流感病毒裂解疫苗裂解剂去除工艺改进及稳定性研究

目的改进流感病毒裂解疫苗裂解剂去除工艺,降低残余卵清蛋白和裂解剂含量,提高疫苗质量,降低成本。方法分别将A1、A3和B型流感病毒纯化液用磷酸缓冲液（PB）沉淀法去除裂解剂,经超滤、除菌制备原液,配制6批半成品,其中3批不含硫柳汞,3批含硫柳汞,经全面检定,并观察放置37℃、25℃和2～8℃不同时间的稳定性。结果该疫苗各项指标均符合《中国药典》（2010年版）三部要求,其中卵清蛋白平均为3．83ng／mL,裂解剂平均为57μg／mL,比改进前分别降低97．9％和69％。37℃放置4周、25℃3个月及2-8℃12个月后检定全部合格。结论该工艺步骤简单,去除卵清蛋白和裂解剂效果明显,是进一步提高疫苗质量和降低成本的有效工艺。     

流行性感冒裂解疫苗免疫原性试验及电镜观察

实验报告了以三硝基甲苯X-100(Triton X-100)为裂解剂对流行性感冒病毒裂解效果的电镜观察结果及裂解疫苗的免疫原性。通过对病毒纯化、裂解、再纯化制备的3批流行性感冒裂解疫苗样品的电镜观察,表明使用此裂解剂能使疫苗中的病毒裂解完全,无完整病毒颗粒,裂解效果好。安全试验和免疫试验结果表明疫苗的安全性好,免疫效果好。     

流行性感冒裂解疫苗的研制

作为换代产品,流行性感冒裂解疫苗的研制已取得突破性进展,根据WHO有关规程的规定和大量的试验研究结果。完整建立了该疫苗的生产工艺和生产质量控制系统,完成了“流行性感冒裂解疫苗制造及检定规程”等规定性文件的起草和审核工作,以中试规模连续生产了三批疫苗并全部自检合格,通过疫苗稳定性试验,效力试验,异常毒性试验及过敏性试验等观察。进一步肯定了疫苗的质量。     

四价流感病毒裂解疫苗B型血凝素含量的检测方法

目的建立能准确测定四价流感病毒裂解疫苗中B型血凝素含量(单向免疫扩散法,SRD)的检测方法。方法采用双价抗原参考品SRD法对四价流感病毒裂解疫苗中两种B型血凝素含量进行测定。将B1与B2抗原参考品按质量浓度1∶1混合制备为双价抗原参考品,双价抗原和待检样品与10%裂解剂按9∶1比例裂解30 min,分别加入到含有抗血清参考品的1.5%琼脂糖凝胶板上,每孔10μL,置20~25℃放置18~24 h,经干燥、染色、脱色,测量结果。验证双价抗原SRD法的重复性和准确性。结果双价抗原SRD法测定的血凝素含量平均值比单价抗原SRD法更接近理论配制值,故双价抗原SRD法比单价抗原SRD法能更能准确检测QIV中两种B型血凝素含量,经验证双价抗原SRD法的重复性及准确性良好。结论双价抗原SRD法提高了四价流感病毒裂解疫苗B型血凝素含量检测的准确性,为精确测定四价流感病毒裂解疫苗中B型血凝素含量提供了有效的方法和数据支持。     

裂解系统在细菌载体疫苗中的应用

重组细菌载体疫苗因其能够诱导机体产生粘膜免疫、体液免疫和细胞免疫的特点,已经被广泛用作递送保护性抗原和核酸疫苗的载体来预防某些传染病。但是重组到细菌载体疫苗中的保护性抗原和核酸难以穿越细菌细胞壁释放到宿主细胞内发挥作用,残留在动物或畜禽产品中的疫苗菌株还可能造成环境的污染和疫苗菌株的传播。而有效解决这些问题的方法是构建一种细菌自动裂解系统,使疫苗菌株能够在体外培养时正常生长而在体内环境中自动裂解死亡。目前主要应用的细菌裂解系统包括:基于调控延迟肽聚糖合成的裂解系统、基于噬菌体裂解蛋白调控的裂解系统、基于毒素-抗毒素系统(Toxin-antitoxin system)的裂解系统。此外,一种潜在的基于细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统(Type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)的裂解系统也有望成为构建自动裂解菌株的新方法。文中将着重对这几种裂解系统的调控机制进行阐述。     

