蒙古口蘑分类地位研究

利用LSU序列分析技术研究蒙古口蘑分类地位,用最大简约法和最大似然法构建系统发育树。结果表明：蒙古口蘑形成一独立分支,与白蘑属Trciholoma亲缘关系较远,蒙古口蘑应从Trciholoma属中划分出来,放入新属———白丽蘑属（新拟）Leucocalocybe,并命名为蒙古白丽蘑（新拟）Leucocalocybe mongolicum（Imai）X.D.Yu＆Y.J.Yao。     

“口蘑”

河北省北部的坝上草原和内蒙古南部草原,是优良的天然牧场。每当夏末秋初绵绵细雨之后,一簇簇蘑菇便破土而出。大草原上生长的蘑菇,包括白蘑(Tricholoma mongolicum)别名珍珠蘑、虎皮香蕈(T.gambosum)别名香杏蘑,雷蘑(Clitocybe gigantea)别名青腿蘑等品种以及多种蘑菇属的食用菌。人们把蘑菇采集来后,运送到张家口蘑菇加工厂,经过严格的工序加工为成品,再运送到国内外市场。由于集散地在张家口市,故统称为“口蘑”。口蘑生长发育需要的温度较低,喜微酸性土壤,坝     

适于松茸生长的生态条件

松茸 [Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｌｏｍａｍａｔｓｕｔａｋｅ (Ｓ .Ｉｔｏ.ｅｔＩ ｍａｉ.)Ｓｉｎｇ .],因生长在松林地 ,菌蕾状如鹿茸而得名。因其大多数种具有较高的商品价值 ,外形酷似而难以区别 ,故民间均以松茸称谓。松茸为商品名称 ,别名松口蘑、杉蕈、松菇 ,在现代真菌分类系统中隶属担子菌门 (Ｂａｓｉｄｉｏｍｙｃｏｔａ)、担子菌纲(Ｂａｓｉｃｉｏｍｙｃｅｔｅｓ) ,蘑菇目 (Ａｇａｒｉｃａｌｅｓ)、口蘑科(Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｌｏｍａｔａｃｅａｅ)、白蘑属 (Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｌｏｍａ) ,白蘑亚属 (Ｓｕｂｙ .Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｌｏｍａｓｉｎｇ .)、原发组 […     

论辽东栎(壳斗科)的分类地位及命名

辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是构成中国暖温带落叶阔叶林的主要建群种之一,对维护生态平衡、改善环境起着非常重要的作用.但长期以来,对辽东栎的分类学位置一直存在争议.综合植物形态学、地理分布、细胞和化学分类、DNA分子标记及数量分类等方面的研究证据,深入讨论了辽东栎在栎属(Quercus)中的分类地位及其命名;考虑其名称已在实际生产和科学研究中应用的广泛程度,认为保留辽东栎在栎属中的种级分类地位是比较恰当的,而彻底抹掉辽东栎在栎属中的分类位置不太妥当,辽东栎的名称宜根据《中国植物志》,采用“辽东栎Quercus wutaishanica Mayr”.     

北桑寄生种群的分布格局及其寄生特性

北桑寄生(Loranthus tanakae)是桑寄生科桑寄生属的落叶灌木,多以壳斗科植物为寄主。辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是黄土高原主要的优势种和建群种,也是北桑寄生的主要寄主植物。本研究调查了寄主植物辽东栎和寄生植物北桑寄生的生长状况、北桑寄生和辽东栎的空间分布格局、北桑寄生的寄生行为偏好。结果显示:(1)在调查的851株辽东栎个体中有358株(占总辽东栎个体的42.1%)被感染,共调查1112个北桑寄生个体,每株辽东栎上感染的北桑寄生个数范围为1~20个。(2)辽东栎在0~60 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在≥60 m尺度上呈随机分布;北桑寄生在0~100 m尺度上均呈聚集分布。(3)有964个北桑寄生个体生长在辽东栎上端1/2高度内,北桑寄生吸根周长大小与其寄主枝的周长呈极显著正相关(r=0.713,P0.01)。较高和较大的辽东栎个体更容易被感染,北桑寄生倾向于寄生在寄主辽东栎个体更高的位置上。     

陕西蝗虫地理分布格局的聚类分析

以593个经纬网格单元(0.2°×0.2°)统计陕西蝗虫分布数据,根据陕西蝗虫分布范围将其分为全布种(593个网格单元中有分布)、多布种(9个以上网格单元有分布)和独布种(9个以下网格单元有分布)3类.以分布区域为性状作聚类分析,在相关性系数为0.153处,将多布种分布划分为12组,在此基础上运用GIS的空间叠加分析功能确定各组蝗虫的地理分布格局.结果表明:1)秦岭山脉对陕西蝗虫的阻限作用较明显,秦岭以南蝗虫物种以东洋型种为主,秦岭以北以古北型种为主;2)陕西蝗虫的地理分布格局与全国基本一致;3)太白山地区蝗虫物种多样化程度较高,是生物多样性研究的热点区域.     

