日本沼虾ITS1序列分析及SNPs位点的筛选

研究采用直接测序法,分析日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)rDNA基因内转录间隔区ITS1的DNA序列,以筛选日本沼虾SNPs位点。共分析了32个太湖水域野生日本沼虾样本,结果表明,日本沼虾ITS1序列平均长度为1749.8bp,是迄今已报道的最长的ITS1序列,A、G、T和C的平均含量分别为29.9%、28.3%、27.7%、14.0%,G+C的含量平均为42.3%。通过序列比对,共筛选出22个SNPs位点,SNPs位点出现频率为0.0126,其中9个为C/T转换(占40.91%),4个为A/G转换(占18.18%),2个为A/T颠换(占9.09%),5个为T/G颠换(占22.73%),1个为A/C颠换(占4.55%),1个A/T或C颠换(占4.55%)。日本沼虾ITS1序列的22个SNP位点中,21个位点为2个等位基因,1个位点出现了3个等位基因,为复等位基因位点。日本沼虾ITS1序列中还发现3个具有多态性的微卫星位点、1个高度变异区以及大量的缺失、插入。研究首次对日本沼虾ITS1序列进行了分析,并发现了大量的SNP位点,为日本沼虾遗传育种研究提供了新的分子标记。       

不同海拔下花叶海棠叶片转录组核苷酸变异分析和比较

利用Illumina Hiseq 4000平台,对花叶海棠不同海拔下的样品进行了转录组测序,对其SNPs的数目和分布特征进行了分析和比较。测序后共得到316 759 896条序列,共有47 513 984 400的碱基量。序列组装后得到109 578个平均读长为594.83的unigenes,共有65 180 558个碱基,同时有134 443个平均读长为710.62的transcrips,共涉及95 537 959个碱基。将原始的测序数据对比到组装好的参考序列上后检测SNP位点。两个海拔样品中SNP的位点数目在低海拔地区(MH,33312)中高于高海拔地区(MKH,32886)样品。所有样品的转换类型SNP中,均是A/G类型的数量高于C/T类型的数量。颠换类型中,数量最多的是A/T,其次是C/G、T/G和A/C。SNP变异的Ts/Tv值均是MH样品值均大于MKH样品值。发生在第三个密码子的位置的变异位点在六个样品中均占最大比例,3'UTR产生变异的位点在MH和MKH基本一致,5'UTR的变异位点均低于3'UTR的变异位点数量。高海拔地区的强辐射,尤其是UV-B能被DNA和蛋白分子吸收,引起DNA的损伤和突变。MKH中SNP突变发生在第一和第二位密码子上的平均数目均高于MH,其原因可能是由于其所处的高海拔环境因素导致。     

氟氏链霉菌离子束注入突变谱的分析

用低能N⁺离子束注入转谷氨酰胺酶产生菌氟氏链霉菌后,通过试验,初步确定了注入的效应曲线,获得了一系列突变菌株。提取原始菌株和突变菌株的DNA,采用PCR反应分段扩增出转谷氨酰胺酶基因进行单链构象多态性分析(SSCP),并将特异性条带克隆测序进行基因突变型的鉴定,分析离子束注入引起链霉菌基因的基因突变类型及特点。结果显示:碱基变异的类型包括转换、颠换和缺失。在检测到的24个碱基突变中,主要是碱基的置换(87.5%),碱基缺失的比例比较小(12.5%)。在碱基置换中,转换的频率(58.3%)高于颠换的频率(29.2%)。转换主要以C→T,A→G为主,颠换以G→T,C→G为主。此外构成DNA的4种碱基均可以被离子束辐照诱发变异,其中胞嘧啶发生突变的频率较高。     

