The influence of breeding intensity on above- and below-average sexual performance rams in single- and multiple-sire breeding environments

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between serving capacity scores and breeding performance of rams. The first study was conducted to determine whether rams with above or below mean serving capacity scores could perform equally in greater and lesser breeding intensity, single-sire mating schemes. The second study was conducted to determine whether rams with above and below mean serving capacity scores could perform equally well when only one or two ewes were in estrus daily in a multiple-sire breeding scheme (two rams/pen). Rams (n=68) were ranked according to average number of ejaculations recorded in serving capacity tests. Sixteen rams with the greatest scores (above-average) and 16 rams with least scores (below-average) were identified for breeding. Half of above-average and half of below-average rams were used in the two studies. For study 1, each ram was individually introduced to 23 estrus-synchronized ewes for 9 d to simulate high breeding intensity. Rams were given a 5-d rest before they were individually introduced to 23-24 naturally cyclic ewes for 17 d (low breeding intensity). For study 2, 16 rams were paired across ram types, and each pair competed for 20 ewes for 18 d (8 pens). For study 1, ewe fertility (ewes lambing/ewes present at lambing) and number of lambs born were greater (P<0.001) for above-average (0.67+/-0.03 and 27.6+/-1.2, respectively) than for below-average rams (0.39+/-0.07 and 15.3+/-2.7) with greater breeding intensity. Ewe fertility and lambs born did not differ for above-average (0.91+/-0.03 and 37.8+/-1.9, respectively) and below-average rams (0.86+/-0.03 and 39.0+/-1.9) with less breeding intensity. For study 2, number of ewes lambing (99+/-8.0 compared with 72+/-13.6; P=0.12) and number of lambs sired (149+/-18.5 compared with 101+/-22.8; P=0.14) did not differ between above- and below-average rams, respectively, in direct competition. Sexual classifications based on serving capacity tests are related to breeding performance of rams in certain breeding environments. When breeding intensity is greater, above-average rams impregnate more ewes and sire more lambs than below-average rams. When only a small number of ewes are in estrus daily, below-average rams for serving capacity scores perform as well as above-average rams in multiple-sire and single-sire breeding environments. We suggest that above-average rams should be used to reduce number of rams required when breeding intensity is greater.     

Artificial selection of rams for sexual performance and its effect on the sexual behavior and fecundity of male and female progeny

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a single generation of artificial selection for sexual performance in rams on the sexual behavior and fecundity of their male and female progeny. Ninety-two ram lambs born to sires selected for either high or low sexual performance were evaluated for their sexual behaviors at approximately 8 months of age when individually exposed to four estrous ewes for 30min in four weekly serving capacity tests. Number of mounts and successful matings (ejaculations) were recorded. Fourteen of the 17 high-performing ram lambs identified were sired by high-performing sires, whereas 22 of 37 low-performing ram lambs were sired by low-performing sires (P<0.01). Sons of high-performing sires exhibited more ejaculations (P<0.04) and more mounts without ejaculation (P<0.02) than sons of low-performing sires. The two groups of ram lambs did not differ in mating efficiency (ratio of ejaculations to total mounts). Daughters of high-performing rams (N=79) exhibited their first behavioral estrus approximately 8 days earlier than daughters (N=61) of low-performing sires (P<0.005). Ovulation rates for the two groups of ewe lambs did not differ (P=0.55). It was concluded that there was sufficient genetic variation in the population of sheep studied to obtain a significant response to selection for ram sexual performance in both male and female offspring in a single generation.     

