internal control) gene, and 130 (78 %) the mecA (methicillin resistance) gene. Fifty-seven (44 %) of these were determined as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, while the remaining 73 (56 %) were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. Seventy-five (45 %) isolates harbored the ileS-2 (high-level mupirocin resistance) gene and were determined as mupirocin-resistant. This assay represents a simple, rapid, reliable approach for the detection and discrimination of methicillin-and mupirocin-resistant staphylococci.     

鲍曼不动杆菌感染分布及耐药性动态变迁

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药性的动态变迁以及感染病例分布情况,为临床治疗鲍曼不动杆菌提供参与。方法 2007年1月至2009年12月从患者不同标本分离的鲍曼不动杆菌（ATB Expression细菌鉴定系统鉴定到种）,采用CLSI/NCCLS标准K-B法对临床常用抗菌药物进行耐药性分析。结果鲍曼不动杆菌2007年至2009年检出率分别为6.5%、8.9%和17.6%;标本主要来源于痰（78.4%）,病区集中于中心ICU（33.3%）、呼吸内科（22.8%）和消化内科（13.0%）;该菌耐药现象严重,除亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦保持较高的敏感性,其他药物耐药性均〉60%,而且耐药性逐年上升。结论鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药问题日趋严重,加强其耐药性监测可指导临床治疗,为临床提供最新的流行病学和耐药性变迁资料;泛耐药菌株感染主要发生在长期应用抗菌药物及长时间住院的患者,因而应加强医院环境和人员消毒,控制鲍曼不动杆菌在医院内的定值与播散。 更多还原     

Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococci isolated from the vaginas of captive female Leontopithecus (Callitrichidae-Primates)

The purpose of this study was to provide current data on Staphylococcus species from the vaginas of clinically normal captive lion tamarins and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates. Samples were collected from 25 adult lion tamarins, processed to isolate Staphylococcus species, and tested for susceptibility to penicillin G, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, and rifampicin. Isolates with the typical characteristics of the genus Staphylococcus were recovered from all 25 samples. Coagulase-negative species were the most common (68% of the isolates), and the most frequently isolated species (10 samples) was S. simulans. Other coagulase-negative species, including S. saprophyticus (n=5), S. epidermidis (n=1), and S. arlettae (n=1), were also recovered. Coagulase-positive Staphylococci were obtained from eight animals (six of from the S. aureus species and two from S. intermedius). Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, and 88% of the isolates (23 samples) showed resistance to at least one drug. Resistance to penicillin G was a common finding, and the most active antimicrobial agents were chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Coagulase-positive strains were more frequently resistant to antibiotics (79.7%, average=6.4 drugs) than coagulase-negative strains (38.2%, average=3.0 drugs). The high frequency of resistance observed in those isolates is surprising and very alarming. A detailed history of the use of antimicrobial drugs in these subjects did not reveal any previous exposure to any of the tested antibiotics that could justify the observed resistance rate.     

Antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains isolated from blood cultures of septicemic patients in Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and slime production characteristics of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) caused nosocomial bacteremia. A total of 200 CoNS strains were isolated from blood samples of patients with true bacteremia who were hospitalized in intensive care units and in other departments of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Hospital between 1999 and 2006. Among 200 CoNS isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most prevalent species (87) followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (23), Staphylococcus hominis (19), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (18), Staphylococcus capitis (15), Staphylococcus xylosus (10), Staphylococcus warneri (8), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5), Staphylococcus lentus (5), Staphylococcus simulans (4), Staphylococcus chromogenes (3), Staphylococcus cohnii (1), Staphylococcus schleiferi (1), and Staphylococcus auricularis (1). Resistance to methicillin was detected in 67.5% of CoNS isolates. Methicillin-resistant CoNS strains were determined to be more resistant to antibiotics than methicillin-susceptible CoNS strains. Resistance rates of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible CoNS strains to the antibacterial agents, respectively, were as follows: gentamicin 90% and 17%, erythromycin 80% and 37%, clindamycin 72% and 18%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 68% and 38%, ciprofloxacin 67% and 23%, tetracycline 60% and 45%, chloramphenicol 56% and 13% and fusidic acid 25% and 15%. None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Slime production was detected in 86 of 200 CoNS strains. Resistance to methicillin was found in 81% of slime-positive and in 57% of slime-negative strains. Our results indicated that there is a high level of resistance to widely used agents in causative methicillin-resistant CoNS strains. However fusidic acid has the smallest resistance ratio, with the exception of glycopeptides. Additionally, most S. epidermidis strains were slime-positive, with statistically significant (p<0.001) association between methicillin resistance and slime production.     

