钙调蛋白依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精中的作用

钙调蛋白依赖的蛋白激酶 (CaMK)是一类分布广泛的丝 /苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族 ,在钙离子和钙调蛋白存在的条件下发生自磷酸化而被激活 ,在细胞内对于钙信号的传递具有重要的介导作用 .近年来的研究表明CaMKⅡ是参与调节卵母细胞减数分裂的重要分子 ,在卵母细胞成熟、极体排放、受精和活化等过程中发挥作用 .CaMKⅡ作为Ca2 的下游信号分子 ,在受精后促进成熟促进因子 (MPF)和细胞静止因子 (CSF)的失活 ,并调节纺锤体微管的组装和中心体的复制过程 .虽然CaMKⅡ在减数分裂中的作用广泛而关键 ,但目前的研究主要集中于低等动物和小鼠 ,今后有待进一步阐明该蛋白激酶在其他哺乳动物中的作用和调节机制     

蛋白激酶C在小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和受精中的作用

蛋白激酶是一类重要的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。本实验以小鼠为实验动物,研究了PKC在卵母细胞体外成熟、活化和受精中的可能作用,及两种PKC亚型在卵母细胞中的定位。PKC激活剂PMA可以阻止CV期卵母细胞在体外恢复减数分裂,该作用可被PKC抑制剂calphostin C抵消,但不能被PLCγ抑制剂U73122或PKCδ专一性抑制剂Rottlerin所克服。Western印迹显示PKCα和βⅠ在卵母细胞发育过程中恒量表达。激光共聚焦显微术研究发现,受精或受到活化刺激后PKCα转位到卵母细胞膜上,同时皮质颗粒排放,说明PKCα可能参与调节卵皮质反应。本实验首次在小鼠中研究了PLCγ与受精的关系,发现不存在PKC对PLCγ的正反馈调节。此外,本研究还对小鼠卵巢中对PKCα和βⅠ进行了蛋白定位研究。     

钙调蛋白依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精中的作用(英)

钙调蛋白依赖的蛋白激酶（CaMK）是一类分布广泛的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,在钙离子和钙调蛋白存在的条件下发生自磷酸化而被激活,在细胞内对于钙信号的传递具有重要的介导作用.近年来的研究表明CaMKⅡ是参与调节卵母细胞减数分裂的重要分子,在卵母细胞成熟、极体排放、受精和活化等过程中发挥作用.CaMKⅡ作为Ca²⁺的下游信号分子,在受精后促进成熟促进因子（MPF）和细胞静止因子（CSF）的失活,并调节纺锤体微管的组装和中心体的复制过程.虽然CaMKⅡ在减数分裂中的作用广泛而关键,但目前的研究主要集中于低等动物和小鼠,今后有待进一步阐明该蛋白激酶在其他哺乳动物中的作用和调节机制.     

蛋白激酶C在小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和受精中的作用

蛋白激酶是一类重要的丝／苏氨酸蛋白激酶。本实验以小鼠为实验动物,研究了PKC在卵母细胞体外成熟、活化和受精中的可能作用,及两种PKC亚型在卵母细胞中的定位。PKC激活剂PMA可以阻止GV期卵母细胞在体外恢复减数分裂,该作用可被PKC抑制剂CalphostinC抵消,但不能被PLCγ抑制剂U73122或PKCδ专一性抑制剂Rottlerin所克服。Western印迹显示PKCα和βI在卵母细胞发育过程中恒量表达。激光共聚焦显微术研究发现,受精或受到活化刺激后PKCα转位到卵母细胞膜上,同时皮质颗粒排放,说明PKCα可能参与调节卵皮质反应。本实验首次在小鼠中研究了PLCγ与受精的关系,发现不存在PKC对PLCγ的正反馈调节。此外,本研究还对小鼠卵巢中对PKCα和βI进行了蛋白定位研究。     

