水口山水稻土与菜地土中砷的有效性

对湖南省水口山矿冶周边土壤进行采样分析,以土壤砷总量与有效态砷含量以及土壤基本理化性质(pH、有机质含量、土壤粘粒含量)为参数,研究各参数在两种土地利用类型(菜地土和水稻土)间的差异以及有效态砷与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,水口山水稻土与菜地土平均砷含量分别达72.01和30.71mg.kg-1,接近或已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准;两种土地利用类型的土壤基本理化性质差异显著,水稻土粘粒含量、有机质含量显著高于菜地土,pH则显著低于菜地土,水稻土存在明显的酸化现象;不同土地利用类型显著影响土壤有效砷含量,尽管菜地土土壤砷总量大大低于水稻土,两者的有效态砷含量水平却基本相当;除总砷外,水稻土有效砷含量还与土壤有机质含量显著正相关,菜地土有效砷含量与土壤pH值显著正相关。水口山菜地土砷污染的危害程度高于水稻土,应采取必要的修复措施或调整土地利用方式以降低砷的健康风险。     

黄河三角洲不同水位梯度下芦苇植被生态特征及其与环境因子相关关系

对黄河三角洲滨海湿地不同水位条件下芦苇植被生态特征进行动态调查,并分析其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。结果表明:芦苇湿地土壤电导率随水位梯度变化差异显著,长期水淹的芦苇区土壤电导率最低;在不同水位梯度下,芦苇生态特征表现出较强的差异性,相比之下,在水位较高的条件下,芦苇株高、茎粗、盖度和生物量均为最高值,产量达到了10 t·hm-2;研究区土壤营养元素含量总体均处于较低水平,且不同水位条件下营养元素在各土层中的分布具有一定的差异;相关性分析表明,土壤粘粒、粗粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒与土壤营养元素均呈现不同程度的相关性,土壤有效磷含量与高度、茎粗、盖度、生物量均呈极显著正相关,因此土壤有效磷可能是黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇植被生长的限制性营养因子。     

重金属在土壤-植物系统的迁移、累积特征及其与土壤环境条件的关系

现场调查及试验表明,调查区土壤对Hg,Cd,Cu等金属有较强的滞留能力。重金属的迁移能力较低,集中分布在土壤表层,水平扩散范围也较小。而易呈阴离子态As的迁移能力相对较强。 在一定条件下,土壤对重金属的蓄积量有一极限值,这一数值受灌溉水浓度、灌溉量、土壤理化性质所制约。试验表明,不同理化性质的土壤对重金属的滞留量不同。 调查区植物体内重金属含量与土壤中的含量、土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子代换量、物理性粘粒含量的多元回归分析结果表明,其间呈现显著的相关关系。根据其关系式可对本区土壤污染及对植物的危害进行预测。     

人工油松林恢复过程中土壤理化性质及有机碳含量的变化特征

采用时空替代法,选取岷江上游大沟流域内不同恢复时期(12、18、25、35a)的人工油松林为研究对象,研究了植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质及有机碳含量的变化特征,同时探讨了它们之间的相互关系.研究结果表明沿恢复梯度,土壤质量得到了改善,主要表现为土壤粘粒含量、比表面积、有机质含量显著增加,土壤粉粒含量和pH值则显著下降.土壤有机质与土壤粘粒和比表面积呈显著正相关,与土壤容重呈显著负相关.此外,土壤有机碳含量沿恢复梯度显著增加,0-50 cm内土壤有机碳含量从5.59 kg/m2增加到12.64 kg/m2,土壤年平均固碳速率为0.31 kg/m2.     