Influence of classification levels of ram sexual activity on spring breeding ewes

Ram lambs (7–8 months old) and mature rams (19–20 months old) were used to evaluate the effect of classification levels of male sexual performance on reproductive performance of ewes during spring breeding. In Exp. 1, sexually active ram lambs with high (1.8±0.3; n=5) and low (0.9±0.2; n=5) sexual performance scores (HP and LP; mean±S.E.M.) were used in single sire breeding pens. Ewes (n=305) were stratified by age and assigned to 10 pens for 34 days starting in late March. For Exps. 2 and 3, two replicates were conducted for 2 years with sexually active mature rams in a single sire mating scheme. For Exp. 2, HP rams (n=5) averaged 3.6±0.2 ejaculations and LP rams (n=7) 1.8±0.2 ejaculations for sexual performance scores based on nine, 30 min serving capacity tests (SCT). Polypay ewes (n=152 to 153 per year) were stratified by age and assigned to pens each year for 34–38 days starting in late March for years 1 and 2. For Exp. 3, HP rams (n=6) averaged 3.7±0.1 ejaculations and LP rams (n=10) 2.3±0.1 ejaculations for sexual performance scores based on 18, 30 min SCT. Polypay ewes (n=229 in year 3 and n=244 in year 4) were stratified by age and assigned to pens each year for 34 days starting in late March. In Exp. 1, lambing rates for ewes bred to HP versus LP ram lambs did not differ (65.8 versus 53.0; P=0.20). Prolificacy tended (P=0.06) to be increased by 0.1 lambs in ewes bred by LP ram lambs. Total number of lambs born per ewe present at lambing, and lambing distribution were not altered by HP and LP ram lambs. In Exp. 2, lambing rates for fall-lambing ewes bred to mature HP or LP rams did not differ (58.1 versus 60.1; P=0.78). In Exp. 3, lambing rates for fall-lambing ewes bred to mature HP or LP rams did not differ (74.3 versus 69.0; P=0.35). There was no difference (P>0.10) between years for Exp. 2 or Exp. 3, and mature HP and LP rams did not affect the other reproductive variables monitored. Analyses of the combined data for Exps. 2 and 3 indicated only a year difference (P<0.001) in lambing rates and total lambs born. Present studies indicate that different sexual performance classifications for ram lambs and mature rams did not alter lambing rates or distribution of lambing of Polypays bred in late March to April. These results indicate that HP and LP, sexually active, Polypay rams and ram lambs with average to high quality semen can provide a source of rams for spring breeding Polypays in ambient conditions and that there was no advantage to using HP over sexually active LP ram lambs or rams.     

The relationship of libido and serving capacity test scores in rams on conception rates and lambing percentage in the ewe

A procedure for assessing sexual activity (libido) and serving capacity (number of ejaculations) in individual rams is described. Libido and serving capacity was measured by this procedure in 10 Lincoln, 10 Suffolk, 2 Columbia, and 2 Polypay rams prior to the breeding season. Semen was evaluated, and the scrotal circumference measured. The rams were single-sire mated to 10-12 whiteface, crossbred ewes during a 35-day breeding season (September 26 - October 29). First-service conception rates, total conception rate, lambing percentage per ewe lambing, and lambing percentage per ewe exposed were calculated for each ram. The mean libido score for the 24 rams was 8.95 and the mean serving capacity score was 3.16. The 24 rams were classified as low serving capacity (<2 ejaculation), medium serving capacity (2-3 ejaculations), or high serving capacity (>3 ejaculations). There were no significant differences in either conception rate or lambing percentages between the 3 groups of rams. The first-service conception rate, total conception rate, lambing percentage per ewe lambing, and lambing percentage per ewe exposed were 74.8, 93.8, 148.6, and 139.4 percent, respectively, for the 24 rams. Libido and serving capacity tests in the rams, as used in this experiment, prior to the breeding season, were not successful in predicting fertility or prolificacy in ewes.     

Effects of sexual stimulation on the sexual performance of rams

The sexual performance of bulls and male goats is improved if they are allowed to view the hetero-sexual behavior of other males as a prelude to mating. The purpose of the following study was to determine whether sexual stimulation enhances the sexual performance of rams. In Experiment 1, 11 sexually experienced ram lambs ( 9 months of age) and 18 sexually experienced yearling and 2-year-old rams were individually exposed to 4 unrestrained, hormone-induced estrous ewes for 60 min after viewing the courtship and mounting behaviors of a male conspecific for 20 min (two tests) and in the absence of stimulator animals (two tests). In contrast to the results with bulls and bucks, the rams were hardly influenced by the sexual stimulation treatment. Latencies for first mount and first ejaculation were shorter for sexually stimulated ram lambs; otherwise, treatment differences were negligible.