流感裂解疫苗生产中沙门菌和微生物限度的监控研究

通过对2008年流感裂解疫苗生产中的监控,结果显示,流感病毒接种鸡胚尿囊液中未检出沙门菌,除菌过滤前微生物限度均小于10CFU/ml、细菌内毒素均小于25EU/ml,纯化过程去除了99%的杂蛋白。表明生产中使用的健康鸡胚尿囊液是符合生物制品规程的要求,现行生产工艺对微生物限度和细菌内毒素的控制是有效的,现行纯化过程对病毒液的纯化是有效的。     

四价流感病毒裂解疫苗的稳定性

目的评价四价流感病毒裂解疫苗的稳定性,为疫苗的有效期提供依据。方法分别将A1(H1N1)、A3(H3N2)、B/Victoria和B/Yamagata等4株毒株制备单价原液,生产6批疫苗(不含硫柳汞),评价疫苗分别在(37±2)℃、(25±2)℃和(6±2)℃条件下的稳定性。结果四价流感病毒裂解疫苗在(37±2)℃保存10 d、在(25±2)℃保存3个月、在(6±2)℃保存15个月,疫苗各项指标均符合企业注册标准和《中华人民共和国药典》2015版(三部)的要求。结论四价流感病毒裂解疫苗具有良好的稳定性,在(6±2)℃可稳定保存15个月。     

CTAB对流感病毒的裂解作用

观察流感病毒膜蛋白 血凝素 (HA)和神经氨酸酶 (NA)在裂解剂CTAB作用下的裂解情况。流感病毒加入一定量的保护剂 ,一定时间后加入裂解剂CTAB ,在 5～ 8℃温度下 ,作用 2个h ,超速离心 ,提取上清液。经电镜观察、SDS PAGE电泳检测 ,表明流感病毒膜蛋白在裂解剂浓度为 4 0 0mg/L的条件下 ,裂解比较完全 ,形态比较完整。CTAB作为流感病毒膜蛋白的裂解剂 ,效果较好 ,浓度为 4 0 0mg/L可作为实际工作的使用浓度。     

流感病毒裂解疫苗临床安全性和免疫原性研究

目的了解流感病毒裂解疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。方法按整群随机抽样原则,对上海市200名18~60岁健康成人进行疫苗接种后临床安全性指标(局部反应、全身反应)的监测。用微量血凝抑制试验检测血清HI抗体,比较血清抗体阳转率、抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)和增长倍数。结果接种疫苗72 h内局部反应率为7.00%;全身反应率为12.00%,其中发热反应率为7.50%,其他全身反应率为4.50%;均以轻度反应为主。H1N1、H3N2和B型免疫后抗体阳转率分别为63.49%、74.07%和56.08%,抗体GMT分别为1∶170.10、1∶128.85和1∶446.79,免疫后比免疫前分别增长到6.93倍、8.72倍和4.90倍。结论此流感病毒裂解疫苗的临床安全性和免疫原性均较好。     

3～8岁儿童接种四价流感病毒裂解疫苗免疫原性及安全性探究

目的 比较及评价3～8岁儿童接种1剂次和2剂次四价流感病毒裂解疫苗后的免疫原性及安全性。方法在云南省个旧市选择240名3～8岁健康儿童,采用单中心、无对照设计临床试验,通过在0 d及28 d接种2剂次四价流感病毒裂解疫苗,比较接种1剂次和2剂次后的免疫原性及安全性。结果 3～8岁儿童接种1剂次后的H1N1、H3N2、BV及BY型流感病毒血凝抑制(hemagglutination inhibition,HI)抗体阳转率95%CI下限分别为66.04%、57.07%、56.63%、54.86%,接种2剂次后的HI抗体阳转率95%CI下限分别为68.78%、66.96%、58.85%、71.55%,接种2剂次后H3N2及BY型的HI抗体阳转率高于1剂次后,差异具有统计学意义(χ²_H3N2=12.10,χ²_BY=24.89,P<0.05),其他2个型别HI抗体阳转率差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);接种1剂次后的血清保护率分别为89.61%、85.28%、69.26%、65.37%,接种2剂次...     