皖北地区土壤中不同形态氟含量及其影响因素

以皖北地区广泛分布的潮土、砂姜黑土、水稻土等为材料,采用连续化学提取的方法,研究了土壤中不同形态氟的含量、土体分布以及土壤氟形态与土壤理化性质的关系·结果表明:皖北地区土壤全氟含量为265·8～612·8mg·kg-1,平均含量为423·7mg·kg-1,土壤全氟含量高低排序为菜园土>潮土>水稻土>砂姜黑土>黄棕壤,菜地土壤存在氟积累现象.土壤氟主要以残余态氟形式存在,占土壤全氟的95%以上;其次为水溶态氟,占土壤全氟的1·5%左右;有机态氟、铁锰氧化物态氟和交换态氟含量均较少.28个土壤样本的水溶态氟含量范围为1·35～17·98mg·kg-1,平均含量为6·62mg·kg-1,含量较低的是硅质黄棕壤,含量较高的是菜地土壤、潮土和砂姜黑土.土壤水溶态氟含量与土壤pH和土壤有效磷含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关;土壤交换态氟与土壤物理性粘粒和小于0·001mm土粒含量呈极显著正相关;铁锰结合态氟与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关;有机态氟与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关.对土壤氟形态与土壤性质的逐步回归表明,土壤pH,有效磷、有机质、全磷和物理性粘粒含量是影响土壤氟形态分布的主要因素,其中,土壤pH的影响最大.土壤水溶态氟含量与土壤母质有关,在浅湖沼相沉积物上形成的土壤水溶态氟含量最高,平均含量为9·05mg·kg-1;其次为在黄河冲积物上形成的土壤,平均含量为8·12mg·kg-1;在晚更新世黄土母质上形成的土壤水溶态氟平均含量为2·97mg·kg-1;在淮河冲积物上形成的土壤和轻质黄棕壤水溶态氟含量分别为2·05和1·91mg·kg-1.在土体中,土壤有机态氟和铁锰氧化物态氟含量随土层深度增加而减少,菜地土壤上部土层的全氟和水溶态氟含量均高于底土.     

不同主伐方式对兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落的影响

对内蒙古根河大兴安岭林区1987年（恢复后期）、2013年（恢复前期）的皆伐与渐伐样地以及未采伐对照样地兴安落叶松的根际土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和多样性进行了分析,旨在揭示不同主伐方式对兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质以及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,主伐后兴安落叶松根际土壤的理化性质以及微生物群落的变化特征与非根际土壤存在区别,且不同主伐方式在不同恢复时期会对兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质以及微生物群落产生不同的影响：（1）根际与非根际土壤微生物群落中真菌均比细菌更容易受到土壤理化性质的影响,但是单一种理化性质的改变对根际与非根际土壤微生物群落均不能造成显著影响。（2）相较于未采伐对照样地,皆伐样地恢复前期兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和多样性没有显著变化。皆伐样地恢复后期,兴安落叶松根际土壤理化性质（总碳、总氮、速效氮、pH）发生了显著变化,导致了微生物量碳氮、真菌磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）含量显著降低、细菌/真菌显著升高,辛普森多样性指数显著降低。（3）渐伐样地恢复前期兴安落叶松根际土壤总碳、总氮、速效氮含量以及含水量均显著降低,总钾、速效磷含量显著上升,根际土壤微生物量碳含量显著降低。恢复后期,兴安落叶松根际土壤总磷含量显著升高,根际土壤微生物量碳的含量已恢复到渐伐前水平。渐伐干扰对根际土壤各微生物类群PLFA含量、微生物群落结构以及多样性没有显著影响。     

日光温室蔬菜栽培对土壤物理质量的影响

以陕西省泾阳县云阳镇不同蔬菜种植年限日光温室的重壤质土壤为对象,以相邻露地菜田土壤为对照进行系统采样,测定了日光温室土壤的主要物理性状,研究了土壤物理质量的演变趋势.结果表明:日光温室蔬菜栽培对0～30cm土层容重的影响较大,使0～10cm土层容重增加,10～30cm土层容重减小,对30～40cm土层容重的影响甚微.日光温室土壤中<0.01mm物理性粘粒含量和<0.001mm粘粒含量在0～40cm剖面呈现上低下高的特征,两种粘粒均发生下移现象,这种现象随日光温室蔬菜栽培时间的延长而加强.日光温室蔬菜栽培的最初5年内土壤的田间持水量下降明显,降幅达13.8%,之后变化较小,相对稳定.     