蕈中珍品——松茸

松茸,又称松口蘑、松蘑、松蕈、鸡丝菌、松了蘑,是一种价值很高的食用菌。其鲜品烹饪,美味异常,余香满口,自古就深受我国人民喜爱,有“蕈中珍宝”之称。在国际市场上,松茸也享有盛誉,日本和欧洲人尤其喜食松茸,在日本素有“海里的鲱鱼子,陆地上的松茸”之说。松茸不仅味道鲜美,而且具有很高的食疗价值。据分析,松茸除含有人体所需的多种氨基酸,维生素Ｂ１、Ｂ２、Ｃ、ＰＰ及钙、磷、铁等物质外,尚含有激素类、松茸聚糖、甘露醇、松茸醇、异松茸醇等活性成分。现代科学研究表明,松茸具有治疗糖尿病、抗癌等特殊功能。日本科学…     

中国口蘑属种类名录(英文)

通过系统的文献收集 ,汇总了口蘑属 (Tricholoma)在中国的 91个名称记录 ,并对其研究现状和分布进行了简述。文献调查结果表明 ,口蘑属种类广泛分布于中国的 2 7个省区 ,其中以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、贵州、四川、云南、西藏 ,青海、甘肃、河北、山西和陕西等地的报道较多 ,其他地区如台湾、香港、安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、河南、湖南、湖北、江苏、山东、新疆 ,浙江也有一些报道。根据《国际植物命名法规》和《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》 ,作者订正了中文文献中的一些拉丁和汉语学名 ,同时对形态描述和鉴定等方面的问题也进行了简要的讨论。在已报道的口蘑属名称记录中 ,能够得到承认的本属名称有 43个种和 3个变种 ,属内其他种类名称的异名有 8个 ,而已经转移到其他属的有 3 0个 ,在命名法上模糊不清名称有 3个 ,错拼名称有 2个 ,另有未定名种 2个。目前能够承认的名称是酸涩口蘑 (T .acerbum)、白棕口蘑 (T .albobrunneum)、白口蘑(T .album)、银盖口蘑 (T .argyraceum)、黑鳞口蘑 (T .atrosquamosum)、橙柄口蘑 (T.aurantiipes)、金黄褶口蘑 (T .auratum)、傻松口蘑 (T .bakamatsutake)、欧洲口蘑 (T .caligatum)、灰环口蘑 (T.cingulatum)、银白口蘑 (T .colum betta)、油口蘑 (T .     

云南栎属植物资源及开发利用

栎属 (Quercus L.)植物在云南约 3 5种 ,在全省分布范围广泛。国内外在现代分布、系统分类及其演化、化石历史、遗传学以及分子生物学等方面对栎属植物进行了深入的研究。栎属植物中很多树种具有很高的经济价值 ,但长期以来未能得到合理开发和利用。本文对其地理分布、林木资源、化学成分、利用现状等方面进行了论述 ;并提出了栎属植物资源的保护和未来开发利用的几种途径。     

不同恢复群落中辽东栎种群空间格局分析

通过对茂县大沟流域人工恢复9年、人工恢复16年和自然恢复16年3个不同群落的取样调查,研究了辽东栎种群的空间分布格局及其动态变化。采用扩散系数、T检验、负二项参数、丛生指数和聚块性指数等指标进行拟合。结果表明,辽东栎种群大多呈显著性聚集分布,辽东栎幼苗、幼树和大幼树的聚集强度、格局规模在时间序列上大多呈上升趋势。辽东栎种群的聚集性与其本身具有的萌蘖性有关,聚集分布可以增强辽东栎种群的竞争能力,有利于辽东栎种群的演化和健康发展。辽东栎作为本地区的原生种是极具恢复价值的优势种,有关辽东栎种群在这一地区的生态恢复价值需要进一步的深入研究和充分利用。     

marY2N, a LINE-like non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retroelement from the ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake.