A similar follow-up experiment was administered to 12 mature rams using restrained females in the sexual performance tests. Again, treatment differences were minor.

It was concluded that sexual stimulation does not functionally enhance the sexual performance of rams. Species differences in response to sexual stimulation are discussed in terms of female sexual behaviors that may result in a selective (competitive) advantage to males that are stimulated to locate and mate with females early in the estrous period.     

Sexual performance of twin ram lambs and the effect of number and sex of contemporary siblings

The objectives of this investigation were to determine the degree of correspondence in the sexual performance of twin male sheep and to compare the sexual performance of ram lambs born co-twin to another male (M-M), co-twin to a female (M-F) and as single (S) offspring. Individual ram lambs (N=117), including 13 M-M twin sets, were exposed to four estrous ewes for 30 min at 7-day intervals over a 4-week period at 8 to 9 months of age.Frequencies of ejaculation (serving capacity) and mounts without ejaculation were recorded. M-M males averaged 2.9 ejaculations and 13.1 mounts per test. Individuals within 9 of the 13 M-M twin sets (69%) differed by an average of 0.5 or fewer ejaculations per test. Although variability within M-M twin sets was very low, variability between the 13 M-M twin sets was also low (coefficient of variation=10.6%). Consequently, frequencies of both ejaculation and mounting (without ejaculation) within the 13 twin sets were not correlated (P=0.50 and P=0.10, respectively). When the progeny of individual sires were compared, mounting frequencies were correlated (P<0.02) but not ejaculation rates (P=0.72). M-M, M-F and S ram lambs did not differ for either ejaculation frequency (P=0.26) or mounts without ejaculation (P=0.98). It was concluded that the sexual performance of related individuals is likely to be very similar and that the number and sex of contemporary siblings does not necessarily influence rates of mounting and ejaculation.     

Effect of ram exposure at the end of progestagen treatment on estrus synchronisation and fertility during the breeding season in ewes

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of ram exposure during the breeding season, in combination with progestagen treatment on estrus synchronization, fertility the LH surge and ovulation in ewes. Experiment 1 was subdivided into experiments 1a and 1b. In all experiments cross-bred ewes were treated with an intravaginal sponge for 12-14 days and three days before sponge withdrawal ewes were divided into control (no further treatment; n=191, 103 and 50 for experiments 1a, 1b and 2, respectively) or ram exposed (three mature rams per 50 ewes were introduced; +Ram; n=187, 99 and 49 for experiments 1a, 1b and 2, respectively). At sponge withdrawal ewes in Experiments 1a and 2 received 500 IU eCG and rams were removed from all the +Ram groups. In Experiments 1a and 1b, raddled, entire rams were introduced to ewes 48 h after sponge withdrawal. The timing of mating was recorded and ewes were maintained until lambing. In Experiment 2, estrus behavior was determined every 4 h and the time of the LH surge and ovulation were determined from a subset of 10 ewes per group. In Experiment 1a, less +Ram ewes were bred by 48 h after ram introduction (control 98% versus +Ram 89%, P<0.001) and in Experiments 1a and 1b 14% fewer (P<0.05) of the ewes bred in the first 3 h after ram introduction lambed to that service. In Experiment 1a, ram exposed ewes had a lower litter size than control ewes (1.93+/-0.06 versus 1.70+/-0.06 lambs per ewe; P<0.05). In Experiment 2, rams advanced (P<0.05) estrus, the LH surge and ovulation by 2-6 h compared with control ewes. We speculate that exposure of ewes to rams increased LH secretion and that this in turn increased follicle development and the production of oestradiol that led to a more rapid onset of estrus, the LH surge and ovulation compared to control ewes. Unexpectedly, ewes that were bred had lower fertility in the +Ram groups than control groups.     

Scent of a Ewe: transmission of a social cue by conspecifics affects sexual performance in male sheep.

