盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

河南省土壤有机碳储量及空间分布

利用河南省1∶20万土壤数据库估算了河南省土壤有机碳储量,并分析了其空间分布规律.结果表明：河南省陆地土壤有机碳含量约为10.27×10⁸ t,占全国储量的1.15%;土壤平均碳密度为7.46 kg·m^-2,低于全国平均水平9.60 kg·m^-2;有机碳储量在前4位的土壤类型为潮土、褐土、粗骨土和黄褐土,碳储量都大于1.0×10⁸ t,四者之和占全省总储量的69.65%;沼泽土的有机碳密度最大,为24.54 kg·m^-2,其次为山地草甸土和棕壤,分别为17.69和14.64 kg·m^-2,三者主要分布在西部山区,其碳储量之和仅占全省的6.34%;石质土和风沙土的碳密度含量最低,分别为1.32和1.38 kg·m^-2 ;全省的土壤有机碳密度主要在5～10 kg·m^-2范围内变动.     

三江平原不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳组分及含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对土壤干扰的反应较快,是土壤有机碳早期变化的敏感性指标。近50年来,三江平原湿地土壤有机碳库受农事活动影响较大。为了探讨不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳主要组分土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和易氧化有机碳(Easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的分布差异及主要影响因子,选择了三江平原洪河自然保护区4种典型的湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)为研究对象。分析了不同湿地类型土壤可溶性有机碳,微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在0—30 cm土层内的分布特征和分配比例及其与有机碳、土壤养分和酶活性指标(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶)之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4种湿地类型土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。不同湿地类型之间土壤活性有机碳含量在0—30 cm土层内存在显著性差异(P0.05),相对于长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地而言,未淹水的小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地具有较高的DOC,MBC和EOC含量。(2)土壤DOC、MBC和EOC占有机碳比例分别为0.27%—0.63%,1.27%—5.94%和19.63%—41.25%。土壤DOC所占比例呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大的比例均出现在10—20 cm。MBC所占比例在土壤剖面上则未表现出一致的变化规律,而EOC所占比例则随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。(3)土壤DOC占SOC比例以小叶章湿地最高,MBC和EOC占SOC的比例则以小叶章+沼柳湿地最高。而长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地则具有更低的DOC,MBC和EOC比例。(4)综合分析表明,4种湿地类型土壤DOC,MBC和EOC两两之间存在极显著相关性关系,它们除了与碳氮比相关性不显著外,与土壤有机碳,全氮,全磷养分和酶活性指标间相关性均达到极显著水平,尤其是与有机碳和全氮的相关性系数更高,此外DOC与纤维素酶,MBC与过氧化氢酶相关性更大。由此可见,土壤碳氮磷养分和酶活性是影响土壤活性有机碳组分分布的重要因素。     

模拟氮沉降对湿地植物生物量与土壤活性碳库的影响

在两种水分条件下(W₁:非淹水,W₂:淹水)分4个氮处理(分别相当于氮沉降率0、1、3、5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)模拟了三江平原典型湿地植物湿草甸小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)植株及土壤活性碳库对氮沉降的响应.结果表明：模拟氮沉降下小叶章的生物量(总生物量、地上生物量、根生物量)均高于对照,其中根生物量的增长程度最大;根中碳含量及分配比例均显著提高,而地上部位的碳含量则显著降低(P<0.05).氮沉降对土壤活性碳库具有显著影响,各活性碳库含量均以5 g N·m^-2·a^-1处理最高,氮沉降对各活性碳库的影响程度依次为CHC(碳水化合物碳)＞LBC(易氧化有机碳)＞DOC(水溶性有机碳)＞MBC(微生物量碳),氮沉降与淹水条件的耦合作用有利于活性碳的释放;回归分析表明,土壤活性碳库与小叶章相关参数间存在显著相关性.氮沉降显著提高了小叶章植株生物量及土壤的活性碳含量.     

