肾综合征出血热（HFRS）患者尸检肝组织中的病毒抗原－免疫组织化学研究

应用敏感的免疫组织化学多重ＰＡＰ法,观察了ＨＦＲＳ（肾综合征出血热）病毒抗原在ＨＦＲＳ患者尸检肝组织的定位,结果发现１８例尸检肝组织中．１５例肝细胞病毒抗原阳性,２例肝组织血管中白细胞也存在病毒抗原、４例肝内胆管为ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗原阳性,主要分布于肝内大胆管,小叶间胆管和小胆管的上皮细胞中,ＨＦＲＳ病毒抗原阳性物质呈地颗粒状,定位于胆管上皮细胞核上区的胞质中。     

饲喂黄曲霉毒素B_1大鼠肝中AFB_1-DNA加合物的免疫组织化学研究

应用免疫组织化学ＳＰ法对４例饲喂黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠肝组织中ＡＦＢ１－ＤＮＡ加合物的染色及常规ＨＥ染色发现,４例肝细胞核均出现异型性,但未见肝细胞坏死、增生灶及肝细胞癌;免疫组化揭示部分肝细胞核出现棕黄色、不均质状的ＡＦＢ１－ＤＮＡ加合物,阳性细胞数占１０～８５％。结果提示免疫组织化学方法可作为一种ＡＦＢ１的定位方法,ＡＦＢ１在动物致癌过程中ＡＦＢ１－ＤＮＡ加合物可能具有启动作用     

细支气管肺泡细胞增生和细支气管肺泡细胞癌内生长因子和蛋白激酶C的表达

表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）、转化生长因子－α（ＴＧＦα）、表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）与细胞生长、增殖分化调节和细胞癌变有密切关系。作者用免疫组织化学方法检测了细支气管肺泡细胞增生（ＢＡＨ）和细支气管肺泡细胞癌（ＢＡＣ）的ＥＧＦ、ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ表达。结果表明：ＢＡＣ中的ＥＧＦ、ＴＧＦα阳性率和阳性强度以及ＥＧＦＲ、ＰＫＣ阳性强度均明显高于ＢＡＨ。ＢＡＨ的重度不典型增生病例,其ＥＧＦ、ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ均呈高表达。ＴＧＦα、ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ三者在ＢＡＣ和ＢＡＨ中的表达存在明显相关性。提示：ＴＧＦα及其受体ＥＧＦＲ和ＰＫＣ是细支气管肺泡细胞增生、恶性转化和肺泡癌细胞失控生长的重要因素。     

动情周期中大鼠输卵管上皮凝集素受体的研究

大鼠动情周期包括动情前期（ＰＥ）、动情期（Ｅ）、动脉后期（ＭＥ）和动情间期（ＤＥ）。采用生物素标记的５种凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ、ＰＮＡ、ＲＣＡ、ＵＥＡ－Ｉ以及ＷＧＡ）对大鼠动情周期中输卵管上皮细胞的凝集素受体进行了研究,发现在大鼠动情周期中输卵管粘膜上皮细胞凝集素受体均有不同程度的变化：其中,ＣｏｎＡ的阳性反应以ＰＥ组最强,ＤＥ组最弱（Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＰＮＡ的阳性反应以Ｅ组最强,ＤＥ组为阴性;ＲＣＡ的阳性反应强度以ＰＥ和Ｅ组最强,ＤＥ组最弱（Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＵＥＡ－Ⅰ的阳性反应颗粒可见于动情周期各期,但以ＰＥ组为强（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其它各期间的反应强度差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）;ＷＧＡ的阳性反应以ＤＥ组最强,与其它各组比较,差异有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,其它各组之间阳性反应强度差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明输卵管上皮细胞的糖组分在动情周期中发生了某些变化。推测这些变化有利于输卵管功能活动的进行     

人γ干扰素（IFN－γ）－表皮生长因子（EGF）融合蛋白的抗肿瘤细胞增殖作用与靶细胞的EGF受体有关

采用表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）受体丰富的Ａ４３１细胞进一步研究了人ＩＦＮ－γ－ＥＧＦ３融合蛋白￣〔１〕的抗细胞分裂活性,以及它和靶细胞ＥＧＦ受体的关系。结果表明,ＩＦＮ－γ－ＥＧＦ３融合蛋白的抗肿瘤细胞增殖作用明显高于其母体分子。￣１２５Ｉ－ＥＧＦ受体竞争抑制试验表明,ＩＦＮ－γ可与ＥＧＦ竞争Ａ４３１细胞的ＥＧＦ受体,而ＩＮＦ－γ－ＥＧＦ３融合蛋白的ＥＧＦ受体竞争抑制作用更为明显,说明人ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＦＮ－γ－ＥＧＦ３融合蛋白的抗肿瘤细胞分裂活性,与靶细胞ＥＧＦ受体被竟争抑制密切相关。     