临床病原菌种类及耐药性监测

目的 探讨病原菌种类及其对抗菌药物的耐的耐药状况。方法 收集１９９８年１月－１９９９年１２月临床感染标本分离的病原菌并分析其种类,药敏试验采用Ｋｉｒｂｙ－Ｂａｕｅｒ纸片扩散法。结果 １１８２株病原菌,革兰氏阳性球菌６０４株（５１．１％）,革兰氏阴性杆菌５７８株（４８．９％）。病原菌以金黄一萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌最多见。去甲万古霉素、阿米卡星、新霉素对革兰氏阳性球菌抗菌作用较     

Salmonella enterica serotype Bredeney: antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular diversity of isolates from Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Salmonella enterica serotype Bredeney has emerged as the third most commonly identified serotype among human clinical isolates referred to the Irish National Salmonella Reference Laboratory in the years 1998 to 2000. A collection of 112 isolates of S. enterica serotype Bredeney collected during the period 1995 to 1999 from animal, food, and human sources from both Ireland and Northern Ireland were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) were performed on all isolates. Plasmid profiles were examined on a subset of 33 isolates. A high proportion (74%) of isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance to both sulfonamide and trimethoprim was observed in 21% of isolates, and resistance to multiple (five) antimicrobial agents was observed in a single isolate (0.9%). Eight different PFGE patterns were obtained, with 87% of isolates grouping as PFGE type A. PFGE type A was predominant in animals, food, and humans. There was good overall concordance between the groups identified by PFGE and DAF. Overall results indicate that most S. enterica serotype Bredeney isolates in Ireland and Northern Ireland from animal and human sources are clonally related.     

Clinical prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. intermedius in dogs

AIMS: This study was undertaken to investigate whether the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. intermedius varies with the site of isolation, sex or age of dogs. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 867 isolates of Staph. aureus and 1339 isolates of Staph. intermedius were obtained from nose, eye, ear, reproductive extremity, urine, abscess, skin and throat isolates. Staphylococcus intermedius isolates were isolated most frequently and adult and male dogs were more common compared with juveniles and/or female dogs. Antimicrobial resistance was commonly found for penicillin G, lincomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in both Staphylococcus species. Surprisingly, we detected significant resistance to cloxacillin in male (67.1%) and female (69.4%) Staph. aureus isolates, irrespective of the anatomical site of isolation. The resistance or susceptibility of isolates of Staph. aureus from reproductive extremities and isolates of Staph. intermedius from ear, eye and abscess sites was associated with the age of the animal. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial susceptibilities in Staph. aureus and Staph. intermedius often differed with regard to the site of isolation, sex and age of the animal. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Increasing antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci in veterinary medicine complicates the empirical selection of antimicrobial agents. These complications reveal a continuously evolving, complicated multifactoral process of the site of isolation, sex and age of the animal.     

晚期肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染临床分析

目的：探讨晚期肿瘤患者下呼吸道感染的细菌学分类情况及抗生素耐药性特点。方法：采用回顾性调查107例晚期肿瘤患者并下呼吸道感染痰菌分离的病原菌并分析其特点,药敏试验采用K—B纸片法。结果：137株病原菌,G杆菌67株(48．9％)．G^ 球菌44株(32．1%),真菌26株(19．0％)。主要致病细菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌19．7％．金黄色葡萄球菌13．9％,肺炎克雷伯菌10．9％。万古霉素、新霉素、环丙沙星对G^ 球菌较敏感;环丙沙星、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮对G杆菌作用较强．其他抗菌药物对各种病原菌均呈现不同程度的耐药。结论：晚期恶性肿瘤并下呼吸道感染的病原菌多为条件致病菌,耐药率高。应加强病原菌培养及药敏监测,以指导临床科学使用抗生素。     