基于转录组测序的波纹唇鱼SSR和SNP多态特征分析

波纹唇鱼是一种极度濒危的珍贵观赏鱼和高价值食用鱼,全面了解其转录组中SSR和SNP位点的分布及序列特征,可有助于开展波纹唇鱼遗传资源的保存和合理开发利用。利用二代高通量RNA-seq测序技术对波纹唇鱼进行转录组测序,通过MISA和Samtools对所得Unigene进行SSR与SNP位点的发掘与分析。结果显示,在150 218条Unigene序列中共发现22 428个SSR,出现频率为14.93%,平均约5.35 kb出现1个SSR。波纹唇鱼SSR的主要重复单元类型为单碱基和二碱基重复,分别占SSR总数的61.32%和19.12%,除复合类型以外,所有重复基元共65种,其中(A/T)n所占比例最高(55.64%),(AG/CT)n和(AC/GT)n分别占8.31%和6.80%。22 427个SSR处于CDS中,其中1 773个位于编码区。SSR重复次数集中在5～15次,序列平均长度为13.3 bp。3 438个SSR位点共获得669对候选引物。随机选取50对验证,发现21对可扩增出与预期产物长度大小一致的特异性条带,其中5对在4个波纹唇鱼个体间具有多态性。在Unigene中共发现245 373个SNP位点,发生频率为1/490 bp,其中转换类型发生频率显著高于颠换类型,转换类型中A/G (33.61%)和C/T (32.51%)发生频率最高,颠换类型中则是A/T的最高(11.12%)。波纹唇鱼转录组中SSR和SNP位点非常丰富,可为波纹唇鱼遗传多样性分析、亲缘关系鉴定与遗传资源开发利用等方面提供丰富的基础数据信息。     

拟穴青蟹线粒体COI基因序列克隆及SNPs位点分析

根据拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)线粒体全序列设计引物,采用PCR产物双向测序法,克隆了线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COI)基因部分序列(761 bp),并筛选、分析了拟穴青蟹的SNPs位点.共分析了采自福建省宁德市的16只拟穴青蟹,另外,从GenBank数据库中下载了31条前人提交的拟穴青蟹COI基因序列(长度在425-522 bp之间).利用MEGA 4.0软件对所有序列进行比对分析,结果表明碱基T、C、A和G的平均含量分别为37.6％、17.8％、28.9％和15.7％,G+C的含量平均为33.5％.分析结果表明,在所克隆的761bp的COI基因序列中共发现29个SNPs位点,其出现频率为3.8％.在这29个SNPs位点中,13个为C/T转换(占44.8％),12个为A/G转换(占41.4％),2个为A/T颠换(占6.90％),1个为G/C颠换(占3.45％),另有一个位点(201 bp处)发生了A/C颠换和C/T转换两种类型的碱基替换.氨基酸分析表明,在29个SNPs位点中,有9个位点属于非同义突变,引起了氨基酸的变化;其他20个位点属于同义突变,未引起氨基酸的变化.这将为拟穴青蟹遗传背景和群体遗传多样性研究提供新的分子标记.     

五指山猪IGF2基因5′调控区单核苷酸多态性分析

利用PCR产物直接测序法, 对五指山猪、滇南小耳猪、香猪、梅山猪和大白猪共60个样本的IGF2基因5＇调控区部分片段的单核苷酸多态性进行了研究。找到13个SNP, 分别是: C5872T、C5888T、A5976G、C6010T、T6029A、C6037T、C6043T、C6063T、C6112T、C6164T、G13520A、G13563A和G13669A。T6029A为T←→A碱基颠换, A5976G、G13520A、G13563A和G13669A为A←→G转换, 其他均为C←→T转换。针对13个SNP位点得到23种组合基因型。统计各位点等位基因和基因型以及各组合基因型在总群体与各品种内的分布频率, 发现3个小型猪在A5976G、C6164T和G13669A位点上的优势等位基因均分别为G、T和A, 而梅山猪和大白猪的优势等位基因均分别为A、C和G; H19型为3个小型猪的特征组合基因型, 而另两个猪品种为H15型。同时对123头五指山猪IGF2基因C5888T位点进行了PCR-RFLP分析, 研究表明该位点C为优势等位基因(0.8536), CC为优势基因型(0.7235)。卡方检验表明该位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。这些结果可为五指山猪等小型猪的生长发育规律、矮小机制等方面的研究提供遗传学依据。     

茄科植物叶绿体基因组插入、缺失和核苷酸替代的发生方式及影响

摘要: 核苷酸替代和indels(插入、缺失统称)发生是进化的重要动力。以茄科植物为研究对象, 探讨茄属中番茄和马铃薯、烟草属中绒毛状烟草和普通烟草分化时叶绿体基因组indels和核苷酸替代的发生方式, 以及这两种突变对基因组造成的影响。结果显示: indels和核苷酸替代的发生都不是随意的。indels发生在A+T丰富的区域, 1 bp indels占据总数的30%以上, 大部分indels都为低于10 bp的较短片段。核苷酸替代表现出Ts(转换)/Tv(颠换)偏差, 但T→G, A→C颠换频率却明显增加。Ts/Tv比值出现种属特异性, 番茄和马铃薯比较时替代的Ts/Tv比值低于绒毛状烟草和普通烟草比较时Ts/Tv比值。不同物种替代的(A+T)/(G+C)比值有一定差异, 从而影响基因组的(G+C)%, 此比值的差异与形成物种的生长习性有一定的关系。     