Unlike males from other domestic species, domestic rams (Ovis aries) are not sexually stimulated, as determined by measuring sexual performance, following the opportunity to watch a copulating pair. Previously, we reported that aspects of ram sexual performance were improved when rams interacted with a male conspecific that had mated an estrous ewe. Whether the cues were gender-, estrous state-, or behavior-related was tested in this study. Sexually experienced rams were exposed to male pen mates that had interacted with an estrous ewe, a non-estrous ewe, an estrous ewe with a cloth perineal patch, or a ram, or that had been placed alone in a small pen. The rams were then tested for sexual performance. Rams performed more olfactory investigative behaviors toward pen mates that had interacted with a ewe, regardless of her estrous state, than toward a pen mate that had been exposed to another male. Rams exposed to pen mates that had interacted with a ewe also had shorter postejaculatory and interejaculation intervals and subsequently achieved more ejaculations in standardized sexual performance tests. Results from this experiment confirm that male-male interactions affect sexual performance in male sheep and that olfactory cues likely account for the transfer of information among individuals.     

Effect of breed and age on sexual behaviour of rams

The objective of this study was to highlight the problems that arise during the reproduction between thin-tailed rams and fat-tailed ewes. At the same time, particular emphasis laid on the influence of sheep breed, sheep age, time after ram introduction and day of the ewe estrus cycle on ram and ewe sexual behaviour. Rams were subjected to sexual performance tests by being individually exposed to 12 ewes for 3 h daily, 19 consecutive days. The 16 rams of the experiment were separated according to their age (9 and 21 months old) and breed (Chios and Karagouniki), and the 96 ewes of Chios fat-tailed breed, were divided by age (9 and 21 months old). The main characteristics of courtship behaviour, like sniffing, nudging, flehmen response and following were recorded and studied in detail. Mature Chios rams, which were the only one with previous experience of Chios ewes, exhibited higher rates of sexual interest per ewe than the other rams (P < 0.05). On the other hand, rams sniffed and nudged more young than mature ewes (P < 0.05), probably due to the fact that young ewes did not express intense symptoms of estrus. Young rams exhibited substandard sexual interest towards mature ewes, when they first came in contact with them (P < 0.05). In general, Karagouniki thin-tailed rams exhibited reduced rates of mating behaviour when they courted with Chios fat-tailed ewes in comparison with Chios rams (P < 0.05). Moreover, as the time after ram introduction passed, the frequency and duration of sexual behaviour components decreased (P < 0.001). Finally, the effect of the day of the experiment was only significant in the case of sniffing, which increased during the first 2 days and then declined and stabilized (P < 0.01). As it was demonstrated, ram age and ram breed played a fundamental role in the exhibition of sexual interest elements.     

A note on ram preference by oestrous ewes: Influence of rams’ age and sexual performance

Ewes in oestrus, besides being receptive to rams, develop an active search for them. We performed two experiments to determine if oestrous ewes prefer: (1) high or low sexual-performance rams, and (2) 2-year-old or aged (>8-years-old) rams. In the first experiment, the preference of ewes for rams with high or low sexual performances was compared in 16 tests. In the second experiment, 17 tests were performed comparing ewes’ preference for aged rams (>8-years-old) or young rams (2-years-old). In each test, two rams were tied at equal distances from the point of entrance of the ewe, with a maximum mobility for each ram of 2 m. The first approach to a ram, the quantity of approaches toward each ram (less than one body length), and the total time that the ewe remained near each ram were registered during 5 min. Oestrous ewes did not display any preference according to sexual performance of rams, but spent significantly more time (P = 0.02), and did it in more tests (P = 0.025), with young than with aged rams. Ewes also tended to approach first (P = 0.07), and more times in more tests (P = 0.06), to young than to aged rams. We conclude that ram's sexual performance seems not to influence oestrous ewes preference, and that ewes’ prefer young (2-years-old) rather than aged rams (>8-years-old).     