芒颖大麦草对菱镁矿粉尘污染的生态适应性

采用盆栽试验,向土壤表面投加不同量(0、1％、5％、10％、15％、20％、30％)的菱镁矿粉尘,研究土壤理化性质和芒颖大麦草对镁的耐性.结果表明:菱镁矿粉尘施加到土壤表面时,可快速形成结皮.当菱镁粉尘比例超过20％时,土壤理化性质发生明显变化,表现为pH显著升高,电导率逐渐降低,有机质含量先降低后升高;芒颖大麦草的叶绿素含量随着镁粉尘含量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量随着镁粉尘含量的增加呈现先增加后降低再升高的趋势;芒颖大麦草具有较强的耐镁特性,土壤中镁浓度达到4.61 g·kg-1时,芒颖大麦草仍生长良好.芒颖大麦草适宜作为菱镁矿区撂荒地生态恢复的植物种.     

土壤粒径对极度干旱胁迫下长春花的影响

通过比较草炭土、黄粘土、草炭—黄粘混合基质的粒径组成和土壤样品含水率的变化,分析了黄粘土对长春花土壤保水特性的影响。研究结果表明：极度干旱条件下,随着土壤粘粒比重的增加,长春花叶片的相对含水量、地上地下生物量比值、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率及可溶性糖的含量都随之增高;完全黄粘土中长春花的水分利用率达到6.975 2 μmol·mmol^-1,为完全草炭土的2倍,可溶性糖中蔗糖的含量也增加到2.614 5 mg·g^-1,海藻糖的含量为0.566 9 mg·g^-1;土壤的保水率也显著增加了30%以上。土壤基质中黄粘土的比例越高,土壤保水性越好,可以为长春花提供更多的有效水。在极度干旱胁迫下,纯黄粘土更适合长春花的生存。     

三江源地区不同建植期人工草地植被特征及其与土壤特征的关系

研究了三江源地区不同建植期人工草地群落生物量、物种组成、多样性指数和土壤理化特征,并用多元逐步回归分析法探讨了土壤理化特征对群落生物量、多样性变化的响应.结果表明:研究区不同建植期人工草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异;土壤含水量随着物种多样性指数的增加而增加,土壤容重随着物种多样性的增加而减小;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤含水量、土壤有机质呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;土壤有机碳含量明显呈"V"字型变化,且与土壤含水量的变化趋势相一致,随土壤容重的增加而减少;群落生物量与土壤养分和土壤含水量之间呈显著正相关,群落地上、地下生物量的增加有利于提高土壤养分含量.     

The distribution of chromium-51 in lowland rice in relation to the chemical form and to the amount of stable chromium in the nutrient solution

Summary The effect of adding clay, moisture and the compaction on the physical properties of peat as well as the effect on transpiration and growth of tomato plants were investigated during short term laboratory experiments. The effect of 6, 12, and 20 cm peat height in beds with constand water level were investigated in a 5 months tomato crop.Admixture of clay reduced the porosity of the peat. Adding the clay at moderate pressure (10, 100 g cm^-2) decreased the amount of large pores (equivalent to pores emptied at pF 2.0) and to an increase of smaller pores (equivalent to pores emptied in the pF intervals 2.0–4.2). The reduction in the amount of large pores was greater with admixture of montmorillonite than with a soil clay. An increase of the soil clay content from 50 to 70 per cent had an insignificant effect on the amount of large pores. Increasing the moisture content of the peat resulted in that fewer pores were emptied at pF 1.3. At a pressure of 1000 g cm^-2 the decrease of large pores was more marked for pure peat than for mixtures of peat and soil clay. Increasing the pressures from 10 to 100 g cm^-2 had only a slight effect.For a mixture of peat and montmorillonite a linear relationship was found between the clay content and bulk density, while a curvilinear relationship existed for a mixture of peat and soil clay.In short term laboratory experiments with tomato seedlings transpiration and growth rate were at a maximum at a pF equivalent to 20–30 per cent airfilled pores. In a glasshouse experiment with tomatoes an increase was recorded in yield, size of fruit, leaf area and total dry matter production with increasing peat heights above a constant water level.The experimental results showed that porous root media, such as peat, should be treated to counteract the existence of zones having sub-optimal air content by use of sub-irrigation. re]19730227     