肝刺激因子对肝癌细胞增殖的调节作用

初断乳雄性ＳＤ大鼠的肝匀浆以超速离心和柱层析法分离纯化肝刺激因子（ＨＳＳ）,观察其对肝癌细胞增殖、细胞表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）受体表达及受体磷酸化的影响。结果表明,ＨＳＳ具有明显的促肝癌细胞分裂增殖能力,提高细胞周期中Ｓ期细胞所占比例。ＨＳＳ促肝癌细胞增殖作用与其促ＥＧＦ受体表达有关,表现为：（１）ＨＳＳ上调７０ｋＤ ＥＧＦ受体蛋白表达,此作用与ＥＧＦ合用后明显加强,即呈协同效应;（２）ＨＳＳ上调Ｅ     

前列腺组织中神经生长因子(NGF)表达的研究

研究前列腺组织中神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ） 的生理学意义。采用原位杂交和免疫组化法, 检测４３ 例前列腺增生组织, ８ 例腺癌组织和８ 例正常组织中β－ＮＧＦｍ ＲＮＡ及其蛋白的表达及分布。结果显示β－ＮＧＦｍ ＲＮＡ 在正常组织及增生组织中定位于间质细胞, 偶见于上皮细胞中; 而在癌组织中, 上皮细胞和间质细胞有同样强度的β－ＮＧＦｍ ＲＮＡ染色。其蛋白在良性组织中表达主要着色在间质细胞中,上皮细胞呈弱表达,而癌组织中上皮细胞见着色明显增强（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。ＮＧＦ的自分泌异常可见是前列腺组织由良性向恶性转变的原因之一。     

胚胎期及成年大白鼠肝脏的表皮角蛋白免疫细胞化学定位

应用自制的表皮角蛋白(EK)家兔抗体,对胚胎期及成年大白鼠的肝脏进行免疫细胞化学定位。结果表明,大白鼠肝脏内,肝细胞EK阴性,胆管上皮细胞EK明确阳性;大白鼠胚胎肝脏也显示出这种EK染色差别。随着肝内胆管上皮的形成,EK阳性物质在其胞浆内出现。作者认为,EK阳性物质的出现是肝内胆管上皮结构分化的结果。     

表皮生长因子对细胞核转录活性的直接作用

表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对纯化的鼠胚成纤维细胞（Ｃ_３Ｈ_１０Ｔ_１／２Ｃ１８）胞核~３Ｈ－ＵＴＰ掺入有明显的促进作用。这一作用在ＥＧＦ与细胞核共同培养９０ｍｉｎ时达到高峰。该作用是ＥＧＦ浓度依赖性的。ＥＧＦ对β射线转化的上述细胞的纯化细胞核,亦同样有促进转录作用。本实验所用的细胞核经光镜,电子显微镜观察,细胞膜、细胞浆标志酶检测及放射性同位素示踪法鉴定,未检出有核外成份的污染。本实验结果为膜受体信号传递途径以外的ＥＧＦ对核直接作用途径的存在提供了证据。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子受体结构与功能分析

血管内皮细胞生长因子受体（ＶＥＧＦＲ）是ＶＥＧＦ牧场划性的受体,属于酪氨酸激酶亚家庭中的一个新成员,具有特征性的胞外区和酪氨酸激酶区,因其在刺激血管内皮细胞增殖、促进新生血管生成,特别是在促进肿瘤生长及转移中的作用,已越来越成为人们研究的热点。本文概括了３种ＶＥＧＦ受体在体内的不同分布,分析了不同ＶＥＧＦ受体在碱基序列及蛋白质功能结构域的异同,并介绍了可溶性ＶＥＧＦ受体功能差异,以及在肿瘤及与血管     

Epidermal growth factor receptor in chronic bile duct obstructed rats: implications for maintenance of hepatocellular mass.

Changes of the number and properties of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor occur during liver regeneration and may be of importance in the maintenance of hepatocellular mass in liver cirrhosis. We therefore studied the changes in the number and distribution of EGF receptor in the development of liver cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation. Receptor binding assays demonstrated a marked decrease in the binding capacity of crude plasma membrane fractions from 45 +/- SD 16 to 19 +/- 10 fmol/mg protein (p < 0.001) in control and bile duct ligated livers, respectively while the Kd increased after 3 days of bile duct ligation from 0.5 +/- 0.2 to 1.4 +/- 0.6 nmol/l. Total receptor concentration in the same membrane fractions, as assessed by Western blot analysis, was not changed. The expression of EGF receptor mRNA was reduced to about one third of control levels after 28 days of bile obstruction. Immunohistochemistry, performed using monoclonal antibodies against EGF receptor, showed a strong labeling of cytoplasm (87 +/- 3% positive) and plasma membranes (84 +/- 24%) but no labeling of nuclei in control livers. In bile duct ligated rats, in contrast, cytoplasmic staining was decreased (15 +/- 12%) already after 3 days of bile obstruction; labeling of canalicular membranes and nuclei appeared after 14 days. The shift of EGF receptor from plasma membranes to nuclei supports the notion that EGF receptor is involved in the maintenance of hepatocellular mass in this model of liver cirrhosis. This concept is supported by the finding of decreased mRNA for EGF receptor presumably representing down-regulation as seen in regenerating rat liver.     

Characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor in testis, epididymis and vas deferens of non-human primates.

The presence of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in testis, epididymis and vas deferens of monkeys was demonstrated using a polyclonal antibody (RK2) raised against a peptide-specific sequence of the intracellular domain of the human EGFR. Immunoblotting of membrane preparations revealed a specific band at approximately 170 kDa corresponding to those of controls, A431 and monkey liver cells. Cryostat sections were stained by biotin-streptavidin peroxidase immunocytochemistry. The liver showed positive staining along the basolateral membranes of the hepatocytes lining the sinusoids. The testis showed positive staining indicating the presence of EGFR in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and peritubular cells. In the epididymis, immunostaining of the EGFR was observed on both the basolateral and the luminal borders of the epididymal epithelium. Immunofluorescence studies revealed a similar pattern of EGFR distribution in the epididymis and indicated that the luminal immunostaining was vesicular. In the vas deferens, positive immunostaining was detected in a pattern very similar to that observed in the epididymis. There was no positive staining in the interstitium of the epididymis or in the smooth muscle cell layers of the vas deferens. The sections of all tissues treated with pre-immune serum were negative. These results suggest that EGF in the primate testis may act at the level of somatic cells. In addition, the basolateral and luminal EGFR staining in the epididymis and vas deferens suggest that these cells respond to an EGF, or EGF-like, source both at the basal, luminal or at both sides of the cells, or that these tissues serve as sites of EGF transcytosis across the epithelium.     

The histochemical demonstration of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in different populations of rat liver during azo dye carcinogenesis

To better assess the reliability of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTase) as a marker of preneoplastic liver lesions and hepatomas, the gamma-GTase activity of different cell populations was examined in liver sections from rats fed 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. The results indicated that the biliary ductular cells in trabeculae of cirrhotic livers may exhibit appreciable gamma-GTase activity in addition to that shown by islands of regenerating parenchyma. At later stages of azo dye carcinogenesis, the epithelial cells of bile duct cysts and cholangiomas, as well as those of hepatomas, gave positive reactions for gamma-GTase. Thus biochemical data on liver gamma-GTase in different models of hepatocarcinogenesis cannot be translated directly in terms of alterations in a particular cell type unless such interpretation is justified by parallel histochemical investigations.     

Localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) during postnatal testis development in the alpaca (Lama pacos)

The objective of the present studies was to determine the localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in testicular tissue collected from male alpacas at 12 and 24 months of age. In the testes of 12-month-old alpacas, positive staining for EGF was not detected. EGFR was localized to Leydig cells within the 12-month-old alpaca testis, but staining was absent within seminiferous tubules. At 24 months of age, EGF was localized to Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells, Sertoli cells and germ cells of the alpaca testis, with a preferential adluminal compartment staining within the seminiferous tubules. EGFR was also localized to the Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells, Sertoli cells and germ cells within the 24-month-old alpaca testis, but staining within the tubules was primarily within the basal compartment. Results indicate distinct temporal and spatial regulation of EGF and EGFR in the alpaca testis and support a potential role for EGF and its related ligands in alpaca testis development and spermatogenesis.     

Effect of EGF on the intracellular distribution of heat-shock proteins in A431 cells

The intracellular distribution of hsp70 and hdj1 was studied using immunofluorescent method. In nonstimulated cells hsp70 and hdj1 were observed in the cytoplasm of A431 cells. When 100 ng/ml EGF was added for 15 min, both hsp70 and hdj1 were accumulated in the nuclei. Later on (up to 1 h) hsp70 was exported from the nuclei to be observed mainly in the cytoplasm, whereas hdj1 remained in the nuclei. In cells exposed to tyrphostin AG1478, this inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity of EGF receptor prevented EGF-dependent accumulation of hsp70 and hdj1 in the nuclei. U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C activity, induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor without EGF stimulation. In cells treated with U73122, both hsp70 and hdj1 were detected in the nuclei of non-stimulated cells. It is concluded that the intracellular distribution of heat shock proteins in A431 cells depends on tyrosine kinase activity of EGF receptor. Here we report for the first time the influence of EGF on the intracellular redistribution of heat shock proteins.     