季节性流感疫苗对小鼠感染 H7N9 禽流感病毒的保护效力简

目的 评价季节性流感裂解疫苗对流感病毒H7N9的免疫保护效力.方法 用我国2012～2013年度季节性流感裂解疫苗,以腹腔注射方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,并设PBS免疫模型组,末次免疫14 d后以5 LD50 A/Anhui/1（H7N9）进行攻试验.感染后观察记录小鼠临床表现,体重变化,并分别于第2天和第4天每组处死3只小鼠,取肺组织和鼻甲骨测病毒滴度和载量.结果 感染后疫苗与模型组小鼠体重下降明显,疫苗组存活率为10%,模型组全部死亡.感染后第4天疫苗组鼻甲骨滴度显著低于模型组.血凝抑制试验及中和实验表明免疫小鼠血清无中和H7N9病毒抗体.结论 季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中对于H7N9流感病毒感染无明显保护作用.     

Specific prophylaxis of influenza with inactivated split vaccine Vaxigrip

Influenza remains a serious health problem, annually causing epidemics embracing up to 10% of the population of the world, and at the periods of pandemics this number may rise 4- to 6-fold. In the overwhelming majority of the countries the prophylaxis of influenza is carried out at present out with the use of inactivated vaccines. One of such vaccines is the highly purified split vaccine Vaxigrip (Aventis-Pasteur, France), permitted for use in Russia since 1992. The article contains the review of the data of literature, as well as the materials provided by the authors, which indicate that the preparation has low reactogenicity (also for children starting from the age of 6 months) and high reactogenic properties, leading to antibody formation at protective levels with respect to all three components of the vaccine. The vaccine has been found to ensure pronounced prophylactic efficacy for 70-90% of vaccinees and a decrease in influenza morbidity even in case of using the preparation a week before the onset of the epidemic. This shows the advantage of Vaxigrip in comparison with other inactivated vaccines.     

流行性感冒裂解疫苗临床免疫效果观察

兰州生物制品研究所研制的流行性感冒病毒裂解疫苗于2003年9月~12月在广西进行Ⅰ~Ⅲ临床试验,对疫苗的安全性和免疫原性进行考核评价。试验中随机选取852人(6月龄~67岁)接种试验疫苗,227人接种对照疫苗。6~36月龄的婴幼儿接种2针,每次0.25m l,间隔28天;成人接种0.5 m l。所有接种对象均未见红肿和硬结等局部反应;发生低热反应(37.1℃~37.5℃)率为3.5%,均于48小时内恢复正常。疫苗接种后易感人群的H I抗体总阳转率为100%,非易感人群的H I抗体几何平均效价增长7.1~16.8倍,抗体4倍增长率为73.1%~91.7%。证实该疫苗具有良好的安全性和免疫原性。     

Recovery of c-phycocyanin from the cyanobacteriumSpirulina maxima

Spirulina biomass was separated into two fractions which may have various uses. A phycocyanin fraction may provide a food colourant and biomarkers, and a protein-rich leftover may be useful as aquaculture feed. Activated charcoal adsorption, ultrafiltration and spray drying were used effectively to produce a high quality colourant grade phycocyanin, while activated charcoal adsorption, ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and chromatography were effective in preparing reagent grade phycocyanin.     

In vitro development and cell allocation following aggregation of split embryos with tetraploid or developmentally asynchronous blastomeres in rhesus monkeys

Production of genetically identical pairs of monkeys would have tremendous implications for biomedical research, particularly immunological studies and vaccine trials. Specific aims of this study were to (1) determine whether aggregation of embryos split into halves or quarters with equal numbers of either developmentally asynchronous or tetraploid blastomeres would enhance their developmental potential in vitro and increase total cell numbers in resulting blastocysts, and (2) determine the allocation of tetraploid and developmentally asynchronous blastomeres in resulting blastocysts. Results demonstrated that development into blastocysts was greater (p < 0.05) for embryos split into pairs (39.8%) than for those split into quadruplet sets (17.4%) and similar (p > 0.05) to that of nonmanipulated controls (59.6%). Creation of chimeras from aggregation of a single 4-cell and four 16-cell stage blastomeres resulted in blastocyst formation (69.2%) similar to that of nonmanipulated control embryos (66.9%). However, neither development nor total cell numbers in resulting blastocysts differed between aggregate chimeras and those split into quadruplet sets at the 16-cell stage. Blastocysts resulting from the aggregate chimeras were derived strictly from the 16-cell stage blastomeres, with complete exclusion of the 4-cell stage blastomeres. Aggregation of split embryos with equal numbers of tetraploid blastomeres doubled (p < 0.05) both the proportion developing into blastocysts and the total cell numbers in resulting blastocysts. Tetraploid blastomeres were allocated to both the inner cell mass and trophectoderm of resulting blastocysts. In conclusion, due to exclusion of the less advanced cells, aggregation of developmentally asynchronous blastomeres did not improve the developmental competence or cell numbers of split rhesus embryos. Reconstitution of split embryos with equal numbers of tetraploid blastomeres enhanced their developmental potential and cell numbers in resulting blastocysts. However, tetraploid blastomeres were allocated to both the inner cell mass and trophectoderm.     