Some physical properties of pot-plant composts and their effect on plant growth

Summary The effect of peat and grit on the physical properties of composts made from soils of different structural properties has been examined. Peat was beneficial in giving improved physical properties to the composts, better vegetative growth of tomato and Antirrhinum and also earlier flowering with tomato. It had, however, no significant effect on the total yield of tomato fruit. Peat also eliminated a sterilizing toxicity in a chalky boulder clay.Measurement of macro-pore volume gave the best physical assessment of the mixtures with respect to vegetative growth, but the extent to which the improved growth was dependent on the physical property or to some inherent property of the peat has not been determined.Grit was not such a good physical conditioner from either a plant growth or physical point of view as peat. The size of the grit over the range 0.5–1.0 to 3.0–5.0 mm did not cause any significant change in the physical properties of mixtures when used in the proportions 60 soil, 25 well-granulated peat, 15 grit.     

Composted grape marc as growing medium for hypostases (Hypostases phyllostagya)

The use of composted grape marc (CGM) as a plant growth medium was investigated with Hypostases (Hypostases phyllostagya). Seven media were prepared using CGM mixed, in different ratios, with native peat and perlite. The following mixtures were used: 100% CGM, 75% CGM + 25% peat, 50% CGM + 50% perlite, 25% CGM + 75% peat, 50% CGM + 25%) peat + 25% perlite, 25%, CGM + 50%, peat + 25% perlite and 100% peat. The experiment was arranged in a randomized plot design with four replicates under greenhouse conditions. After a growing period of three months, some horticultural parameters were measured. Besides, some physical and chemical properties of the growing medium were determined. The mixtures of 50% CGM + 50% peat, 25% CGM + 75% peat and 100% peat were found to be most suitable based on the horticultural parameters. This was confirmed through the physical characteristics. Up to 50% composted grape marc can be used in mixtures with peat on account of its low cost and high nutrient content.     

不同基质对多穗石柯扦插生根的影响

为了筛选适宜的多穗石柯(Lithocarpus polystachyus)扦插基质，以半木质化枝条为插穗，选取5种原料(园土、黄心土、泥炭土、河沙、椰糠)设置8个基质配方，并对各基质容重、总孔隙度、pH、电导率进行测定，探讨不同基质对多穗石柯扦插成活率、生根数量及根系长度的影响。结果表明，不同配方基质的理化性质不同，多穗石柯扦插成活率、根系数量和根系长度具有显著性差异；成活率、根系数量和根系长度与基质的理化性质存在显著相关，总孔隙度大的基质不利于多穗石柯扦插成活和根系生长，pH和电导率较低的基质中多穗石柯扦插成活率较高；基质园土:黄心土:河沙(1:1:1)最适宜多穗石柯扦插繁殖，扦插成活率最高，为86.75%，其次是基质黄心土:河沙(2:1)。     

Early growth of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia[Bertol.] Kuntze) in response to soil compaction and drought

Soil compaction leads to changes in soil physical properties such as density, penetration resistance and porosity, and, by consequence, affects root and plant growth. The initial growth of Brazilian pine is considered as being more affected by soil physical than chemical conditions, and the presence of a well-developed tap root system has been associated with this fact. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of soil compaction on the growth of Brazilian pine seedlings and on their susceptibility to a simulated drought period. In the first phase of the experiment, the effects of three levels of soil compaction on root morphology and plant growth were examined. Soil cylinders were artificially compacted in PVC tubes. Pre-germinated seeds were planted, and 147 days later 10 plants from each treatment were harvested for analysis. Higher values of soil density were associated with a shorter and thicker tap root. Growth of lateral roots and shoots remained unaffected at this stage. In the second phase, half of the plants (12) in each compaction treatment were drought-stressed by withholding water for a period of 77 days. Increased soil compaction again resulted in reduced length and increased diameter of the main tap root. This time, the effects were also extended to the lateral roots. Shoot extension growth and overall plant mass, however, increased with soil compaction. This greater mass accumulation in plants growing under increased soil compaction may be attributed to a more intimate contact between roots and soil particles. Drought stress reduced both root and shoot growth, but root mass was more negatively affected by drought stress in plants growing under high levels of soil compaction. Future investigations on the effects of soil compaction on the initial growth of Brazilian pine should include a wider range of compaction levels to better establish the relationship between soil physical parameters and plant growth.     