ICU病房G^＋菌谱及其耐药性连续9年监测

目的了解我院ICU病房分离菌中G^＋菌谱及其耐药情况,为临床防治G^＋菌感染提供依据。方法对ICU病房自1998年1月至2006年12月9年间所分离到的G^＋菌及其耐药性进行回顾性调查。结果9年间共分离获得G^＋菌408株,占总的23.2%（408/1755）。由1998年至2004年,G^＋菌分离率逐年增多,2004年后又有所下降。G^＋菌以金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）为主,占65.7%,其次为溶血葡萄球菌（SH,10.8%）、表皮葡萄球菌（SE,9.5%）。MRSA占SA的89.9%,MRSE占SE的92.3%。体外药敏试验结果显示主要G^＋菌均呈多重耐药特性,只有万古霉素对G^＋具有很强抗菌活性,敏感率达100%。结论ICU病房在所分离的G^＋菌中,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）所占比例很高,细菌呈多重耐药特性。我们应高度重视这一严重问题并尽一切可能预防院内感染和减少多重耐药菌的产生。     

Methicillin resistance study in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci and determination of their susceptibility to alternative antimicrobial agents

AIMS: To achieve reliable detection of methicillin resistance in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strains (105) were evaluated by normatized antimicrobial susceptibility methods, and for the presence of the methicillin resistance-determining mecA gene, using the polymerase chain reaction. Correlation between phenotypic and genotypic methods was obtained in 87.6% of the samples. Six strains, classified as methicillin-susceptible by phenotypic assays, revealed the presence of the mecA gene, indicating that methicillin resistance expression was probably repressed. Another seven isolates failed to show mecA amplification after displaying methicillin resistance in phenotypic evaluations. The susceptibility of the methicillin-resistant isolates to other antimicrobial agents was variable. CONCLUSION: Genotypic determination of the mecA gene proved to be the most reliable method for detection of methicillin resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Correct assessment of methicillin resistance, such as that attained through genotyping, is essential for defining therapeutic strategies, particularly when treating severely compromised patients.     

Slime production and antibiotic susceptibility in staphylococci isolated from clinical samples

A total of 187 isolates from several clinical specimens were identified to species level as 129 Staphylococcus aureus strains and 58 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains by the API Staph System (Biomerieux). Slime production was detected both by the conventional Christensen's method as well as by the Congo red agar method. Seventy-two strains of staphylococci isolates (38.5%) were found to be slime producers by Christensen's test tube method whereas 58 strains (31%) were slime positive with Congo red agar method. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods for the detection of slime production (P > 0.05). Susceptibility of isolates against antimicrobial agents was tested by the disk diffusion method. Staphylococcal species had resistance to one or more antibiotics. Among the various antimicrobial agents, oxacillin (71.1%) and erythromycin (47.1%) showed higher resistance than most of the agents used against all isolates. Oxacillin resistant S. aureus (ORSA) and oxacillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (ORCNS), 97 (75.2%) and 36 (62.1%) respectively were frequently observed in strains isolated from clinical materials. Among the ORSA strains, two strains were resistant to vancomycin. Moreover, 96 (74.4%) of 129 S. aureus strains were positive for beta-lactamase enzyme. However, 78 (81.25%) of 96 beta-lactamase positive S. aureus strains were beta-lactamase positive ORSA isolates, but none of them had vancomycin resistance.     

非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯杆菌中非产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株对18种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法CLSI表型确证试验-纸片增强法检测非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,K-B法测定非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌对18种常见抗菌药物的敏感性。结果非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛的耐药率〉50．0％,对其余抗生素的耐药率均低于25．0％,对亚胺培南、美罗培南非常敏感,耐药率分别为2．3％和2．0％;痰标本的分离株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛的耐药率明显高于血、尿液标本分离株,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌对第一、二代头孢菌素耐药显著,对第三代头孢菌素、亚胺培南、美罗培南等抗生素比较敏感。     

Biological characteristics of Staphylococci circulating in hospitals in Nizhniĭ Novgorod

The study of 513 clinical isolates of staphylococci revealed that 8.4% of them were methicillin-resistant, their proportion in the isolates obtained from hospital patients being significantly higher than in the isolates obtained from patients in outpatient clinics (11.8% compared with 1.48%). Most of these isolates were coagulase-hegative staphylococci. The isolates obtained from urine, blood, discharge of the middle ear were in all cases represented by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Methicillin-resistant variants of S. aureus occurred mainly in discharge of surgical wounds and in sputum.     