炭疽灭活和裂解芽胞抗原免疫家兔后血清中的IgG抗体应答

炭疽杆菌芽胞在炭疽免疫中发挥基本作用。实验中以炭疽活芽胞疫苗为原形,建立了制备灭活和裂解炭疽芽胞的方法,研究了各种灭活和裂解炭疽芽胞疫苗不同浓度、不同剂次免疫家兔的抗芽胞和毒素IgG应答,总结分析了各种灭活和裂解炭疽芽胞疫苗用于新疫苗成分之一的可能性。甲醛灭活炭疽芽胞疫苗设芽胞浓度2.5×108剂量组、5×108剂量组、1×109剂量组,于0、4、8周时3次免疫。在3剂免疫后血清抗炭疽芽胞IgG水平持续升高,首次免疫后4、8、12周时家兔血清中抗芽胞IgG几何平均滴度可达到600～16000。裂解炭疽芽胞疫苗的制备和动物免疫中,只采取了2.5×108芽胞浓度,两剂免疫,免疫时间为0、4周。在首次免疫后4、8、12周时家兔血清中抗芽胞IgG几何平均滴度分别为362、776和388。各时间点采集的家兔血清未能测出或只测出极微量的抗炭疽毒素IgG。通过上述研究认为,以裂解炭疽芽胞抗原作为炭疽疫苗成分之一,其抗原性和免疫原性是适宜的;免疫剂量可以设定为2.5×108芽胞浓度上下;免疫次数可定为2剂间隔1个月。     

Sensitive and specific two-site immunoradiometric assays for human insulin, proinsulin, 65-66 split and 32-33 split proinsulins.

Monoclonal antibody-based two-site immunoradiometric assays are described for human insulin, proinsulin, 65-66 split and 32-33 split proinsulin. The detection limits of the assays lie in the range 0.8-2.5 pM. The assays for 65-66 and 32-33 split proinsulins do not distinguish between these substances and their respective C-terminal di-desamino derivatives. The assay of 65-66 split proinsulin does not cross-react with insulin, proinsulin or 32-33 split proinsulin. This material was undetectable (less than 1.0 pM) in plasma taken after an overnight fast in eight normal male subjects and the maximum individual concentration reached in plasma taken during an oral glucose tolerance test of these subjects was 3.8 pM. The proinsulin assay cross-reacted 66% with 65-66 split proinsulin but not with insulin or 32-33 split proinsulin. The 32-33 split proinsulin assay cross-reacted 84 and 60% with proinsulin and 65-66 split proinsulin respectively. The insulin assay cross-reacted 5.3, 62 and 5.0% with intact proinsulin, 65-66 split proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin respectively. The very low concentration of 65-66 split proinsulin meant that this derivative did not interfere significantly with the specificity of the assays of proinsulin and insulin. The concentration of 32-33 split proinsulin could be calculated by subtracting the cross-reactivity of the measured proinsulin. The mean concentrations of insulin, proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin in eight young male subjects in the fasting state were (pM +/- S.E.M.) 20 +/- 0.3, 2.3 +/- 0.3 and 2.1 +/- 0.7 and at the maximum reached during an oral glucose tolerance test, 150 +/- 26, 9.9 +/- 1.4 and 19.7 +/- 6.0 respectively.     

噬菌体浓缩方法的比较

目的：对不同噬菌体浓缩方法进行比较。方法：采用PEG沉淀、PEG反透析、阴阳离子结合树脂、超滤等5种方法对T4、T7、N4等3类噬菌体进行浓缩对比试验;在此基础上,用浓缩效果较好的方法对土壤和河道污水样本中的噬菌体进行浓缩,观察浓缩效果。结果：上述5种方法对3类噬菌体均有浓缩效果;超滤的浓缩效果最好,其次是PEG反透析,PEG沉淀没有很好的浓缩效果;河水样本中噬菌体的回收率比土壤样本高。结论：可通过PEG反透析、超滤或两者相结合的方法,得到高浓度的有活性的噬菌体。