云南保山猪线粒体DNA D-loop区序列初步分析 Primary Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Sequence in Baoshan Pig

摘要：为了解云南保山猪(Baoshan pig)的遗传多样性及其遗传背景,我们测定了19个个体线粒体DNA D-loop高变区I 15 363～15 801片段序列438 bp。检测到10种单倍型,包括8个多态位点,其中5次T/C转换、1次G/A转换、1次G/C颠换和1次A/T颠换,其A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为35.4%、26.9%、13.2%和24.5%,A+T含量(62.3%)明显高于G+C含量(37.7%)。对于保山猪的保种及其持续利用有着重要的理论指导意义。 Abstract:To investigate the genetic diversity and genetic data of Baoshan pig in Yunnan province,the mitochondrial DNA D-loop hypervariable segment I sequences 15 363～15 801 (438 bp) in 19 individuals of Baoshan pig were sequenced.Ten mitochondrial haplotypes were identified in the samples,with 8 sites showing polymorphism,which were 5 T/C and 1 G/A transitions,1 G/C and 1 A/T transversions.The contents of A,T,G and C were 35.4%,269%,13.2% and 24.5%,respectively.The content of A+T (62.3%) was significantly higher than that of G+C (37.3%).It will be of importance to conservation and sustainable utilization in Baoshan pig.     

相邻碱基组分与产生SNP的转换或颠换在植物基因组中的研究

碱基替换突变是形成物种多态性和造成生物进化的根本原因之一. 近年的研究表明: 基因组的碱基组分在不同程度上与碱基替换突变的发生相关. 以水稻全基因组3611007个SNPs(包括45462个编码区SNPs和242811个内含子区SNPs)和拟南芥全基因组32019个SNPs为研究对象, 研究突变位点周围的碱基A&;T(A和T)的使用频率和点突变类型的相关性, 结果表明: 水稻和拟南芥全基因组上转换和颠换的比值(Ts/Tv)以及紧邻突变位点(上下游各1个碱基)上A&;T碱基的个数负相关. 统计了6种SNP的AT₂ (直接相邻的碱基是A或T的个数)和AT₀ (直接相邻碱基是C或G的个数), 发现水稻和拟南芥都是C/G型SNP的AT₂/AT₀值最大, 说明C/G型SNP可能受直接临近区域上A&;T碱基的影响最大. 在水稻全基因组SNPs中, A&;T碱基影响突变的范围局限在突变位点上下游2个碱基内. 拟南芥A&;T碱基影响其全基因组SNPs的范围不超过上下游4个碱基.     

西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性及其遗传分化

通过测定和分析西藏11个牦牛类群114个个体的mtDNA D-loop区全序列,对西藏牦牛的遗传多样性、类群间的亲缘关系及其遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明:①西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列长度为890—896 bp,4种核苷酸T、C、A、G的平均比例分别为28.5%、25.3%、32.4%、13.8%,西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区富含碱基A+T,表现出一定的碱基偏好性。②共检测到130个变异位点,占分析总位点数的14.33%;其中单一多态位点85个,占多态位点总数的65.38%,简约信息位点45个,占多态位点总数的34.62%。序列变异中碱基缺失、插入和碱基替换等均有,其中碱基替换变异类型中转换114次,颠换12次,在转换变异类型中以A/G、T/C为主,占95.61%,在颠换变异类型中以A/T为主,占75%。③在114个个体中鉴定出90种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.981±0.008,核苷酸多样性为0.01056±0.00701,均说明西藏牦牛具有丰富的单倍型类型。④90种单倍型分为2个聚类簇(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),聚类簇Ⅰ包含80种单倍型,占全部单倍型的88.89%,涵盖本研究中所有的西藏牦牛类群;聚类簇Ⅱ中有10种单倍型,占单倍型总数的11.11%,涉及的类群有工布江达、帕里、丁青、巴青、江达、类乌齐、桑桑、桑日、斯布,说明西藏牦牛可能有2个母系起源。⑤西藏牦牛类群间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)在0.503%—1.416%之间,聚类分析和AMOVA分析显示西藏牦牛可分为两大类,康布牦牛、嘉黎牦牛为一类,其余的牦牛类群为另一类。     

High resolution melting analysis of almond SNPs derived from ESTs

High resolution melting curve (HRM) is a recent advance for the detection of SNPs. The technique measures temperature induced strand separation of short PCR amplicons, and is able to detect variation as small as one base difference between samples. It has been applied to the analysis and scan of mutations in the genes causing human diseases. In plant species, the use of this approach is limited. We applied HRM analysis to almond SNP discovery and genotyping based on the predicted SNP information derived from the almond and peach EST database. Putative SNPs were screened from almond and peach EST contigs by HRM analysis against 25 almond cultivars. All 4 classes of SNPs, INDELs and microsatellites were discriminated, and the HRM profiles of 17 amplicons were established. The PCR amplicons containing single, double and multiple SNPs produced distinctive HRM profiles. Additionally, different genotypes of INDEL and microsatellite variations were also characterised by HRM analysis. By sequencing the PCR products, 100 SNPs were validated/revealed in the HRM amplicons and their flanking regions. The results showed that the average frequency of SNPs was 1:114 bp in the genic regions, and transition to transversion ratio was 1.16:1. Rare allele frequencies of the SNPs varied from 0.02 to 0.5, and the polymorphic information contents of the SNPs were from 0.04 to 0.53 at an average of 0.31. HRM has been demonstrated to be a fast, low cost, and efficient approach for SNP discovery and genotyping, in particular, for species without much genomic information such as almond.     

The complementary neighborhood patterns and methylation-to-mutation likelihood structures of 15,110 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine genome

Bayesian analysis was performed to examine the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) neighborhood patterns in cattle using 15,110 SNPs, each with a flanking sequence of 500 bp. Our analysis confirmed three well-known features reported in plants and/or other animals: (1) the transition is the most abundant type of SNPs, accounting for 69.8% in cattle; (2) the transversion occurs most frequently (38.56%) in cattle when the A + T content equals two at their immediate adjacent sites; and (3) C <--> T and A <--> G transitions have reverse complementary neighborhood patterns and so do A <--> C and G <--> T transversions. Our study also revealed several novel SNP neighborhood patterns that have not been reported previously. First, cattle and humans share an overall SNP pattern, indicating a common mutation system in mammals. Second, unlike C <--> T/A <--> G and A <--> C/G <--> T, the true neighborhood patterns for A <--> T and C <--> G might remain mysterious because the sense and antisense sequences flanking these mutations are not actually recognizable. Third, among the reclassified four types of SNPs, the neighborhood ratio between A + T and G + C was quite different. The ratio was lowest for C <--> G, but increased for C <--> T/A <--> G, further for A <--> C/G <--> T, and the most for A <--> T. Fourth, when two immediate adjacent sites provide structures for CpG, it significantly increased transitions compared to the structures without the CpG. Finally, unequal occurrence between A <--> G and C <--> T in five paired neighboring structures indicates that the methylation-induced deamination reactions were responsible for approximately 20% of total transitions. In addition, conversion can occur at both CpG sites and non-CpG sites. Our study provides new insights into understanding molecular mechanisms of mutations and genome evolution.     

香菇三个功能基因部分序列的单核苷酸多态性分析

以15个香菇栽培品种为材料,对尿嘧啶核苷酸-胞嘧啶核苷酸激酶基因(UMP-CMP kinase gene,uck1)、分裂原活化蛋白激酶基因(mitogen-activated protein kinase gene,mapk)和外切β-1,3葡聚糖酶基因(exo-β-1,3-glucanase-encoding gene,exg1)进行了部分序列的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)分析。结果表明,测序中出现的双峰,是菌丝双核体细胞中两细胞核之间的差异造成的。在采用uck1、mapk和exg1的3,126bp中,共发现48处多态性位点,发生频率为1/65bp,其中36个属于转换、12个为颠换。从群体发生频率上,38个属于超过10%的常见SNP,10个属于罕见SNP。不同基因的SNP发生频率不同,uck1、mapk和exg1的SNP发生频率分别为1.40%、0.82%和2.41%。外显子区SNP数量高于内含子,3个基因在外显子区域分布28个,内含子分布20个。外显子的28个SNP位点中,11个为错义突变,17个为同义突变。错义突变引起了编码氨基酸的改变。对SNP位点的聚类分析表明,15个栽培品种间存在的多态性位点在1–36之间,15个品种的SNP类型不同。uck1,mapk,exg1的SNP可用于香菇栽培品种的鉴别。     

In silico single nucleotide polymorphism discovery and application to marker-assisted selection in soybean

The general approach to discovering single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) requires locus-specific PCR amplification. To enhance the efficiency of SNP discovery in soybean, we used in silico analysis prior to re-sequencing as it is both rapid and inexpensive. In silico analysis was performed to detect putative SNPs in expressed sequence tag (EST) contigs assembled using publicly available ESTs from 18 different soybean genotypes. SNP validation by direct sequencing of six soybean cultivars and a wild soybean genotype was performed with PCR primers designed from EST contigs aligned with at least 5 out of 18 soybean genotypes. The efficiency of SNP discovery among the confirmation genotypes was 81.2%. Furthermore, the efficiency of SNP discovery between Pureunkong and Jinpumkong 2 genotypes was 47.4%, a great improvement on our previous finding based on direct sequencing (22.3%). Using SNPs between Pureunkong and Jinpumkong 2 in EST contigs, which were linked to target traits, we were able to genotype 90 recombinant inbred lines by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. These SNPs were mapped onto the expected locations near quantitative trait loci for water-logging tolerance and seed pectin concentration. Thus, our protocol for HRM analysis can be applied successfully not only to genetic diversity studies, but also to marker-assisted selection (MAS). Our study suggests that a combination of in silico analysis and HRM can reduce the cost and labor involved in developing SNP markers and genotyping SNPs. The markers developed in this study can also easily be applied to MAS if the markers are associated with the target traits.     

A pipeline for high throughput detection and mapping of SNPs from EST databases

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most abundant type of genetic variation that can be used as molecular markers. The SNPs that are hidden in sequence databases can be unlocked using bioinformatic tools. For efficient application of these SNPs, the sequence set should be error-free as much as possible, targeting single loci and suitable for the SNP scoring platform of choice. We have developed a pipeline to effectively mine SNPs from public EST databases with or without quality information using QualitySNP software, select reliable SNP and prepare the loci for analysis on the Illumina GoldenGate genotyping platform. The applicability of the pipeline was demonstrated using publicly available potato EST data, genotyping individuals from two diploid mapping populations and subsequently mapping the SNP markers (putative genes) in both populations. Over 7000 reliable SNPs were identified that met the criteria for genotyping on the GoldenGate platform. Of the 384 SNPs on the SNP array approximately 12% dropped out. For the two potato mapping populations 165 and 185 SNPs segregating SNP loci could be mapped on the respective genetic maps, illustrating the effectiveness of our pipeline for SNP selection and validation.     

Identification of three SNPs in the porcine myostatin gene (MSTN)

Thirteen pairs of primers were designed for the entire porcine MSTN gene to enable PCR amplification for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by a PCR-SSCP approach. Altogether 96.5% (1089/1128) of the encoding regions and 971 bp of the non-coding regions were screened. A total of three polymorphisms were identified with PCR-SSCP. They were located in the promoter, intron one and exon three regions of the gene. These polymorphisms were then confirmed to be point mutations (T --> A transversion, G --> A transition and C --> T transition respectively) by sequencing. Allele frequencies were determined for all three SNPs in several different pig breed populations. The polymorphisms were found to be rare in Western breeds, but much more common in Chinese breeds. Whether they have any relationship with the marked difference in lean meat mass between Western and Chinese breeds requires further study.     

Mining for single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions in maize expressed sequence tag data

We have developed a computer based method to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions/deletions from expressed sequence tag data. Using a redundancy-based approach, valid SNPs are distinguished from erroneous sequence by their representation multiple times in an alignment of sequence reads. A second measure of validity was also calculated based on the cosegregation of the SNP pattern between multiple SNP loci in an alignment. The utility of this method was demonstrated by applying it to 102,551 maize (Zea mays) expressed sequence tag sequences. A total of 14,832 candidate polymorphisms were identified with an SNP redundancy score of two or greater. Segregation of these SNPs with haplotype indicates that candidate SNPs with high redundancy and cosegregation confidence scores are likely to represent true SNPs. This was confirmed by validation of 264 candidate SNPs from 27 loci, with a range of redundancy and cosegregation scores, in four inbred maize lines. The SNP transition/transversion ratio and insertion/deletion size frequencies correspond to those observed by direct sequencing methods of SNP discovery and suggest that the majority of predicted SNPs and insertion/deletions identified using this approach represent true genetic variation in maize.