泛素-蛋白水解酶复合体通路在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精中的作用

泛素—蛋白水解酶复合体通路(Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,UPP)高效快速并高度选择性地降解特定的蛋白质,从而参与控制多种重要的细胞生物学过程。在卵母细胞减数分裂和受精过程中,该通路通过降解细胞周期中的关键因子,如细胞周期蛋白、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制图子等细胞周期调控因子,从而参与卵母细胞生发泡破裂、第一极体排放、MII阻滞的维持和克服等过程,使细胞通过特定的检验点。此外,UPP也与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路、Polo样激酶、成熟促进因子、蛋白激酶C、钙调蛋白依赖激酶Ⅱ等减数分裂关键调节因子相互作用来参与卵母细胞减数分裂成熟和受精。一些周期蛋白(如后期促进复合体的某些亚单位等)还充当泛素连接酶成分,直接参与泛素化过程。     

核糖体S6蛋白激酶p90rsk与卵母细胞减数分裂

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号途径对减数分裂有重要调节作用,p90rsk是迄今研究最清楚的MAPK下游靶分子,介导MAPK途径在卵母细胞减数分裂中的多种功能,包括卵母细胞减数分裂的启动、MⅠ/MⅡ期转化和MⅡ期阻滞的维持等.p90rsk的磷酸化是MAPK激活的结果,而细胞退出减数分裂时,p90rsk的去磷酸化也发生在MAPK失活以后.介绍了在卵母细胞中p90rsk的研究进展.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶对卵母细胞减数分裂成熟和排卵的调控作用及机制

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路是一条从酵母到人中都高度保守的信号转导途径,广泛地存在于各种真核细胞中。近30多年来的研究表明,在几乎所有物种的雌性生殖细胞发育和减数分裂成熟过程中,该信号通路都发挥着至关重要的作用。特别是在包括人、小鼠和家畜的哺乳动物中,MAPK信号通路在卵母细胞恢复减数第一次分裂过程中被激活,调控纺锤体组装和细胞周期进程,并在颗粒细胞中介导促性腺激素的生理作用,促进卵丘扩展、排卵和黄体形成。虽然MAPK信号通路在雌性生殖过程中发挥着如此广泛的生理功能,并且这些功能在进化过程中高度保守,但是对于其作用机制,特别是其直接作用靶分子,在很长一段时间没有被充分研究清楚。近些年,基于一些新的基因编辑小鼠模型和理论研究成果,以及各种组学技术的广泛应用,人们进一步揭示了MAPK在减数分裂恢复过程中直接磷酸化激活RNA结合蛋白——胞质聚腺苷酸化原件结合蛋白1 (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein-1,CPEB1),促进母源m RNA的poly(A)尾延伸,介导蛋白翻译激活。这些研究结果不但构成了目前本领域哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟和排卵机制的基本理论,也对本领域其他相关研究提供了可借鉴的研究思路。结合本研究组和其他科学家近年来的系统研究工作,我们对MAPK与卵母细胞成熟和排卵的研究进行了历史回顾,介绍了当前研究进展,提出了新近出现但尚未解决的科学问题,包括MAPK在颗粒细胞中对m RNA翻译和降解的调控,以及对翻译起始复合体、m RNA加尾酶的直接磷酸化激活等。     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路与受精

受精是雌雄生殖细胞相互融合形成合子的过程 ,是生命的开端。有性生殖的生命体通过受精 ,使基因组由生殖细胞的单倍体恢复为体细胞的二倍体 ;同时 ,精子与卵子的结合激活了以母源信息形式贮存在卵子中的发育程序 ,使卵子由受精前的生命活动抑制状态转变为活跃状态 ,即活化卵子。受精涉及到两个不同个体间异源细胞的识别、融合、信号转导和分裂周期调节 ,因此久已成为发育生物学、细胞生物学和生物化学的重要研究课题。多种蛋白激酶参与对受精过程的调节。作者和其他人的研究均发现丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (ｍｉｔｏｇｅｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｐｒ…     

