寄生在鲤鱼及草(鲩)鱼的鱊头槽绦虫的多样性

研究了寄生于鲤鱼及草(鲩)鱼的鱊头槽绦虫(Bothriocephalus acheiloghathi)的多样性.作者在1986-2000年收集材料,遍及中国19个省及自治区.在江苏等5省只收集到其它寄生虫的材料,故结果未列入附录1和2.研究结果表明,鲤鱼及草鱼的寄生鱊头槽绦虫的地理分布截然不同.寄生于鲤鱼的鱊头槽绦虫分布于黄河水系的西北地区及黑龙江水系的东北各省及长江上游的四川、云南和贵州,南方各省的鲤鱼不感染这种绦虫.寄生于草鱼的鱊头槽绦虫分布于沿珠江水系的广东、广西及闽江水系的福建,感染池塘的幼龄草鱼,天然水体中未发现感染阳性的草鱼.交义感染试验表明,寄生在这两种鲤科鱼类的头槽绦虫有极强的宿主特异性,草鱼感染的头槽绦虫一年内大部分时间排出发育完全的胚胎卵,而鲤鱼感染的头槽绦虫排出的虫卵多为早期分裂卵,甚至在盛夏,水温在28℃-30℃的情况下也无例外.虫卵发育程度不同,卵的孵化期也有差异.在同等温度28℃-29℃时,草鱼头槽绦虫虫卵的孵化期为1.69±0.17 d;鲤鱼的头槽绦虫虫卵的孵化期为3.98±0.3 d.此外,种群结构也有明显区别,草鱼的头槽绦虫在繁殖季节,体长＜1 cm的幼虫占种群的主体,年终时绦虫全部从宿主体内消失,生活周期从初染至消敛约1年;鲤鱼的头槽绦虫主体全年皆为孕节成虫,在Ⅱ龄商品鱼中继续繁殖.本研究表明,鲤鱼及草鱼的寄生鱊头槽绦虫显示的多样性是因长期适应不同生活环境从而演化为两个不同的亚种[动物学报 53(3):470-480,2007].     

九江头槽绦虫病

九江头槽绦虫病韩志泉（首都师范大学生物学系１０００３７）１概况随着我国淡水渔业的发展,尤其南苗频繁北运,致使一些鱼寄生虫病有蔓延流行趋势,象常流行于两广、闽、鄂的九江头槽线虫病。自１９７６年起至今,已在北京平谷、丰台、通县、海淀,均有不同程度的危害。...     

鱊头槽绦虫原尾蚴皮层的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜观察了头槽绦虫 (Bothriocephalusacheilognathi)原尾蚴皮层的超微结构。头槽绦虫原尾蚴的皮层为典型的合胞体结构。皮层表面有浓密的微毛与少量的突起。与成虫相比 ,原尾蚴的微毛长而且粗 ,呈现单态性 ,推测在进入终末宿主的过程中有脱落和再生现象。突起分布在头部与体侧 ,含有较少的电子致密颗粒。在原尾蚴皮层细胞质中观察到三种腺细胞的分泌过程 ,即顶分泌、外分泌和微分泌过程。原尾蚴身体后部观察到尾钩和穿刺腺管道的开口。在核周区和纤维层下可见发育较好的环肌与纵肌。本文还对原尾蚴皮层突起的功能进行了探讨。     

头槽绦虫属的分类学研究

头槽绦虫属)Bothriocephalus Rudolphi,1808)隶属绦虫纲)Cestoidea)假叶目(Pseudophyl lidea)头槽科)Bothriocephalidae),主要寄生于海水及淡水鱼类 ,偶见于两栖类1,典型寄生部位为宿主的前肠 ,可直接影响宿主进食 ,严重时会引起宿主贫血以致死亡。该属包含的种类很多 ,仅Yamaguti21959年记载的寄生于鲤科鱼类的头槽绦虫属就有71种 ,其中危害养殖鱼类健康的多数寄生于淡水鱼类 ,B. scorpii可能是惟一危害海水经济鱼类的种类3.       