Fertility in South Australian commercial Merino flocks: aspects of management

Wide variation in reproductive performance of commercial Merino flocks in south central Australia is the result of genetic and environmental influences that are both amenable to change through decisions of management. Relationships of reproductive traits (estrus, ovulation, fertility, fecundity, lamb survival, and lambs weaned) with variables that graziers can change or modify (strain of Merino, day or month of exposure of ewes to rams, ram effect or teasing, length of the mating period, ram percentage, days between weaning and next mating, stocking density and flock size at lambing, ewe liveweight, and condition) are reported in this paper, the third in a series. Small differences were observed between medium and strong-wool South Australian Merino strains for reproductive traits. Choosing the time of year that ewes are exposed to rams, between late spring to autumn, may result in reduced ovulation rate during early summer (December) giving a potentially smaller net reproductive efficiency (lambs weaned). The ram effect or teasing, used by about 50% of graziers to synchronise lambing, could be effectively employed to the end of January. The technique was not reproductively advantageous when compared with flocks that were not teased. The percentage of rams mated to ewes varied widely (approximately 1-3%) and did not alter flock fertility, suggesting that a substantial proportion of graziers could safely reduce the number of rams purchased. A positive relationship between incidence of estrus during the first 14 d of the cycle and the number of days from weaning to next mating and a negative relationship of returns to service with the same variable indicates that managers should consider increasing the time allowed for recovery of liveweight and body condition by adjusting age at weaning, length of the mating period, or both. Lamb survival was curvilinearly related to flock size and not stocking intensity, with the optimum size at about 400 ewes. The number of lambs weaned per 100 ewes exposed to rams increased by 1.0 kg(-1) increase in liveweight at mating. We concluded that the major factor controlling net reproductive efficiency is nutritional in origin through its effects on ewe liveweight and condition, and is a factor that can be largely manipulated through management.     

Strategies for rapid rebreeding of lactating ewes in the spring

Rapid rebreeding of winter- and spring-lambing ewes is essential if ewes are to lamb more than once per year, but fertility of lactating ewes is often low and early weaning of lambs may be undesirable in forage-based production systems. Selection to improve fertility in spring matings has been successful and led to development of ewes with a reduced seasonal anestrus. Potential for rapid rebreeding of lactating out-of-season breeding (OOS) ewes was tested in three studies. In Experiment 1, effects of short-term lamb removal on rebreeding was evaluated over 2 years using 71 January-lambing OOS ewes. At an average of 63 days postpartum, 36 ewes had lambs removed for 72 h, and all ewes were joined with rams. Circulating progesterone levels indicated that 74% of ewes ovulated before lamb separation; 91% of ewes mated within 5 weeks of ram exposure, 85% were diagnosed as pregnant and 75% lambed. The average interval between lambings was 225 days. In contrast to results observed in cattle, none of the measured variables was affected by lamb separation (P>0.20). Experiment 2 compared rebreeding performance of 24 OOS and 23 St. Croix ewes that lambed in January and averaged 60 days postpartum at ram introduction. More OOS ewes ovulated, mated and became pregnant during the first 21 days of ram exposure (83.3%, 58.3%, and 41.7%, respectively; P<0.001) compared with St. Croix ewes (26.1%, 0%, and 0%, respectively). After 39 days of ram exposure, pregnancy rates still favored OOS ewes (66.7% v. 39.1%; P=0.06), but the percentage of ewes that lambed did not differ (P>0.20) between OOS (47.8%) and St. Croix ewes (34.8%). In the third study, 34 March-lambing OOS ewes were exposed to rams on May 3 at an average of 40 days postpartum to characterize their reproductive performance. After 39 days of ram exposure, 52.9±8.7% of the ewes had mated, and 38.2±8.5% were diagnosed as pregnant. However, only 20.6±7.0% of the ewes produced viable lambs, suggesting a high level of uterine insufficiency. Spring fertility of lactating OOS ewes in these studies was one of the highest reported in the literature and indicated that selection for fertility in spring mating would improve reproductive performance in accelerated lambing programs. However, exposure of lactating OOS ewes to rams at 30 to 50 days postpartum was associated with high prenatal lamb mortality.     