干旱荒漠区煤矸石山覆土区土壤水分物理性质的空间异质性

基于网格取样(20m×20m),采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了干旱荒漠区煤矸石山表层(0～5 cm)土壤水分物理性质的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:研究区土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、毛管最大持水量、总孔隙度、饱和含水量表现为弱变异,土壤含水率表现为中等变异.除土壤容重的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型外,其余指标的最佳...     

生物炭对植烟土壤微生态和烤烟生理的影响

生物炭是农林废弃物资源化利用的研究热点之一.通过田间试验,研究了烟杆炭不同施用量(0、1、10、50 t·hm^-2)对植烟土壤微生态和烤烟生理特性的影响.结果表明: 烤烟各时期土壤含水量均随生物炭用量增加而增加;在烤烟旺长阶段,50 t·hm^-2处理的土壤含水量显著高于其他处理.随着生物炭用量的增加,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度逐渐增加,细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量表现为先增后减的趋势,其中生物炭用量10 t·hm^-2处理下数值最大.土壤早期呼吸速率随生物炭用量的增加而增大,与对照相比,生物炭处理土壤呼吸速率增幅为7.9%～36.9%,生物炭高用量(50和10 t·hm^-2)与对照差异显著.生物炭提升了烤烟叶片水势,增加了叶片类胡萝卜素和叶绿素含量,显著增加了根系、地上部和总干质量.说明生物炭在改良植烟土壤微生态和调控烤烟生理特性等方面具有积极效应.     

跨地带土壤置换实验研究

以温带针阔混交林暗棕壤地带内的白浆土、草甸土、泥炭土为原料,以长白山自然保护区内的寒温带山地棕色针叶林土为置换对象,完成了仿自然原型的土壤合成,进行了跨地带的土壤置换与植被生长实验研究。结果表明:①山地棕色针叶林土的腐殖质层厚度、酸度和速效氮含量为植被生长的限制性因子;②合成土壤理化指标必须以原生土壤限制因子拐点(值)指标为确定依据,作为合成土壤的关键性指标;③在长白山采用泥炭土与草甸土各占1/4,白浆土占1/2进行混合,土层厚度40cm,并使用石灰进行调酸达到中性后,植被恢复效果最好、造价最低。     

不同入侵程度下飞机草对喀斯特地区土壤理化性质的影响

外来生物入侵威胁着全球的生物多样性和生态系统的功能,研究外来入侵植物对土壤理化性质的影响有助于理解外来入侵植物的入侵机制。以广西喀斯特地区飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）入侵生境为研究对象,比较分析了不同飞机草入侵程度下（对照、轻度入侵、中度入侵、重度入侵）土壤物理和化学指标变化特征。结果表明：随着飞机草的入侵程度加重,土壤容重显著增加,轻度入侵、中度入侵和重度入侵生境下土壤容重分别比对照增加了10.3%、16.7%、22.3%,土壤非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和土壤含水量显著降低,土壤毛管孔隙度无显著变化;飞机草入侵对土壤pH值无显著影响,随着入侵程度加重,土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量显著升高,在重度入侵生境下土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别比对照增加了4.3倍、3.8倍,土壤全氮和有机质含量显著降低。飞机草入侵显著改变了土壤理化性状,导致喀斯特地区土壤物理结构退化,生态系统水土保持能力下降,同时飞机草通过改变土壤养分循环提高了土壤可直接利用养分的水平,创造对自身有利的土壤环境,进而促进其生长和扩散。     

施用泥炭对风沙土改良及蔬菜生长的影响

通过盆栽试验比较了施用不同剂量的泥炭(0％、2％、5％、8％及10％)对风沙土改良的效果和对白菜生长及产量的影响。结果表明,泥炭能增强风沙土的持水能力,降低土壤的pH值,增加土壤中有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷等的含量;白菜根系长度、生物量、高生长和地上部分的生物量均有增加,其中8％泥炭处理为最佳,其根系长度、根鲜重、干重、高生长、地上部分鲜重、干重依次比对照增加71％、402％、464％、107％、847％和1001％;同时施用泥炭还有利于提高白菜干物质的积累及其品质。