我国不同地域鲤鱼和草鱼寄生头槽绦虫的亲缘关系

利用随机扩增多态性片段ＤＮＡ技术（ＲＡＰＤ）对黑龙江、新疆、贵州、四川、甘肃和云南寄生于鲤鱼的头槽绦虫以及广东、广西、福建和贵州寄生于草鱼的头槽绦虫进行了多成性分析。结果显示：我国寄生于鲤鱼、草鱼的头槽涤虫种群内部变异程度较高,大致分为两个类群,即寄生于草鱼的头槽绦虫和寄生于鲤鱼的头槽绦虫,其分布呈现明显的地理区域性,主要分布于不同的南北水系中。草鱼头槽绦虫又可分为２个亚类：珠江水系头槽绦虫和贵州     

中国南部池养幼鲩寄生鱊头槽绦虫的种群动态

本项目研究池塘养殖的鲩 (草 )鱼体内寄生的头槽绦虫 (B .acheilognathi)的种群动态。于 1 986、1 9 87和 1 998三年内分别观察 0、Ⅰ龄幼鲩及Ⅱ龄商品鲩感染的情况。 0龄及Ⅰ龄越冬鲩的绦虫种群由初染至收敛周期为 1年 ,Ⅱ龄鲩不感染 ,冬季高感染率导致早春水温在 2 0 4℃的感染高峰 ,感染强度持续数月 ,6月达到 2 4 3虫 /鱼。未感染的 0及Ⅰ龄幼鲩在 2、 3月分别引进放养感染了的越冬Ⅰ龄鲩的池塘。1个月后 ,感染率达到 93 1 %～ 96 9% ,8至 9月感染率迅速下降 ,1 0月又稍升高。 1 986和 1 987年的 4～8月 ,绦虫的分布 (S2 / X) >1 ,为聚集分布 ,体长 <1cm的幼虫在种群结构中占优势 ,为 97 2 %～98 2 % ,1 1月幼虫数目下降 ,大孕节绦虫随之出现 ,1 2月大孕节绦虫仅少数存留或全部消失。试验结果为消灭鲩鱼绦虫病提供了可靠依据。     

(鱼矞)头槽绦虫原尾蚴皮层的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜观察了(鱼矞)头槽绦虫(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi)原尾蚴皮层的超微结构.(鱼矞)头槽绦虫原尾蚴的皮层为典型的合胞体结构.皮层表面有浓密的微毛与少量的突起.与成虫相比,原尾蚴的微毛长而且粗,呈现单态性,推测在进入终末宿主的过程中有脱落和再生现象.突起分布在头部与体侧,含有较少的电子致密颗粒.在原尾蚴皮层细胞质中观察到三种腺细胞的分泌过程,即顶分泌、外分泌和微分泌过程.原尾蚴身体后部观察到尾钩和穿刺腺管道的开口.在核周区和纤维层下可见发育较好的环肌与纵肌.本文还对原尾蚴皮层突起的功能进行了探讨.     

广东的鱼苗病：一、广东九江头槽绦虫（Bothriocephalus GOWKONGENSIS Yeh）的生活史、生态及其防治

广东水产实验所淡水养殖组1953年在广东南海九江镇展开工作时复杂反映当地的幼鲩蔓延着一种“乾口病”。病鱼显得非常瘦弱,不摄食,浮游水面,继而大量的死亡。有的农民认为“乾口病”是因为饲料不足,有的农民认为这种病和饲料无关。当时,经作者检查病例,发觉肠内寄生大量的绦虫。这种绦虫经叶亮盛先生监定,     

中国南部池养幼鲩寄生Yu头槽绦虫的种群动态

本研究池塘养殖的鲩（草）鱼体内寄生的Yu头槽绦虫（B.acheilognathi)的种群动态。于1986、1987和1998三年内分别观察0,Ⅰ龄幼鲩及Ⅱ龄商品鲩感染的情况。0龄及Ⅰ龄越冬鲩的缃虫种群由初染到收敛周期为1年,Ⅱ龄鲩不感染。同感染率导致早春水温在20．4℃的感染高峰,感染强度持续数月,6月达到243虫／鱼。未感染的0及Ⅰ龄幼鲩在2,3月分别引进放养感染了的越冬Ⅰ龄鲩的池塘。1个月后,感染率达到93．1％－96．9％,8至9月感染率迅速下降,10月又稍升高。1986和1987年的4－8月,绦虫的分布（S^2/X^-)＞1为聚集分布,体长＜1cm的幼虫在种群结构中占优势,为97．2％－98．2％,11月幼虫数目下降,大孕节绦虫随之出现,12月大孕节绦虫仅少数存留或全部消失。试验结果为消灭鲩鱼绦虫病提供了可靠依据。     