Influence of social interaction between rams on their serving capacity

The experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that social interaction between rams influenced their serving capacity and modified their preference for ewes.The serving capacity and the preference for particular ewes was recorded on the first and seventh day of joining in 8 rams mated either individually or in pairs to 12 oestrous ewes. The serving capacity (mean number ejaculates/hour) was 50% lower in both dominant and submissive rams when working together compared with single-sire matings. However, when working together, 33% of the available ewes were served by the submissive ram and 12.5% were served by the dominant ram so that, in total, more ewes were served (total mean number ± SE of ewes served/ram when mated either individually or as a pair = 4.50 ± 0.89 and 5.50 ± 0.57, respectively). This resulted from a modification in ewe preference by the submissive ram.In the absence of competition, the same ewes were observed to be preferred by most rams. This ewe “attractiveness” was found not to be a permanent characteristic, as the preferred ewes at one oestrus were not necessarily those most preferred at a subsequent oestrus.     

Effects of recent sexual experience and melatonin treatment of rams on plasma testosterone concentration, sexual behaviour and ability to induce ovulation in seasonally anoestrous ewes

The aim of this study was to determine whether advancing the seasonal changes associated with rams by treatment with exogenous melatonin and allowing the rams previous sexual experience would increase the proportion of anoestrous ewes ovulating in early July. North Country Mule ewes (n = 225) were grouped by live body weight and body condition score and allocated randomly to the following treatments: (i) isolated from rams (control; n = 25); (ii) introduced to rams (treatment 2); (iii) introduced to rams that had mated with ewes during the previous 2 days (treatment 3); (iv) introduced to rams implanted with melatonin (treatment 4); and (v) introduced to rams that were implanted with melatonin and had mated with ewes during the previous 2 days (treatment 5). Treatments 2-5 were replicated (2 x 25 ewes) and two rams were introduced to each replicate group. Introductions began on 4 July and were completed by 11 July. The rams were withdrawn from the ewes after 8 days. Melatonin was administered as a subcutaneous implant (Regulin((R))) on 22 May and again on 20 June. Blood samples were taken from all rams to determine plasma melatonin and testosterone concentrations (19 samples in 6 h). The behaviour of the sheep was videotaped continuously during the first 3 h after the ram was introduced. Ovulation was detected by an increase in plasma progesterone concentrations from < 0.5 ng ml(-1) to > 0.5 ng ml(-1). Mean +/- SE plasma melatonin concentrations were 649.7 +/- 281.4 and 18.3 +/- 2.4 pg ml(-1) in rams with and without melatonin implants, respectively (P < 0.001). Melatonin implants also increased plasma testosterone concentrations from 4.30 +/- 1.88 to 10.10 +/- 1.10 ng ml(-1) (P < 0.01), the libido of the rams and the proportion of ewes that ovulated in response to the rams (43 and 56% (treatments 4 and 5) versus 24% (treatments 2 and 3)). In conclusion, implanting rams with melatonin before introducing them to seasonally anoestrous ewes increases the proportion of ewes that ovulate in response to introduction of a ram, but previous sexual experience of rams appears to have little or no effect.     

The relationship between ram breeding capacity and flock fertility

The effect of breeding capacity of rams on flock fertility was studied by exposing each of 15 rams to 1 of 15 flocks of 200 naturally-cycling ewes for 17 days. Five of the rams were arbitrarily designated as being of high breeding capacity (mean+/-SEM = 14.7+/-0.5 services in 2 3-hour pen breeding tests); five rams were designated as being of medium capacity (7.3 +/- 0.2); and the remaining five were designated as being of low breeding capacity (1.7 +/- 0.5). Breeding capacity was shown to be positively correlated with the number of services during flock mating, to the number of ewes mated and to insemination success. Breeding capacity as measured in a pen test of shorter duration (1 hour) was shown to be similarly related to flock fertility. Further, the number of services during flock mating was also positively correlated with the number of ewes mated and impregnated, as well as to the number of fetuses conceived and to insemination success. Breeding frequency of the ram is, therefore, closely related to flock fertility, but breeding capacity, as measured in the present study, is only a moderately accurate indicator of breeding frequency.     