A LINE-like non-LTR retroelement designated marY2N was cloned from the ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. marY2N has open reading frames that correspond to gag and pol, and a putative promoter and consensus sequences common to those of the mutators from fruit flies. While it is common to T. matsutake and Tricholoma magnivelare, marY2N does not reside in any other species of Tricholoma tested.     

Development of microsatellite markers from an ectomycorrhizal fungus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tricholoma matsutake</Emphasis>, by an ISSR-suppression-PCR method

An inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-suppression-PCR technique established to develop microsatellite markers of plant species was applied to an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tricholoma matsutake. Six polymorphic SSR markers were developed. All six polymorphic SSR markers were single-locused and co-dominant. Alleles produced by these six single-locused markers ranged from two to nine per locus and the expected heterozygosities were calculated as values from 0.098 to 0.803. The results indicated that the ISSR-suppression-PCR technique was effective and applicable to the development of microsatellite markers from ectomycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, the six microsatellite loci did not amplify DNA from any other ectomycorrhizal species investigated, except for Tricholoma nauseosum (Swedish matsutake) and Tricholoma fulvocastaneum, suggesting that population genetics and reproduction of T. matsutake could be investigated by the SSR markers developed in the present study.     

In vitro ectomycorrhizal specificity between the Asian red pine Pinus densiflora and Tricholoma matsutake and allied species from worldwide Pinaceae and Fagaceae forests

Tricholoma matsutake produces commercially valuable, yet uncultivable, mushrooms (matsutake) in association with pines in the Far East and Scandinavia and with both pines and oaks in the foothills of Tibet. Other matsutake mushrooms, such as Tricholoma anatolicum from the Mediterranean regions and Tricholoma magnivelare and Tricholoma sp. from the North Pacific Coast area of Canada and North America as well as Mexico, respectively, are associated with pines or oaks in their natural habitats. Tricholoma bakamatsutake and Tricholoma fulvocastaneum from Asia produce moderately valuable matsutake mushrooms and are solely associated with Fagaceae in nature. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that matsutake mushrooms from Scandinavia, Mediterranean regions, North America, and Tibet form ectomycorrhizae with Pinus densiflora similar to the Far East T. matsutake. In general, worldwide T. matsutake and the symbionts of Pinaceae colonize the rhizospheres of P. densiflora as well as T. matsutake isolated from the host plant. However, T. fulvocastaneum and T. bakamatsutake formed a discontinuous Hartig net and no Hartig net, respectively, and colonized to a lesser extent as compared to T. matsutake. The data suggest that conifer-associated matsutake mushrooms in their native habitat will associate symbiotically with the Asian red pine.     

Tricholoma matsutake Y1 strain associated with Pinus densiflora shows a gradient of in vitro ectomycorrhizal specificity with Pinaceae and oak hosts

Tricholoma matsutake produces commercially valuable yet uncultivable matsutake mushrooms during an ectomycorrhizal association with coniferous trees. In the Far East, most matsutake are harvested in managed Pinus densiflora forests. To determine whether T. matsutake has host plant specificity, we synthesized mycorrhiza in vitro between T. matsutake Y1 that originated from a P. densiflora forest and various Pinaceae and oak hosts. The strain Y1 formed a continuous Hartig net, a sign of ectomycorrhization, in the lateral roots of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus parviflora var. pentaphylla, Picea glehnii, Picea abies, and Tsuga diversifolia seedlings in vitro, which resembled those formed with the natural host Pinus densiflora. The strain conferred a discontinuous Hartig net with Pinus thunbergii, Picea yezoensis, Abies veitchii, and Larix kaempferi. However, no such development by this strain was observed on the roots of Quercus serrata, unlike T. bakamatsutake B1, a false matsutake that is symbiotic with oak trees. The data suggest that T. matsutake can be associated with diverse conifers but may establish ectomycorrhizal relationships only with specific host plant species.     