竹茶混交模式对表层土壤有机碳储量及组分的影响

为探究毛竹林下种植茶树对土壤有机碳储量与碳组分的影响,该研究以毛竹纯林、竹茶混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采集这3种林分类型的表层(0～10 cm)土壤,测定土壤有机碳(SOC)、碳组分、生物与非生物因素指标。结果表明:(1)竹茶混交林林下植物多样性相较于毛竹纯林显著降低,但其土壤有机碳密度(22.54±2.09)t·hm^-2、碳组分与毛竹纯林无显著差异(P>0.05)。竹茶混交林的矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)为(20.13±1.83)g·kg^-1,占总有机碳的92.66%。常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳密度比竹茶混交林和毛竹纯林高土壤有机碳密度分别高41.15%和41.00%(P<0.05)。(2)3种林分类型土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量范围为0.58～3.08 g·kg^-1,土壤16S rRNA丰度范围为2.18×10¹⁰ ～5.65×10¹⁰copies·g^-1,固碳基因cbbL丰度范围为0.37×10⁸～ 1.10 ×10⁸ copies·g^-1,土壤微生物碳利用效率范围为0.03～0.28; 3种林分类型之间微生物相关指标不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)3种林分类型SOC与土壤pH、砂粒含量和地上凋落物生物量呈显著负相关,与土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量、总氮、C:N、总磷和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。(4)就不同碳组分而言,颗粒有机碳(POC)和MOC均与土壤pH、砂粒含量和根系生物量呈显著负相关,与土壤含水量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、总氮、C:N、总磷和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上表明,竹茶混交改造会造成原生毛竹纯林林下植被多样性下降,但并未造成土壤碳储量下降; 而相较于常绿阔叶林,毛竹经营措施需要改进,以提升其碳汇效益。     

三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放

利用静态箱-碱液吸收法研究了三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO₂释放速率,讨论了影响CO₂释放的环境因素,估算了枯落物分解的CO₂释放对于总释放的贡献。结果表明,生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章湿草甸各部分CO₂释放均具有明显的时间变化特征,温度和水分是重要制约因素。两类草甸湿地的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为4.33g•m^-2•d^-1和6.15g•m^-2•d^-1,枯落物分解的CO₂平均释放速率分别为1.76g•m^-2•d^-1和3.10g•m^-2•d^-1,枯落物分解的CO₂释放占总释放量的31%和35%,说明在碳素由地上植物碳库转移到地下土壤碳库的过程中,湿地枯落物是一个不可忽略的碳损失源。     

草甸湿地土壤溶解有机碳淋溶动态及其影响因素

采用土柱淋溶试验研究了草甸湿地有机土层（2～13 cm）DOC的淋溶动态,并探讨了土壤呼吸、NH₄⁺产生速率和淋溶液pH与DOC生成速率的关系.试验第一周,小叶章湿草甸（Ⅺ）和小叶章沼泽化草甸（Ⅻ）土壤DOC的释放速率经历了一个快速下降的过程,而后达到平稳水平,其DOC的释放动态可用一次指数衰减方程进行描述（R²>0.96,P<0.05）.整个试验期间（35 d）,两种草甸湿地土壤DOC的累积释放量分别为2109（Ⅺ）和506.58 μgC·g^-1（Ⅻ）,CO₂的累积释放量为679.64（Ⅺ）和455.54 μgC·g^-1（Ⅻ）,表明Ⅺ的低DOC释放可能与高CO₂释放所造成的微生物碳源受限有关.DOC的释放速率与NH₄⁺的生成速率呈显著正相关（r_Ⅺ=0.886,P<0.05;r_Ⅻ=0.972,P<0.01）,而与淋溶液pH无相关性.多元回归分析表明,草甸湿地DOC的生成主要受土壤氮矿化潜势制约（P<0.05）.     

围栏禁牧对滇西北高寒湿地土壤活性有机碳的影响

过度放牧导致滇西北高寒湿地碳汇功能逐渐丧失,围栏禁牧作为一种有效的湿地恢复方式,其对滇西北高寒湿地土壤碳库的影响尚缺乏研究。为探明围栏禁牧对滇西北高寒湿地土壤活性有机碳的影响,以纳帕海湿地不同禁牧年限(未禁牧、禁牧3年、禁牧8年、禁牧10年)的草甸和沼泽化草甸作为研究对象,对比分析不同禁牧年限草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量特征。研究结果表明,随着禁牧年限的增加(<10 a),草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤TOC、DOC、EOC、MBC含量显著增加(P<0.05);随着土壤深度的增加,草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤TOC、EOC和MBC含量逐渐下降,而POC和DOC含量逐渐增加。土壤理化性质显著影响土壤活性有机碳各组分含量,其中总氮(TN)是影响草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤活性有机碳各组分含量的主导因素。围栏禁牧有利于滇西北高寒湿地土壤质量和固碳能力的恢复,且随着禁牧年限的增加,恢复效果越明显。相同恢复年限,纳帕海沼泽化草甸土壤恢复效果比草甸土壤显著。研究可以为放牧湿地恢复研究提供理论基础。     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地氧化亚氮通量

2002～2004年利用静态箱-气相色谱法对三江平原3种具有代表性的湿地类型(常年积水的毛果苔草沼泽、季节性积水的小叶章湿草甸和常年土壤过湿的灌丛湿地)进行了为期两年半的N₂O现场观测研究.结果表明,三江平原3种类型湿地N₂O通量均有明显的季节变化和年际变化,一般在非冰冻期表现为排放,冰雪覆盖期表现为微弱的吸收.生长季的N₂O通量以灌丛湿地N₂O排放通量最大,毛果苔草沼泽最小.全年平均N₂O交换通量: 毛果苔草沼泽为53.928 mg·m^-2·yr^-1,小叶章湿地为21.408 mg·m^-2·yr^-1,灌丛湿地为657.120 mg·m^-2·yr^-1,证明沼泽湿地是大气N₂O的源.3种类型湿地生长季N₂O通量无明显的日变化,与温度的相关性不大.     

毛竹(Phyllostachy pubescens)、杉木(Cunninghamialanceolata)人工林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

研究比较了湖南会同林区毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳含量和碳贮量分配特征,结果表明, 15年生杉木各器官碳含量在47.15%～50.43%之间,不同器官碳含量高低依次为树干、树叶、树皮、树枝、树根;毛竹不同器官碳含量波动在44.51%～4991%,各器官碳含量高低依次为竹鞭、竹枝、 竹叶、竹干、竹蔸、竹根,但是毛竹不同器官碳含量与年龄之间没有明显变化规律。林地土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为0.746%～2.390%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层（0～20cm）土壤碳素含量和碳贮量最高。毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳贮量分别为166.34tC•hm^-2和150.19tC•hm^-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致, 土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,林下植被层和凋落物层所占比例最小。其中,毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占83.92%,乔木层占15.38%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.38%和0.32%;杉木人工林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.70%和2.28%。另外,碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系。从植被年固定碳量来看,毛竹林为9.94 tC•hm^-2•a^-1,相当于年固定CO2量为36.44 tCO2•hm^-2•a^-1,是杉木林的1.39倍。     

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide increases soil carbon

The general lack of significant changes in mineral soil C stocks during CO₂‐enrichment experiments has cast doubt on predictions that increased soil C can partially offset rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Here, we show, through meta‐analysis techniques, that these experiments collectively exhibited a 5.6% increase in soil C over 2–9 years, at a median rate of 19 g C m^?2 yr^?1. We also measured C accrual in deciduous forest and grassland soils, at rates exceeding 40 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for 5–8 years, because both systems responded to CO₂ enrichment with large increases in root production. Even though native C stocks were relatively large, over half of the accrued C at both sites was incorporated into microaggregates, which protect C and increase its longevity. Our data, in combination with the meta‐analysis, demonstrate the potential for mineral soils in diverse temperate ecosystems to store additional C in response to CO₂ enrichment.     

Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets

The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has published global carbon budgets annually since 2007 (Canadell et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 18866–18870; Raupach et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 10288–10293). There are many scientists involved, but the terrestrial fluxes that appear in the budgets are not well understood by ecologists and biogeochemists outside of that community. The purpose of this paper is to make the terrestrial fluxes of carbon in those budgets more accessible to a broader community. The GCP budget is composed of annual perturbations from pre‐industrial conditions, driven by addition of carbon to the system from combustion of fossil fuels and by transfers of carbon from land to the atmosphere as a result of land use. The budget includes a term for each of the major fluxes of carbon (fossil fuels, oceans, land) as well as the rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Land is represented by two terms: one resulting from direct anthropogenic effects (Land Use, Land‐Use Change, and Forestry or land management) and one resulting from indirect anthropogenic (e.g., CO₂, climate change) and natural effects. Each of these two net terrestrial fluxes of carbon, in turn, is composed of opposing gross emissions and removals (e.g., deforestation and forest regrowth). Although the GCP budgets have focused on the two net terrestrial fluxes, they have paid little attention to the gross components, which are important for a number of reasons, including understanding the potential for land management to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere and understanding the processes responsible for the sink for carbon on land. In contrast to the net fluxes of carbon, which are constrained by the global carbon budget, the gross fluxes are largely unconstrained, suggesting that there is more uncertainty than commonly believed about how terrestrial carbon emissions will respond to future fossil fuel emissions and a changing climate.     