Ram effect: adult rams induce a greater reproductive response in anestrous ewes than yearling rams

The introduction of rams to previously isolated anestrous ewes ensures induction of ovulation and estrus in part of the flock, and allows for the potential to conceive. However, there is little known about the desirable characteristics of the rams used to induce these behavioral and physiological responses. Adult rams may be more effective than young rams in induction of these responses. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the response in ewes stimulated by adult or yearling rams. During the non-breeding season, two groups of 121 ewes were stimulated with adult (AR) or yearling (YR) rams. When adult rams were used, significantly more ewes had ovulations (78.5 compared with 61.1%) and came into estrus (47.9 compared with 35.5%). There were more corpora lutea per ewe exposed to rams (0.95+/-0.59 compared with 0.65+/-0.51) and per ewe that had ovulations (1.18+/-0.41 compared with 1.06+/-0.25) and a greater conception rate (58.6 compared with 20.9%) as a result. Subsequently, to determine what signals led to the greater response to adult rams, the courtship behavior of adult and yearling rams toward anestrous ewes was compared in 46 pen tests. There were no significant differences in the frequency of any of the recorded courtship behaviors (anogenital sniffing: 21.9+/-3.4 versus 25.7+/-3.2; lateral approaches: 7.1+/-1.5 compared with 9.9+/-2.9; flehmen: 2.1+/-0.4 compared with 2.2+/-0.4; mount attempts: 0.1+/-0.1 compared with 0.1+/-0.1, for AR and YR, respectively), latency to the onset of courtship behavior (13.1+/-7.0 compared with 17.3+/-6.2s) or the time engaged in courtship behavior (173.1+/-24.6 compared with 199.0+/-26.5s). The difference in the signals produced by adult and yearling rams skin glands was assessed by stimulating ewes with masks containing wool from adult (n=45) or yearling (n=48) rams. More ewes had ovulations (24/45 compared with 11/48) and came into estrus (21/45 compared with 10/48) when wool from adult rams was used. As in Experiment 1, pregnancy and conception rates were greater when adult rams were used, another trial was designed to determine if there were differences in mating and mounting frequency between adult and yearling rams. Seven adult and six yearling rams were subjected to three pen tests each with three estrual ewes. Adult rams mounted more (21.7+/-4.5 compared with 9.8+/-0.7) and tended to ejaculate more frequently (2.9+/-0.5 compared with 1.8+/-0.4) than yearling rams. It is concluded that adult rams induce a greater reproductive response in anestrous ewes than yearling rams, inducing a greater ovulation percentage and estrous response in ewes, resulting in greater ovulation numbers, pregnancy and conception rates. This greater stimulation is, in part, explained by differences in the signals provided in the wool (presumably odors) produced by adult rams. The lesser percentage of pregnancies obtained when yearling rams are used may be explained by differences in mounting behaviors and ejaculation frequency.     

Delayed puberty caused by hyperthyroidism in ram lambs is not a result of suppression in body growth

Over a period of 8 weeks ram lambs (16 weeks old) were made hyperthyroidal (serum thyroxine approximately equal to 150 ng/ml, compared with control approximately equal to 48 ng/ml) by daily subcutaneous injections of thyroxine or maintained at a constant body weight by restriction of the feed intake. Hyperthyroidal and restricted-intake lambs remained at a constant body weight during the period of treatment whilst control rams gained body weight. Testicular growth was normal in restricted-intake lambs but was suppressed in hyperthyroidal animals. Hyperthyroidism, but not feed restriction, was also associated with decrease in LH pulse frequency (1.3 +/- 0.3/12 h compared with controls 4.8 +/- 0.9/12 h. Hyperthyroidal lambs showed normal LH responses to exogenous LHRH. After cessation of treatment testicular growth continued to be suppressed for up to 16 weeks in previously hyperthyroidic rams; thereafter testes began to increase in size but at 30 weeks after treatment were still smaller than those of control rams. It is concluded that elevated thyroxine concentrations directly influence sexual maturation in ram lambs through actions at hypothalamic and/or higher brain centres which control LH secretion. Transient hyperthyroidism during sexual maturation may cause permanent impairment of sexual development.     