山羊卵母细胞的减数分裂进程

The meiotic progression of goat oocytes from follicles of different diameters was investigated in this study. The results were summarized as follows: (1) The in vitro meiotic maturation capacity was different among oocytes from follicles of different diameters. And thus oocytes from < or = 0.5 mm follicles were unable to resume meiosis; oocytes from 0.8-1.2 mm follicles were capable to resume meiosis, but could develop only to MI stage (60% at 24 h); oocytes from 1.5-5 mm follicles had acquired full-meiotic maturation capacity and 91% of them developed to M II stage at 24 h of culture. (2) The percentage of oocytes with intact-germinal vesicles from 1.5-5 mm follicles decreased significantly during 2-8 h of in vitro maturation and the decrease was even more rapid during 4-6 h of culture (from 60% to 19%, p < 0.0005). The percentage of oocytes at M I-stage increased from 24% to 61% during 6-12 h of in vitro maturation, and it then decreased. By 24 h of culture, only 2% oocytes remained at M I-stage. Twenty one percent of the oocytes in this group developed to M II-stage at 16 h of culture, and by 24 h of culture, 91% were at M II-stage. (3) Statistic analysis of the meiotic progression (the duration of each cell cycle stage) of oocytes from 1.5-5 mm follicles showed that GV stage lasted from 0 to 3 h of culture, prometaphase-I stage was from 3.0 to 7.0 h, metaphase-I stage was from 7.0 to 14.6 h, anaphase-I/telophase-I was from 14.6 to 18.4 h and metaphase-II stage lasted from 18.4 to 24 h. (4) Whether the oocytes capable of GVBD and entrance of M I developed to M II, the timing of meiotic progression prior to M I was similar. In summary, our results provided necessary data for studies on the mechanisms and control of meiosis in mammalian oocytes.     

哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟和受精中细胞骨架重组和作用

卵母细胞成熟和受精是动物生殖过程的核心环节。细胞骨架是遍布于卵母细胞胞质中的一种复杂的蛋白质纤维网络,研究表明,卵母细胞成熟和受精过程中伴随着广泛的胞质骨架重组。哺乳动物卵母细胞和早期胚胎中细胞骨架具有其独特的分布和功能,使卵母细胞和胚胎呈现出不同的变化特点。微丝、微管的分布变化与卵母细胞成熟和受精中遗传物质的重组密切相关。近年来,对哺乳动物不同物种间卵母细胞和胚胎中细胞骨架成分的研究取得了很大的进展,结合这些研究成果,对哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟和受精过程中细胞骨架的重组、分布和作用进行了介绍。同时,对多种信号转导途径参与卵母细胞成熟和受精中细胞骨架系统的调控也作了探讨。     

Genetic Interactions between the Aurora Kinases Reveal New Requirements for AURKB and AURKC during Oocyte Meiosis

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SACY-1 DEAD-Box Helicase Links the Somatic Control of Oocyte Meiotic Maturation to the Sperm-to-Oocyte Switch and Gamete Maintenance in Caenorhabditis elegans

In sexually reproducing animals, oocytes arrest at diplotene or diakinesis and resume meiosis (meiotic maturation) in response to hormones. In Caenorhabditis elegans, major sperm protein triggers meiotic resumption through a mechanism involving somatic Gα_s–adenylate cyclase signaling and soma-to-germline gap-junctional communication. Using genetic mosaic analysis, we show that the major effector of Gα_s–adenylate cyclase signaling, protein kinase A (PKA), is required in gonadal sheath cells for oocyte meiotic maturation and dispensable in the germ line. This result rules out a model in which cyclic nucleotides must transit through sheath-oocyte gap junctions to activate PKA in the germ line, as proposed in vertebrate systems. We conducted a genetic screen to identify regulators of oocyte meiotic maturation functioning downstream of Gα_s–adenylate cyclase–PKA signaling. We molecularly identified 10 regulatory loci, which include essential and nonessential factors. sacy-1, which encodes a highly conserved DEAD-box helicase, is an essential germline factor that negatively regulates meiotic maturation. SACY-1 is a multifunctional protein that establishes a mechanistic link connecting the somatic control of meiotic maturation to germline sex determination and gamete maintenance. Modulatory factors include multiple subunits of a CoREST-like complex and the TWK-1 two-pore potassium channel. These factors are not absolutely required for meiotic maturation or its negative regulation in the absence of sperm, but function cumulatively to enable somatic control of meiotic maturation. This work provides insights into the genetic control of meiotic maturation signaling in C. elegans, and the conserved factors identified here might inform analysis in other systems through either homology or analogy.     