Effect of EGF on nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of proteasomes in A-431 cells

The intracellular distribution of proteasomes was studied using immunofluorescent method. In nonstimulated cells proteasomes were observed both in the cytoplasm and nuclei of A-431 cells. When 100 ng/ml EGF was added for 15 min, proteasomes were located mainly in the nuclei. Later (up to 1 h) proteasomes released from the nuclei and were observed mainly in the cytoplasm. Tyrphostin AG1478, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, and U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, prevent, proteasome export from the nuclei after EGF treatment. In contrast, a proteasome inhibitor--lactacystin has no effect on this process. The EGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor is blocked by tyrhostin AG1478 and U733122. Lactacystin did not alter the induction of EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, triggered by EGF. It is concluded that intracellular distribution of proteasomes depends on tyrosine activity of EGF receptor.     

A modified immunohistochemical procedure for the detection of estrogen receptor in mouse tissues

A horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antibody method was developed for use with a monoclonal antibody to detect estrogen receptor (ER) in mouse tissue. Combined use of HRP labeled F(ab')2 fragment absorbed with mouse liver protein to minimize background staining and imidazol-DAB reaction gave the most reliable and sensitive immunostaining. The method was applied to uterine, vaginal, pituitary and liver tissues in ovariectomized adult mice. In uterus and vagina, ER was recognized in nuclei of epithelial cells, stromal cells and smooth muscle cells of the muscle layer and blood vessels. Liver tissue showed positive nuclear immunostaining in parenchymal cells; however, no reaction was present in endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, bile ductal cells, and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. ER was localized in the nuclei of anterior pituitary cells while weak reaction was also recognized in cells of the intermediate lobe. No staining was detected in the posterior pituitary. Results demonstrate that both occupied and unoccupied ER are localized in the cell nucleus from several target tissues. Weak immunostaining in samples could not be enhanced by multiple procedures. It is suggested that nuclear ER is partially hidden by nuclear components such as nucleic acid and chromatin proteins.     

Overexpression of p53 protein is not directly related to hepatitis B x protein expression and is associated with neoplastic progression in hepatocellular carcinomas rather than hepatic preneoplasia

p53 mutations and binding of p53 to hepatitis B virus (HBV) x protein (HBx) have been suggested as alternative mechanisms of development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in man, both processes resulting in intracellular accumulation of the protein which is detectable by immunohistochemical approaches. We have examined p53 expression in 149 explanted human livers, including 39 cases infected with HBV and 35 bearing HCC. p53 was demonstrated immunohistochemically in 51% of HCC samples (18/35), localized mainly in fast growing poorly differentiated areas. Accumulation of mutant p53 was verified by immunoprecipitation in most of the positive HCC samples (14/15), implying occurrence of p53 mutations. No cells positive for p53 were found in 354 preneoplastic hepatocellular lesions examined. This indicates that p53 mutation is associated with progression, rather than early development, of HCC in the low-aflatoxin B(1)-exposed region. The intracellular distribution patterns of p53 and HBx were different, with the former within nuclei and the latter confined to cytoplasmic compartment. HBx did not coimmunoprecipitate with p53. These data indicate that p53-HBx binding is infrequent, if it really occurs, in HBV-infected human liver, and that it cannot be a common mechanism of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, p53 accumulation was also observed in some parenchymal and ductular (oval) cells in cirrhotic livers and, more frequently, in fulminant hepatitis, being independent of HBx expression, and seemingly associated with the damage and/or regeneration of liver parenchyma, perhaps merely reflecting a cellular stress response.     

Studies on DNA content of hepatocytes in cirrhosis and hepatoma by means of microspectrophotometry and radioautography

In order to clarify the underlying mechanism of malignant transformation from cirrhosis to hepatoma the cell kinetics of hepatocytes were studied in these two conditions. The content and synthesis of DNA in hepatocyte nuclei were investigated, by means of Feulgen-microspectrophotometry and tritiated thymidine radioautography, in cirrhotic and noncancerous parts of hepatoma with concomitant cirrhosis. The distribution of ploidy patterns was widely spread, from hypodiploid to hyperpolyploid, in the noncancerous parts of a cirrhotic liver containing hepatoma. In normal liver, each paired nuclear DNA content of a binucleate cell recorded almost the same amount, whereas in the noncancerous as well as in hepatoma cells much difference of DNA content was observed between the paired nuclei of the binucleate cells. The ploidy pattern of hepatocytes in patients with liver cirrhosis, who had developed hepatoma during follow-up periods of several months to several years, appeared to resemble that in noncancerous parts of hepatoma cases. On the other hand, the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into hepatocytes was found to be markedly increased in noncancerous parts as well as in cirrhotic liver developing hepatoma during follow-up periods. These results suggest the possibility that the hepatocytes in noncancerous parts of hepatoma have deranged cell-kinetics which might be a driving factor for the development of malignancy.