我国鲇形目鱼类的地理分布

根据最新的分类系统(Nelson,1984),鲇形目鱼类包括31个科,二千余种。它们的分布几乎是全球性的,多数生活在淡水中;只有海鲇科和鳗科主要生活在海洋里,     

X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA) of cadmium-exposed eggs of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) and the influence of this heavy metal on coracidial hatching and activity

Over recent years it has been established that pollutants can have a significant impact on host-parasite systems in the aquatic environment, so much so that it has been proposed that parasite fauna may be a useful parameter to monitor water quality. Surprisingly, with perhaps the exception of trematodes and bioaccumulation in adult acanthocephalans, detailed observations on the interaction between helminths, particularly cestodes, and pollutants such as heavy metals, are lacking. In this study, eggs of the carp tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi were exposed to a range of cadmium concentrations (0.1, 10, 100 and 10,000 μg/L) and coracidial hatching and survival assessed. Results indicated that the egg is highly resistant to heavy metal pollution and hatching occurs even at 10,000 μg/L. In contrast, the activity of the liberated coracidium significantly decreased after 1 h exposure to cadmium at 10 and 100 μg/L. Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis of parasite eggs exposed to 1000 and 10,000 μg/L cadmium revealed that cadmium accumulates on the surface of the egg and does not penetrate detectably into the enclosed coracidium. This means that the parasite eggs may be able to withstand a heavy metal pollutant incident.     

The Asian Fish Tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi: a Potential Threat to Native Freshwater Fish Species in Mexico

Introduction of the parasite Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 with the herbivorous carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and other cyprinids, has been documented in almost every continent, except Antarctica. This study presents the current geographical distribution of this cestode in the freshwater fish of Mexico, highlighting infections in autochthonous and endemic species. It compiles existing information and presents original data. B. acheilognathi is widely dispersed among the freshwater fish of Mexico, being recorded to date in 49 fish species from 26 genera, 7 families and 5 orders. B. acheilognathi is reported from Mexico for the first time in Dionda ipni, Notropis celayensis, Yuriria alta, Gambusia vittata, Poecilia butleri, P. mexicana, Poeciliopsis baenschi, Poeciliopsis sp., Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum and C. labridens. The new hosts identified in this study bring the total number of known host species to 102 in 14 families and 7 orders of freshwater fishes around the world. Given its wide distribution among Mexican freshwater fish species, the abundance of the parasite and its high pathogenicity, parasitological data for B. acheilognathi should be considered as an important factor in native fish conservation policies. Biological changes in the freshwater habitats in Mexico caused by the introduction of exotic fish species and their parasites are virtually ubiquitous and extremely difficult to eradicate once established. As such, they should be considered as one of the most serious threats to native fish conservation.     

中国柳莺属鸟类分类研究进展

柳莺属(Phylloscopus)是广泛分布于旧大陆地区的小型食虫鸟类,目前全世界已知66种,其中约50种见于亚洲。该属鸟类外部形态十分相近且同域分布种数较多,历来是鸟类分类学中的研究难点及热点。2003年贾陈喜等介绍了20世纪90年代以来发表的分布于我国的柳莺属鸟类新种及相关分类学变动,涉及3个新描述种和9个由亚种提升的种,共计30种26亚种。2003年以来关于柳莺属鸟类的分类学研究取得了许多新的成果,同时我国境内也发现了一些新的分布记录。综合最新的文献及分布资料,整理得知我国现有柳莺属鸟类41种31亚种,与2003年的状况相比已有较大的变化。主要表现在:新描述种方面,德国学者Martens等2008年描述了黄腹柳莺(P.affinis)种组中的一新种———华西柳莺(P.occisinensis);2010年瑞典学者Alstrm等报道在越南和老挝地区新发现的灰岩柳莺(P.calciatilis)已被证实在我国有分布;亚种提升为种方面,如日本柳莺(P.xanthodryas)自极北柳莺(P.borealis)中独立,冠纹柳莺(P.claudiae)和西南冠纹柳莺(P.reguloides)分开等;分类地位再评议方面,如灰头鹟莺(Seicercusxanthoschistos)实为灰头柳莺(P.xanthoschistos)等;新分布纪录方面,如欧柳莺(P.trochilus)在内蒙古达里诺尔湖地区发现确切记录等。现今对柳莺属鸟类分类学方面的研究已明显呈现出传统形态学、分子遗传学、声谱分析及野外鸣声回放实验等新老技术手段相整合,多方面多角度地阐述问题的局面。中国是世界柳莺属鸟种分布最多的国家(其中有9种仅在或主要于我国境内繁殖),但我国鸟类学者关于该属鸟类的研究工作并不多见。柳莺属鸟类在分类学和进化生物学等领域具有重要的研究价值,我国鸟类学工作者应当引起足够的重视和关注。     