用激光共聚焦显微术在小鼠卵母细胞中检测蛋白激酶C

用免疫荧光化学与激光共聚焦显微术结合的方法研究了小鼠卵母细胞中蛋白激酶C(PKC)α和βⅠ的表达和定位,以及蛋白激酶C(PKC)和皮质颗粒的双标记,探讨了以哺乳动物卵母细胞为实验对象进行免疫荧光共聚焦显微研究的简便方法.结果发现,PKC α和βⅠ在小鼠生发泡期和MⅡ期卵母细胞中都有表达,但表达部位存在差异.说明采用改进的激光共聚焦显微术,可以方便、灵敏地检测特异蛋白质在卵母细胞中的表达部位,从而为生殖、发育研究提供有效手段.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激活蛋白激酶(MK)研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路介导多种重要的细胞生理反应.对下游蛋白激酶的磷酸化是MAPK家族成员发挥生理作用的重要方式.在MAPK的下游存在3个结构上相关的MAPK激活蛋白激酶(MAPKAPKorMK),即MK2,MK3和MK5.在被MAPK激活后,MK可将信号传递至细胞内不同靶标,从而在转录和翻译水平调节基因表达,调控细胞骨架和细胞周期,介导细胞迁移和胚胎发育.最近,在基因敲除研究的基础上,不同MK亚族成员之间的功能区分已经逐渐明晰,使我们对于MK的认识有了长足的进步.     

Changes in Electrophoretic Patterns of Oocyte Proteins during Oocyte Maturation in Oryzias latipes

Changes in the two-dimensional SDS-electrophoretic patterns of extracts of maturing denuded oocytes of the medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) were surveyed. In oocytes without follicular constituents several proteins became detectable in the area between the acidic and slightly basic proteins on the two-dimensional electrophoretograms, while a few of the protein spots disappeared during the process of oocyte maturation. The former proteins were detected also in oocytes that were induced to mature in vivo without breakdown of the germinal vesicle. Several proteins newly observed in extracts of post-vitellogenic oocytes during maturation after breakdown of the germinal vesicle were also identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Of several proteins that exhibited noticeable changes in maturing oocytes, only one spot incorporated ¹⁴C-labeled amino acid during maturation, suggesting that post-translational modification of many proteins occurred during oocyte maturation.     

The Role of RING Box Protein 1 in Mouse Oocyte Meiotic Maturation

RING box protein-1 (RBX1) is an essential component of Skp1-cullin-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase and participates in diverse cellular processes by targeting various substrates for degradation. However, the physiological function of RBX1 in mouse oocyte maturation remains unknown. Here, we examined the expression, localization and function of RBX1 during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that RBX1 displayed dynamic distribution during the maturation process: it localized around and migrated along with the spindle and condensed chromosomes. Rbx1 knockdown with the appropriate siRNAs led to a decreased rate of first polar body extrusion and most oocytes were arrested at metaphase I. Moreover, downregulation of Rbx1 caused accumulation of Emi1, an inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is required for mouse meiotic maturation. In addition, we found apparently increased expression of the homologue disjunction-associated protein securin and cyclin B1, which are substrates of APC/C E3 ligase and need to be degraded for meiotic progression. These results indicate the essential role of the SCF^βTrCP-EMI1-APC/C axis in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the indispensable role of RBX1 in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation.