鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害调查与防控策略

为了解广东省连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害情况,于2015-2016年对连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害进行了系统调查。记录发现11种病害和13种虫害,其中为害严重的病害有果腐病、流胶病、细菌性穿孔病、炭疽病、果肉海绵组织病害5种;害虫有天牛、桑白蚧、蚜虫和桔小实蝇4种。在系统调查病虫害为害程度的基础上,对几种重要病虫害的发生、为害情况及相应的防治措施作了相应的阐述。     

Exotic Lepidopteran Leafminers in North American Apple Orchards: Rise to Prominence, Management, and Future Threats

The European tentiform leafminers, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabricius) and P. mespilella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), have infested apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, in North America for at least 60–70 years. Unreliable taxonomic methods and lack of voucher specimens, however, have contributed to poor understanding of precisely when, where, and how these leafminers were introduced. Tentiform leafminers developed into significant foliar pests at about the time when adult resistance to broad-spectrum insecticides was detected in the 1970s and 1980s. At present, growers manage leafminers with insecticides and, to a lesser extent, with biological control. Most management programs for orchard pests rely on insecticides that are highly toxic to parasitic wasps, which hampers biological control. New techniques promoted in the context of integrated pest management (IPM) may improve biological control by reducing insecticidal use, but their adoption will depend on cost, labor, need to control other pests, and demands of the marketplace. Management programs must be flexible enough to accommodate changes in the species composition of leafminers and their parasitoids. Procedures to exclude pests may slow the rate of new introductions of leafminers and other pests, but they will not entirely protect the North American apple industry. Once new apple pests reach North America, they face few obstacles to further dispersal. The abundance of potential host plants, the lack of rigorous inspections, and new retail practices may facilitate the dispersal of exotic pests.     

A nematode,fungus, and aphid interact via a shared host plant: implications for soybean management

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), is an introduced crop to America and initially benefited from a small number of pests threatening its production. Since its rapid expansion in production beginning in the 1930s, several pests have been introduced from the native range of soybean. Our knowledge of how these pests interact and the implications for management is limited. We examined how three common economic soybean pests, the nematode Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), the fungus Cadophora gregata Harrington & McNew (Incertae sedis), and the aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), interact on soybean cyst nematode‐susceptible (SCN‐S) and soybean cyst nematode‐resistant cultivars carrying the PI 88788 resistance source (SCN‐R). From 2008 to 2010, six soybean cultivars were infested with either a single pest or all three pests in combination in a micro‐plot field experiment. Pest performance was measured in a ‘single pest’ treatment and compared with pest performance in the ‘multiple pest’ treatment, allowing us to measure the impact of SCN resistance and the presence of other soybean pests on each pest’s performance. Performance of H. glycines (80% reduction in reproduction) and A. glycines (19.8% reduction in plant exposure) was reduced on SCN‐R cultivars. Regardless of cultivar, the presence of multiple pests significantly decreased the performance of A. glycines, but significantly increased H. glycines performance. The presence of multiple pests decreased the performance of C. gregata on SCN‐S soybean cultivars (20.6% reduction in disease rating).     

The pest termites of South America: taxonomy, distribution and status

Abstract: A total of 77 species of termites have been reported as structural or agricultural pests in South America. These records are reviewed, with indication of the damage they cause, their pest status, distribution and sources of information. Among these, 40 species are reported as structural pests, 53 species as agricultural pests and 15 species as both. However, only 18 species are considered major pests and the status of most of the others is uncertain. Uncertainty about status is much higher among agricultural pests. Specific taxonomic problems are discussed and distribution maps of the main pest genera and species are presented. The most important structural pests are the introduced Coptotermes havilandi and Cryptotermes brevis and the native Nasutitermes corniger. Reticulitermes was introduced into Uruguay and Chile, where it is the only serious pest. The main agricultural pests are Heterotermes spp., Nasutitermes spp., Cornitermes spp., Procornitermes spp. and Syntermes spp., and the most affected crops are sugarcane, upland rice and eucalyptus.     

福建省绿竹害虫记述

以名录形式列出了福建省绿竹Dendrocalamopsis oldhami害虫2纲6目23科38种的名称、危害、寄主及分布,为控制绿竹害虫的发生与危害提供基础资料。     

樱桃新害虫黑腹果蝇的生物学特性

果蝇是近几年发现危害樱桃果实的一类重要害虫,在国内外樱桃产区均有发生。天水地区危害甜樱桃的果蝇有3个种,分别是黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen、铃木氏果蝇Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura)和海德氏果蝇Drosophila hydei(Sturtevant),黑腹果蝇为优势种。作者记述黑腹果蝇对甜樱桃果实的危害情况、寄主范围及其生活史、生活习性、发育历期与温度的关系等,调查发现蚂蚁是樱桃果蝇的天敌之一。     

节肢动物群落稳定性分析灰典型相关模型及其应用

稳定性是生态系统最重要的特征之一。根据累加生成可增强两单调增序列线性相关性原理,应用典型相关分析方法,以比值mn/mp(mp为害虫个体数,mn为天敌个体数)为测度群落稳定性的指数,构建群落稳定性分析灰典型相关模型。具体做法是:(1)将各种群的数量序列按害虫各次总数量的递增顺序进行重排,用各种群数量序列的极差去除该序列,将其无量纲化,然后对各序列进行累加生成;(2)以害虫各种群为一组变量,天敌各种群为另一组变量,应用典型相关分析的方法,求出各对典型变量。对达到线性拟合要求的典型变量对,以害虫为自变量,天敌为因变量建立回归方程,并对这些方程中的变量进行累减还原;(3)对这些方程进行线性组合,合并成一个方程,组合系数是使这些害虫典型变量的线性组合与害虫总数量序列的线性相关值达到最大;(4)引进转换系数的概念,建立天敌、害虫总量相互转换模型,该模型称之为灰典型相关模型,通过模型可分析各种群在群落稳定性中的作用。将模型应用于福州金山茶园节肢动物群落的稳定性分析,所得结果与实际基本相符,表明建立的灰典型相关模型是可行的。     

Main lepidopteran pest species from an eucalyptus plantation in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Lepidoptera species were monitored in a plantation of Eucalyptus grandis in the Municipality of Bom Despacho, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil from March 1987 to February 1992. A total of 547 species were collected and divided in: primary pests: 13; secondary pests: 20; species without defined importance to eucalyptus: 79; and non-identified species: 435. These four groups had a mean of 5231.29; 338.18; 438.16 and 2222.87 individuals with a total of 8229.87 individuals collected per trap. The number of species without defined importance to eucalyptus, and non-identified species, increased during the collecting period of five years while those of primary and secondary pests showed similar numbers in all years. The most collected primary pests Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll and Stenalcidia sp. (Geometridae) showed higher frequencies during the driest and coldest periods of the year, whereas Psorocampa denticulata Schaus (Notodontidae) was most frequent during periods of higher rainfall. Species of groups III and IV increased in diversity with eucalyptus age. This area has a high probability of outbreaks of eucalyptus defoliating caterpillars, especially T. arnobia. For this reason, lepidopteran pests should be monitored in this plantation during the driest and coldest periods of the year, when they can reach population peaks.     

入境台湾果蔬3种重要有害生物的危害与防控

围绕入境台湾果蔬涉及的重要有害生物,在收集文献资料基础上,从传入和扩散、传入后的危害以及在中国大陆的适生区预测等3个方面阐述了橘小实蝇、三叶草斑潜蝇和螺旋粉虱在中国大陆的灾变过程。橘小实蝇、三叶草斑潜蝇和螺旋粉虱等3种有害生物相继传入台湾之后,分别经历了22年、17年和8年时间又相继传入中国大陆,且两者相距时间有缩短的趋势。橘小实蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇传入大陆后,得到迅速扩散蔓延,给大陆果蔬生产和贸易造成重大影响;而螺旋粉虱目前分布局限在海南,并在局部地区造成较严重的危害。台湾发生的有害生物在中国大陆均有较大范围的适生区,即便是已传入数十年的橘小实蝇,因气候等条件的变化,其在中国适生区也在扩大之中。根据分析结果,从有害生物风险分析、口岸查验和检疫、入侵害虫的监测与防控等方面提出有效管控入境台湾果蔬有害生物的对策措施。     

中国—东盟重大农业入侵有害生物预警与防控研究进展

中国—东盟自贸区的建设和运行,促进了东盟农产品特别是热带水果向中国的输入,随之极大地提高了东盟农业有害生物入侵中国的风险。如何保障东盟农产品输入中国同时又能有效阻断农业有害生物的入侵是亟需解决的重大难题。为此,2011年中华人民共和国科学技术部批准设立了国家国际科技合作重大专项"中国—东盟重大农业外来有害生物预警与防控平台",华南、云南地区及越南、泰国、菲律宾、缅甸、老挝、柬埔寨东盟6个国家的专家学者组建了联合攻关团队,建立了中国—东盟重大农业入侵有害生物预警与防控技术支撑平台,对东盟农业有害生物的基础数据库、风险评估、快速鉴定、口岸监测、检疫处理和应急防控等关键技术开展系统研究,创建了以"境外监测与指导防控、口岸检验与检疫处理和境内应急防控"为核心的防控东盟农业有害生物入侵的技术体系,并在中国—东盟自贸区内示范应用。     

禾螟亚科昆虫——重要的农业害虫

禾螟亚科Schoenobiinae昆虫是世界性农业大害虫,全球已知46属172种,中国分布12属39种(亚种)。对禾螟亚科的分类地位、中国禾螟地理分布及已知寄主、生物学及其为害特征等作了介绍。提供了中国禾螟亚科昆虫名录,并就容易混淆的重要种类进行了讨论。     

厦门市道路绿化基本树种病虫害名录的更新调查与分析

通过对厦门市道路绿化基本树种病虫害名录的更新调查显示,从1986年至2006年的20年间,厦门市道路绿化基本树种更新17种,新发现病虫害12种;本文还确立了病虫危害程度的划分标准,重新调查并确定了各种病虫害的为害程度等级,明确了白囊蓑蛾等26种病虫害为重要防治对象。     

害虫区域性生态调控的理论、方法及实践

本文在分析害虫生态调控的生态学基础上 ,论述了害虫区域性生态调控的原理与方法 ,并以华北棉田害虫管理实践为例 ,介绍了害虫区域性生态调控的实施过程     

The omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus,a good candidate for the control of both greenhouse whitefly and poinsettia thrips on gerbera plants

The poinsettia thrips Echinothrips americanus Morgan is a relatively new pest that has spread rapidly worldwide and causes serious damage in both vegetable and ornamental plants. In this study, we investigated if and how effective this pest can be controlled in gerbera by the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur). Because herbivores on plants can interact through a shared predator, we also investigated how poinsettia thrips control is affected by the presence of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), a pest that commonly coexists with E. americanus in gerbera. In laboratory studies, we found that the predator M. pygmaeus fed on both pests when offered together. Olfactometer tests showed a clear preference of the predators for plants infested by whiteflies but not by thrips. In a greenhouse experiment, densities of both pests on single gerbera plants were reduced to very low levels by the predator, either with both pests present together or alone. Hence, predator‐mediated effects between whiteflies and thrips played only a minor role. The plant feeding of the shared predator probably reduced the dependence of predator survival and reproduction on the densities of the two pests, thereby weakening potential predator‐mediated effects. Thus, M. pygmaeus is a good candidate for biological control of both pests in gerbera. However, further research is needed to investigate pest control at larger scales, when the pests can occur on different plants.     

Effects of crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer applications on sorghum head insects

Rotations, tillage, and fertilizer treatments can affect yield, costs, and profitability in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, depending on their effects on pests. Rotation or planting different crops reduces soil erosion and pests that build up when a field is planted to the same crop each year. Minimum tillage reduces the number of trips over a field, lessening soil compaction and reducing costs. We examined the effects of fertilizer, tillage, and rotation with cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., on sorghum head insects during three sampling periods each year from 2000 to 2003. We found that fertilizer treatments did not affect pests or predators. Also, predators were unaffected by rotation and tillage, which some years affected Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Oebalus pugnax (F.), both pests that feed on developing sorghum kernels, thereby reducing yield. In 2000, H. zea densities were greater in continuous sorghum, regardless of tillage practice, than in sorghum-cotton rotation. However, in 2003, H. zea densities were greater in minimum tillage plots within sorghum- cotton rotation than minimum tillage plots within continuous sorghum. In 2000, in sorghum- cotton rotation, O. pugnax densities were greater in minimum tillage than conventional tillage plots, whereas in continuous sorghum the opposite was true, O. pugnax were greater in conventional tillage. Also, O. pugnax were greater in sorghum- cotton rotation than in continuous sorghum. In 2002, O. pugnax densities were greater in conventional than minimum tillage plots. These results suggest that rotation of sorghum with cotton can sometimes reduce H. zea, but this reduction may occur with increased density of O. pugnax. Also, reducing tillage may reduce O. pugnax in some instances.     

Behavioural responses of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum to naturally and artificially damaged durum wheat kernels

Observations on behavioural activity involved in the host selection by secondary pests of stored grains, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Tribolium confusum J. du Val, with respect to intact and mechanically or naturally damaged kernels are reported. Our results indicate that the attraction of secondary pests is facilitated by broken grain kernels, which resulted from either mechanical damage during harvesting and/or binning procedures, or the feeding activity of primary insect pests. Insect damaged kernels were more attractive to O. surinamensis, T. castaneum and T. confusum than whole kernels; in addition insect damaged kernels elicit more attractiveness than mechanically split kernels. The damage caused by primary pests, such as Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), on whole kernels may facilitate colonization by secondary pests, which continue damaging the cereals. O. surinamensis, T. castaneum and T. confusum utilize the grain volatile odours to distinguish whether the grain kernels of the stored cereals are damaged mechanically or by insects.     

Biology, ecology, and management of the bulb mites of the genus Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae)

Bulb mites of the genus Rhizoglyphus (Claparède) (Acari: Acaridae) have been identified as pests of many crops and ornamentals in storage, in the greenhouse, and in the field. The most importanthosts are species in the family Liliaceae (e.g. Allium spp.), but bulb mites will often attack otherimportant crops such as potatoes (Solanum sp.) and carrots (Daucus carota). Despite their economicimportance and broad distribution, the systematics of the genus remains in a state of confusion and is inneed of a comprehensive revision. In addition, the field biology and ecology of these mites is not wellunderstood, and methods for sampling, monitoring, and loss assessment are limited. Management of bulbmites is complicated by their short generation time, high reproductive potential, broad food niche,interactions with other pests and pathogens, and unique adaptations for dispersal. Historically, control ofthese acarine pests has relied on the use of synthetic miticides and insecticides, but this option is nowlimited due to documented resistance and withdrawal of registration of some products. Alternativecontrol strategies, including cultural and biological control, have shown limited success, but need to befurther developed and implemented.     

Chinese chestnut production in the United States: Practice,problems, and possible solutions

There are fewer than 162 ha of commercial Chinese chestnut orchards in the United States, with approximately half of these in the Southeast. Large numbers of Chinese chestnut seedlings are planted annually in the United States for home and game food production; however, knowledge about chestnut propagation, fertilization, pests, harvest, storage and marketing is not adequate. There is little commercial marketing of U.S.-grown Chinese chestnuts through roadside markets and local farmers’ markets as the supply is low and unpredictable. However, we yearly import 4.5 mill kg of European chestnuts to satisfy the U.S. market. Successful chestnut orchards will require vegetatively propagated selections, intensive management, mechanical harvesting, and control of insect and disease pests.     

桃园山楂叶螨、桃一点斑叶蝉及其主要天敌生态位

对山东桃园山楂叶螨、桃一点斑叶蝉及其主要天敌的时间、空间和时间一空间二维生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明,主要天敌异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、大草蛉和蜘蛛与该2种害虫在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均较强,为保护利用天敌控制该2种害虫提供了依据。     

Living fencerows of the Rio San Miguel,Sonora, Mexico: Traditional technology for floodplain management

In southwestern North America, agriculture is limited by both arable land and available water supplies. In the upper Rio San Miguel, as well as in other narrow river valleys of eastern Sonora, Mexico, floodplain farming is dependent upon living fencerows for its environmental stability. Propagated fencerows of willow and cottonwood maintain, extend, and enhance floodplain fields. These ecological filters also protect fields from cattle, harbor agents of biological control of pests, and provide renewable supplies of wood. Traditional Sonoran farmers do not perceive cottonwoods and willows as phreatophytic pests, as their Anglo-American neighbors do. The stability of the upper San Miguelagroecosystem con-trasts with severely eroded conditions within the region's other arid watersheds.