Chemotaxonomy of Hypericum genus from Portugal: Geographical distribution and essential oils composition of Hypericum perfoliatum, Hypericum humifusum, Hypericum linarifolium and Hypericum pulchrum

The geographical distribution and analysis of the essential oils of species from three sections of Hypericum L. (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae/Hypericaceae) from Portugal are presented. Hypericum perfoliatum (section Drosocarpium) grows wild in the centre and south of Portugal; Hypericum humifusum and Hypericum linarifolium are both from section Oligostema, the former occurring throughout the country, while the second is distributed mainly in the north and centre; Hypericum pulchrum (section Taeniocarpium) is confined to the littoral north of Portugal. The essential oils were obtained by distillation–extraction, hydrodistillation and distillation in a modified Marcusson apparatus from the dried aerial parts of the different populations and were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted the main fraction in all oils (43–69%, 53–85%, 28–45% and 48–65% for H. perfoliatum, H. humifusum, H. linarifolium and H. pulchrum, respectively). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2–13%, 6–18%, 21–27% and 16–18%, respectively) and a third fraction of non-terpenic compounds (20–29%, 3–16%, 2–14% and 5–11%, respectively) from the four species attained relatively high amounts in all oils. Within each species, no major differences were detected in the essential oil composition, despite the fact that different locations, phenological phases and extraction methodologies were used. Notwithstanding the dominance of α-pinene in all four species' oils, cluster and principal components analysis on the identified components showed that the range of α-pinene, β-pinene and n-nonane supported a separation of the four species. The essential oil composition of the four species showed some qualitative resemblances, which correlate well with the taxonomical classification based on morphological characters.     

Impacts of an endoparasitic copepod, Ismaila belciki, on the reproduction,growth and survivorship of its nudibranch host, Janolus fuscus

Copepods from the genus Ismaila are large endoparasites that inhabit the main body cavity and/or cerata of opisthobranch molluscs. These parasites exhibit many life history characteristics typically found in parasitic castrators, yet the actual impact of infection on reproduction, growth or survivorship of the hosts are unknown. On the Oregon (USA) coast, Ismaila belciki can infect over 80% of their hermaphroditic hosts, Janolus fuscus. In laboratory mating experiments, we compared the reproductive output (egg mass weight, number of egg capsules, number of viable embryos) and the gonadal somatic index of infected versus uninfected J. fuscus. Infected J. fuscus could produce viable sperm and copulate. Mating with an infected individual did not limit a sea slug’s reproductive output. However, infected J. fuscus had significantly lower reproductive output (by 34–54%), producing smaller egg masses with fewer capsules and viable embryos. Infected hosts had significantly lower gonadal somatic index than their uninfected counterparts, although there was no significant difference in gonadal somatic index between hosts with single and double infections. By collecting the egg sacs produced by the copepod parasite during experiments, we estimated that 25–34% of the host’s reproductive output is usurped by the parasite and re-directed to the parasite’s own reproduction. In the laboratory, infection did not alter growth in J. fuscus. However, infection significantly decreased survivorship in mature (but not immature) nudibranch hosts. These results suggest that I. belciki is not a true castrator, but it does reduce the reproductive output of its host and may therefore limit the natural population size of J. fuscus.     

Distribution of exudate flavonoids in the genus Plectranthus

Thirty-four species of the genus Plectranthus (including species of the former genera Coleus and Solenostemon, fam. Lamiaceae) were surveyed for exudate flavonoids to see whether the distribution of these compounds would support a recent classification of the genus based on molecular and morphological characters. In this classification two major groups had been identified, the Coleus and Plectranthus clades. Only about 40% of the species, predominantly from the Plectranthus clade, were found to produce exudate flavonoids, which were mainly flavones. Flavanones were restricted to five species of the Plectranthus clade, whereas flavonols were only found in two species of the Coleus clade, Plectranthus montanus Benth. (synonyms Plectranthus marrubioides Hochst. ex Benth. and Plectranthus cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth.) and Plectranthus pseudomarrubioides R.H.Willemse. Four of these flavonols were isolated from P. montanus and identified by NMR spectroscopy as the 3,7-dimethyl ether and 3,7,4′-trimethyl ether of quercetin and the 3,6,7-trimethyl ether and 3,6,7,4′-tetramethyl ether of quercetagetin. The remaining flavonols and flavones were identified by HPLC–UV and LC–MS of crude extracts on the basis of their UV and mass spectra, retention times and comparison with standards. Most flavonols were 3-methyl ethers and many of the flavones and flavonols were oxygenated at the 6-position. The most common flavones, occurring in both clades, were cirsimaritin and salvigenin, which are methoxylated at the 6- and 7-positions. 6-Hydroxylated flavones such as scutellarein and ladanein were restricted to species of the Plectranthus clade.     