Detection of the ectomycorrhizal fungusTricholoma matsutake and some related species with specific ITS primers

Oligonucleotide primers (Tm1 and Tm4) were designed to amplify a 447–448 base pair fragment, comprising sections of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the entire 5.8S rDNA, ofTricholoma matsutake. PCR products of predicted size were produced for six of eight isolates ofT. matsutake from across its natural range in Asia, and for isolates of some closely related fungi includingT. bakamatsutake, T. magnivelare, andT. caligatum. The closely relatedT. robustum could be discriminated fromT. matsutake by PCR fragment size. No PCR products were produced where the primers were tested against 16 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated withPinus spp. in the Southern Hemisphere. The specific primers were also used successfully to produce PCR products from matsutake infected roots collected in natural forests in China and Japan, and from pure culture synthesisedPinus radiata-T. matsutake material. These primers will be useful in research directed at establishing matsutake in the Southern Hemisphere, and also have the potential to be applied to the study of matsutake within its natural range.     

Phylogeography and evolution in matsutake and close allies inferred by analyses of ITS sequences and AFLPs

Matsutake are commercially important ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes in the genus Tricholoma. Despite their importance, the systematics of this species complex have remained elusive and little is known about their origin and biogeography. Using DNA analyses on a worldwide sample of matsutake, we present here the first comprehensive definition of natural groupings in this species complex. We infer patterns of migration and propose Eocene origins for the group in western North America by a transfer from an angiosperm-associated ancestor to an increasingly specialized conifer symbiont. From these origins, matsutake appear to have followed migratory routes parallel to those of coniferous hosts. Patterns of vicariance between eastern North America and eastern Asia are resolved and their origins are suggested to stem from migration through Beringia. Using an analysis of genetic dissimilarity and geographical distance, we reject both the possibility that migration into Europe and Asia occurred through Atlantic bridges and the connection between matsutake populations in the Mahgrebi Mountains and those from Europe. Instead, African and European matsutake appear to be the most recent ends of a westward expansion of the domain of these fungi from North America.     

四川省雅江松茸菌的分离与系统发育

对外生菌根真菌-松茸的纯培养条件进行了探讨,并从采集自四川省雅江县的松茸子实体中获得了10株松茸菌的纯培养物;分别以NS1和NS6 ,NS1和NS8,ITS4和ITS5为引物,对分离获得的松茸菌进行了18S r DNA PCR- RFL P和ITS PCR-RFL P分析,结果显示,用Alu I,H ae III,H inf I和Msp I四种限制性内切酶,这些松茸菌株的18S r DNA、ITS片段的酶切图谱完全相同;代表菌E7的ITS序列分析结果表明,本研究分离的松茸菌与Tricholoma matsutake的菌株在系统发育上高度同源,在分类上应属于同一个种     

The diversity of Terfezia desert truffles: new species and a highly variable species complex with intrasporocarpic nrDNA ITS heterogeneity

Desert truffles belonging to Terfezia are well known mycorrhizal members of the mycota of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. We aimed to test (i) whether the morphological criteria of Terfezia species regularly collected in Spain enable their separation and (ii) whether the previously hypothesized edaphic/biotic specificity of one group could be confirmed by study of a larger number of specimens. The species T. arenaria and T. claveryi can be identified unambiguously by morphological characters. We consider T. leptoderma as a distinct species while several lineages of similar spiny spored Terfezia truffles with cellular peridium were detected that have no obvious anatomical differences. Several species treated generally as synonyms of T. olbiensis have been described in this group, and because they cannot be unambiguously assigned to separate lineages we propose to consider the group as the T. olbiensis species complex. A high level of intrasporocarpic variation of the nrDNA ITS was detected in the T. olbiensis species complex, especially in one of its lineages. We detected no exclusive specificity to either plant associates or soil, except in T. leptoderma, which was associated with Quercus spp. and cistaceous plants on acidic soils. Nevertheless the clades showed a tendency either to associate with Quercus/Helianthemum/Cistus or Pinus hosts. Specimens having distinct anatomical features, reticulate spores and cellular peridium formed a separate group in the molecular phylogenetic analyses of nrDNA ITS and LSU regions; for these specimens we propose a new species, Terfezia alsheikhii sp. nov.     

大白口蘑分离菌株的DNA鉴定

以松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake子实体为外类群,对大白口蘑T.giganteum野生子实体及其组织分离菌丝进行ITS序列测序,通过DNAStar软件进行比较分析。结果表明大白口蘑ITS序列长度为589bp,松口蘑ITS序列长度为601bp,ITS1和ITS2呈现不同程度的种间多态性;ITS序列测定证实了大白口蘑野生子实体及其组织分离菌丝的同质性,并且ITS区序列在大白口蘑种内不同菌株间的变异程度很小,表明使用通用引物ITS4和ITS5,通过PCR扩增测序即可用于大白口蘑的种质鉴定。