Candida albicans strain differentiation in complete denture wearers

Strain differentiation of 66 clinical isolates of Candida albicans obtained from healthy dentate and complete denture wearers was performed. Resistogram method based on differences in the resistance of C. albicans isolates to sodium selenite, boric acid, cetrimide, sodium periodate and silver nitrate was used for strain differentiation. Of the 32 potential strains that can be distinguished, 14 different resistogram strains of C. albicans were found among the 66 isolates tested. Strain-C--was the most predominant (24.3% of total isolates), while strain A-CDE was the least predominant (1.5%). The results showed no particular association of certain strains with Candida infections in complete denture wearers. Sensitivity to antifungal agents showed that isolates from different strains were most sensitive to amphotericin B and nystatin and least sensitive to miconazole.     

Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcal Isolates from Bovine Milk in Northwestern China

Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) in bovine milk is a major public health concern. The primary purpose of this research was to determine molecular genetic characteristics and antibiotic resistance of staphylococcal isolates recovered from milk of mastitic cows in the Shaanxi Province in Northwestern China. One hundred and thirteen methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), one mecA-positive and phenotype-positive MRSA, seven mecA- and mecC- negative but phenotype-positive MRSA and two MR-CoNS including one oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staphylococcus haemolyticus (OS-MRSH) and one mecA-positive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) isolates were recovered from 214 quarter milk samples on 4 dairy farms. All above 123 isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance profiling. S. aureus isolates were also genotyped using the spa typing and the multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Eight MRSA and 2 MR-CoNS isolates were additionally tested for SCCmec types. Resistance was common among isolates against ampicillin or penicillin (80.5%), kanamycin (68.3%), gentamicin (67.5%), tetracycline (43.9%) and chloramphenicol (30.1%). However, no isolate was resistant to vancomycin or teicoplanin. Twenty, 29 and 58 isolates showed resistance to 1, 2 or more than 2 antibiotics, respectively. The predominant multidrug resistance profile was penicillin/ampicillin/kanamycin/gentamicin/tetracycline (46 isolates). Most S. aureus isolates belonged to spa types t524 (n = 63), t11772 (a new type, n = 31) and t4207 (n = 15). At the same time, MLST types ST71 (n = 67) and ST2738 (a new type, n = 45) were identified as dominant sequence types. The mecA-positive and phenotype-positive MRSA isolate had a composite genotype t524-ST71-SCCmecIVa, while 7 mecA-negative but phenotype-positive MRSA isolates were all t524-ST71. The OS-MRSH isolate contained a type V SCCmec cassette, while the MRSE isolate possessed a non-typeable SCCmec. The spa-MLST types t11772-ST2738 (n = 27), t11807-ST2683 (n = 4) and t11771-ST2738 (n = 3) were newly identified genotypes of S. aureus. These new genotypes and multidrug-resistant staphylococci could pose additional threat to animal and human health.     

儿童呼吸道肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌的耐药性研究

目的了解儿童感染肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。方法对年龄为1个月～12岁的上呼吸道感染的儿童鼻咽分泌物或痰进行培养,分离肺炎链球菌和金黄色萄萄球菌;采用纸片扩散法及E-test法对分离株进行常用的10种抗生素敏感性检测。结果从2 250例呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部、痰液分离出肺炎链球菌共120株,金黄色葡萄球菌共151株。120株肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率分别为青霉素41.7%(50/120)、苯唑西林26.7%(32/120)、头孢曲松9.2%(11/120)、红霉素95.8%(115/120)、克林霉素90.0%(108/120)、四环素70.8%(85/120)、氯霉素6.7%(8/120)、利福平0.8%(1/120)和氧氟沙星0.8%(1/120),肺炎链球菌青霉素不敏感株对β-内酰胺酶类耐药率明显高于青霉素敏感株。151株金黄色葡萄球菌中对常用抗菌药物耐药率分别为青霉素97.4%(147/151)、苯唑西林9.9%(15/151)、头孢曲松9.3%(14/151),对红霉素52.3%(79/151)、四环素31.8%(48/151)、克林霉素24.5%(37/151)、氯霉素9.9%(15/151)、氧氟沙星3.3%(5/151)和利福平2.0%(3/151)。未检出耐万古霉素菌株。结论肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药;而金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。