Asymmetrical coexistence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in honey bees

Globalization has provided opportunities for parasites/pathogens to cross geographic boundaries and expand to new hosts. Recent studies showed that Nosema ceranae, originally considered a microsporidian parasite of Eastern honey bees, Apis cerana, is a disease agent of nosemosis in European honey bees, Apis mellifera, along with the resident species, Nosema apis. Further studies indicated that disease caused by N. ceranae in European honey bees is far more prevalent than that caused by N. apis. In order to gain more insight into the epidemiology of Nosema parasitism in honey bees, we conducted studies to investigate infection of Nosema in its original host, Eastern honey bees, using conventional PCR and duplex real time quantitative PCR methods. Our results showed that A. cerana was infected not only with N. ceranae as previously reported [Fries, I., Feng, F., Silva, A.D., Slemenda, S.B., Pieniazek, N.J., 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Eur. J. Protistol. 32, 356-365], but also with N. apis. Both microsporidia produced single and mixed infections. Overall and at each location alone, the prevalence of N. ceranae was higher than that of N. apis. In all cases of mixed infections, the number of N. ceranae gene copies (corresponding to the parasite load) significantly out numbered those of N. apis. Phylogenetic analysis based on a variable region of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) showed four distinct clades of N. apis and five clades of N. ceranae and that geographical distance does not appear to influence the genetic diversity of Nosema populations. The results from this study demonstrated that duplex real-time qPCR assay developed in this study is a valuable tool for quantitative measurement of Nosema and can be used to monitor the progression of microsprodian infections of honey bees in a timely and cost efficient manner.     

Hebeloma species associated with Cistus

The genus Hebeloma has a number of species highly specific to Cistus and others that occur with several host genera. This paper discusses the species of Hebeloma that appear to be ectomycorrhizal with Cistus, judging from their occurrence when Cistus is the only available host. The previously unknown species H. plesiocistum spec. nov. is described. We also provide a key to the known Hebeloma associates of Cistus. Molecular analyses based on ITS sequence data further illustrate the distinctness of the newly described species and difficulties in the species delimitation with view to H. erumpens. Specific associations with Cistus may have evolved more than once within the genus Hebeloma.     

Regulation of wing formation and adult development in an aphid host, Aphis fabae, by the parasitoid Aphidius colemani

Nymphs of presumptive winged gynoparae of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were exposed to female parasitoids, Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) and stung once with the ovipositor. Wing development was inhibited and, when aphids were parasitised during the early stages, they did not reach the adult stage but mummies with rudimentary or no wingbuds are observed in the host's fourth-stadium. These and previous studies have suggested that wing development may be inhibited by factor(s) from the maternal parasitoid injected into the host at the time of oviposition. In an attempt to identify such factor(s), saline extracts of whole female parasitoids, abdomens, ovaries and venom glands were prepared. When a saline extract of venom glands was injected into late-second-stadium aphids, many develop to fourth-stadium nymphs with rudimentary wingbuds, indicating an effect on wing formation but also showed developmental arrest and often died when attempting to moult to the adult stage. It appears that host death may be related to physiological/biochemical interactions of parasitoid and host rather than just late stage parasitoid larvae ingesting the host's vital organs. Injections with extracts into later host stadia gave similar results with regard to development to the adult, although aphids injected in the late-fourth-stadium develop normally to the adult stage with no effect on wing formation. The results indicate that the earlier the injection before the final moult the greater the effect of the injected extract on preventing adult development.Extracts prepared from head + thorax do not affect aphid development and the results indicate that there is an active factor(s) - likely a protein - in the female parasitoid's venom that disrupts wing development and/or inhibits development to the adult stage. Surprisingly, injections of extracts from male parasitoids have similar effects but the location and function of such a factor(s) in males are unknown.