Effect of different husbandry systems on the reproductive development of post-weaning ram lambs under tropical conditions

Two groups of three-to four-month-old weaning ram lambs were studied for 20 months, beginning with weaning at between three and four months. Group 1 was comprised of nine ram lambs which were reared under an intensive husbandry system, and given standard nutrition and mineral supplements throughout the study. Group 2 was comprised of nine rams which were reared under the traditional nomadic/extensive management system, in which the only source of feed was the available pasture. The reproductive traits studied include: age, weight and scrotal circumference at puberty and at all corresponding ages up to 23 months, libido and sexual dexterity and semen characteristics at puberty and all corresponding ages. In the intensively managed rams, the average age at puberty was 6.4+/-0.5 mos. The averages of the other parameters at puberty were: body weight (BW), 21.7+/-2.5kg; scrotal circumference (SC), 18.5+/-1.3cm; libido score, 1.7+/-0.7 and sexual dexterity, 1.7:0.8. In the extensively managed rams, the average age at puberty was 7.8+/-0.3 mos. The average values of the various parameters at puberty were: BW, 17.3+/-1.2kg; SC, 15.2+/-1.4cm; libido score, 3.2+/-0.6 and sexual dexterity, 3.2:1.8. The inter- and intra-group variations in all the parameters at puberty and at all corresponding ages were significant. The average morphological sperm cell abnormalities at puberty were: 25.2+/-3.4% and 31.6+/-8.3% for rams reached puberty and at all corresponding ages than the extensively reared flock. Certain factors that influence post-weaning reproductive development and performance are discussed.     

Effects of the presence of rams during pregnancy on lambing performance in ewes

Ewes of the Préalpes-du-Sud breed (n=112) were mated with fertile rams and were used to investigate the effect of the presence of vasectomized rams during pregnancy on reproductive outcomes. Ewes in the control group (n=56) were isolated from rams during the whole period of pregnancy, whereas those in the experimental group (n=56) were kept with vasectomized rams from day 10 post-mating until lambing. At day 10 post-mating, a series of blood samples was collected every 15 min for 8 h from five control ewes and five experimental ewes to determine their patterns of LH secretion. The introduction of the ram was associated with a rapid increase of pulsatile LH release. The lag between the introduction of the ram and the onset of the first episodic LH release was less than 15 min. The mean(±sem) number of LH pulses/4 h after the introduction of the ram (2.8±0.4) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that observed/4 h before the introduction of the ram (1.4±0.2). Although more ewes were pregnant in the control group (87.5%) than in the ram-exposed group (82.1%), the difference was not significant. The presence of rams did not affect gestation length (145.8 days), overall lamb mortality (3.5%) or birth weights of single (3.96 kg), twin (3.24 kg) or triplet (2.59 kg) lambs. The proportion of ewes with multiple births in the control group (69.4%) was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that in the ram-exposed ewes (47.8%). The ewes in the control group had significantly more (P<0.01) twin lambs born alive (72.3%) than the ewes in the ram-exposed group (50.0%). In conclusion, the presence of vasectomized rams during early pregnancy affected the incidence of multiple births but did not affect pregnancy rate or gestation length. The altered fertility of ewes exposed to vasectomized rams may reflect changes in embryonic loss during early pregnancy.     

Estimates of early embryonic loss in ewes mated to rams selected for high and low prolificacy

Two closed lines of sheep selected for high and low prolificacy were established in 1969. Rams within each line were selected on the basis of their dams' lambing records. Foundation ewes were assigned at random to selected rams, and no ewe selection was practiced until replacement yearlings were selected for mating. Selection of the rams used to mate the foundation ewes resulted in more lambs born per 100 ewes exposed to the ram (P<.10) and more lambs born per 100 ewes lambing from the high line rams (P<.05).Seven rams from each line were then used to estimate fertilization rate and embryonic survival rate when mated to an unrelated group of ewes. There was no difference in ovulation rate or fertilization rate of ewes mated to low and high line rams. Percent eggs recovered per CL was 80 and 92 (P<.01) for low and high line rams, respectively. At 35 days 82 and 86% of the ewes were pregnant, and 84 and 93% of the CL were represented by embryos in the pregnant ewes mated to low and high lines, respectively. Estimated embryonic survival rates were 81 and 89% in ewes mated to low and high line rams, respectively.