碳输入方式对森林土壤碳库和碳循环的影响研究进展

凋落物和植物根系是森林土壤有机碳的主要来源.综述了不同碳输入方式对土壤全碳、微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳等碳库组分及土壤呼吸影响的研究进展.不同地区、不同森林土壤有机碳对碳输入的响应程度不同,且采用添加和去除凋落物,以及去除根系方法(DIRT)对土壤碳的影响具有树种差异和区域差异.目前主要侧重于土壤呼吸和碳库组分的研究,亟需开展对土壤碳的结构类型和稳定性,以及土壤生物尤其是土壤动物的响应机制的相关研究.     

Channeling of carbon monoxide during anaerobic carbon dioxide fixation

Carbon monoxide is an intermediate in carbon dioxide fixation by diverse microbes that inhabit anaerobic environments including the human colon. These organisms fix CO(2) by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetyl-CoA biosynthesis. The bifunctional CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) catalyzes several key steps in this pathway. CO(2) is reduced to CO at a nickel iron-sulfur cluster called cluster C located in the CODH subunit. Then, CO is condensed with a methyl group and coenzyme A at cluster A, another nickel iron-sulfur cluster in the ACS subunit. Spectroscopic studies indicate that clusters A and C are at least 10-15 A apart. To gain a better understanding of how CO production and utilization are coordinated, we have studied an isotopic exchange reaction between labeled CO(2) and the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA with the CODH/ACS from Clostridium thermoaceticum. When solution CO is provided at saturating levels, only CO(2)-derived CO is incorporated into the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, when high levels of hemoglobin or myoglobin are added to remove CO from solution, there is only partial inhibition of the incorporation of CO(2)-derived CO into acetyl-CoA. These results provide strong evidence for the existence of a CO channel between cluster C in the CODH subunit and cluster A in the ACS subunit. The existence of such a channel would tightly couple CO production and utilization and help explain why high levels of this toxic gas do not escape into the environment. Instead, microbes sequester this energy-rich carbon source for metabolic reactions.     

服务双碳目标的中国人工林生态系统碳增汇途径

中国在相对较低的经济发展水平条件下提出了"碳达峰、碳中和"目标,在全球气候治理中起着关键作用。中国是全球人工林面积最多的国家,中国森林生态系统碳储量增加的主要贡献者是人工林,是中国陆地碳汇的主要来源,具有较高的碳汇增长潜力,加强人工林碳增汇方案研究对中国实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标具有非常重要的作用。研究梳理了中国人工林生态系统碳汇能力提升的主要因子和环节,分别从增加碳汇强度型增汇、保护修复型增汇、减少碳排放型增汇、技术提高型增汇和市场引领型增汇5个方面提出了12条人工林碳增汇途径,以期为中国实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标作出更大贡献。     

Effect of carbon source on compost nitrogen and carbon losses

The effect of C source on N losses by volatilization during composting was measured using four bulking agents, each at three humidity levels and composted in duplicate under passive and active aeration. The bulking agents were pine shavings alone and corrected with soybean, chopped grass hay alone and corrected with urea, long (unchopped) wheat straw and chopped oat straw. The readily available C of each bulking agent was determined by analyzing for BOD5. In 105 l laboratory vessels, the bulking agents were mixed with liquid swine manure and tap water for a C/N of 20 and three humidity levels of 60%, 65% and 70%. While being aerated actively or passively, the mixtures were composted for 21 days. Their initial and final C and N contents were measured to conduct a mass balance analysis and calculate C and N losses. C and N losses were compared to bulking agent BOD5. N losses were compared to C losses. The humidity level and aeration regime had no effect on C and N losses but the N losses were correlated to C losses and only the C losses could be correlated to the BOD5 of the bulking agent. Thus, the N losses are related not only to the availability of C but also to the extent of composting. A relationship established between N and C losses indicated that 85% of the initial total N of the compost was available for microbial degradation and that 70% of the available C was lost as CO2 during the immobilization process.     

Preparation of carbon molecular sieves by carbon deposition from methane

To prepare carbon molecular sieves (CMSs), methane was pyrolyzed in an attempt to deposit fine carbon particles on the micropore mouths of the carbon substrates being heated; the carbon substrates included grain-based activated carbons and commercial activated carbons. To explore the effects of heat treatment alone, blank experiments were conducted by heating the samples in N2. The resultant products were characterized by N2-adsorption at 77K. Methane failed to deposit carbon at 800 degrees C. The porosity of activated carbons, however, was substantially influenced by heat treatment alone. The surface areas and micropore volumes of the activated carbons from grain sorghum decreased by 39.32% and 36.84%, respectively, upon heat treatment alone; this is attributable to the destruction of pore structure by sintering. In contrast, the corresponding values of the commercial activated carbons increased by 59.86% and 62.16%, respectively, upon heat treatment alone; this can be attributable to the development of microporosity.