两个品系普通级和SPF级小型猪部分血液学指标的比较

目的了解不同微生物控制程度（屏障环境和普通环境）对小型猪部分血液学和生化指标的影响。方法分别对10只SPF（无特定病原体）级五指山小型猪、10只普通级五指山小型猪和10只SPF级广西巴马小型猪1、0只普通级广西巴马小型猪测定13项血液学指标和21项血清生化指标。结果普通级小型猪红细胞数（RBC）、血球比积（HCT）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）低于SPF级小型猪,白细胞数（WBC）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）高于SPF级小型猪（P〈0.05）;且部分指标在不同品种间有差别。结论普通级小型猪和SPF级小型猪部分血液学和血清生化指标等生物学特性存在显著差异。     

棉蚜危害指数调查法

棉蚜危害指数调查法是参照一般病害分级调查法拟订的。按照每株棉苗上的蚜数分为四级:0级为无虫,Ⅰ级每苗1—10头,Ⅱ级每苗11—50头,Ⅲ级每苗50头以上。调查时,每块棉田(5—10亩左右)五点取样,每点连续查20株苗,共100株为一个样木。检查每株苗的上部一顶及2—3片真叶上的总蚜量来定级。由于每一级内蚜量幅度较宽,可用目测定级,不必计其确实虫数。以每一个级别的株数乘该级指数指标,总加后即得危害指数值。危害指数值=I级株数×1+Ⅱ级株数×5+Ⅲ级株数×10,这里,我们用1代表Ⅰ级的指数指标,5代表Ⅱ级的指数指标,10代表Ⅲ级的指数指标,这样做的目约是为了使受害重的棉苗有较高的比重,更确切地反映出相对的危害程度。因     

上海市“三地”建设评价指标体系与评价方法构建及应用

绿地、林地、湿地(简称"三地")是城市生态系统中持续提供生态服务功能的重要绿色基础设施,上海市正在大力推进生态城市建设,"三地"建设直接关系到生态城市建设的水平。本文运用统计学方法对生态环境相关的评价体系指标进行统计分析,结合上海"三地"特征和建设要求,筛选构建一个适合上海的"三地"评价指标体系。采用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,将指标分为定量有目标值指标、定量无目标值指标和定性指标3类,并赋予各指标5个评价等级,分别利用模糊数学、构造判断矩阵、统计问卷结果的方法得出3类评价指标的等级隶属度,继而加权求出"三地"综合评价结果。单指标研究结果表明:立体绿化、林地结构和湿地保护以及"三地"连接度均需改善;综合评价结果表明:上海市"三地"建设综合评价I级隶属度为0.3261、II级隶属度为0.3411、III级隶属度为0.2208、IV级隶属度为0.0707、V级隶属度为0.0446;上海市"三地"综合评价结果处于II级建设状态,总体建设水平相对较高,但仍需改善。     

绵阳官司河流域长江防护林的群落高度级结构分析

 对绵阳市官司河流域11个长江防护林模式径流场植被类型作了高度级个体数、盖度、种数结构统计;并提出了以高度级(年龄级或相对年龄级)为参考坐标,衡量种群及群落结构动态的失稳率,群落垂直空间盖度分布的均匀度种类的分享度等指标和公式;应用这些指标和公式对系列模式径流场植被类型的高度级结构动态,作了定量分析评价。     

SPF级金黄地鼠的主要生物学特性

目的测定SPF级金黄地鼠的生物学特性数据,为生物制品的生产、检定及科学研究提供标准化的SPF级金黄地鼠。方法在5周龄、10周龄和30周龄群体中随机抽样20只地鼠,雌雄各半。测定生长发育、繁殖性能、淘汰种鼠干物质及粗脂肪含量、解剖学特性以及血液生理生化指标等生物学特性指标。结果从SPF级金黄地鼠的生长和繁殖特性来看,通过严格的选择和淘汰,SPF级金黄地鼠的生长、繁殖等特性已保留下来,同比原种群得到进一步提高。其体重和主要脏器重量、脏器系数的数据在5、10和30这三个日龄段基本稳定一致,呈现正常的生长规律;该鼠群的血常规、血液生化指标和免疫指标也比较稳定一致,个体间的差异很小。结论本实验测定的SPF级金黄地鼠的主要生物学特性,将为SPF级金黄地鼠进一步标准化提供极其重要的依据。     

糖尿病足患者肾功能和营养状态及脂质代谢与溃疡严重程度的关系

目的:探讨糖尿病足患者肾功能和营养状态及脂质代谢与溃疡严重程度的相关性。方法:选取2015年8月-2017年12月期间我院收治的糖尿病足患者389例为研究对象,根据Wagner分级将患者分为1级组52例,2级组84例,3级组96例,4级组129例,5级组28例,对比分析五组患者肾功能指标[血肌酐(Scr)、胱抑素C(Cys C)、尿素氮(BUN)]、营养状态指标[体重指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)]、血脂指标[甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]水平,并分析Wagner分级与以上指标的相关性。结果:不同Wagner分级患者性别、年龄、BUN水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2级组、3级组、4级组、5级组患者的BMI、TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb水平低于1级组,Scr、Cys C水平、吸烟史及高血压所占比例高于1级组(P0.05);4级组、5级组患者的BMI、TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb水平低于2级组、3级组,Scr、Cys C水平、吸烟史及高血压所占比例高于2级组、3级组(P0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析显示,Wagner分级与Scr、Cys C呈正相关,与TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb、BMI呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:糖尿病足患者Scr、Cys C与溃疡严重程度存在正相关关系,TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb、BMI均与溃疡严重程度存在负相关关系。     

清洁级SD大鼠血液生理生化指标的测定

目的建立清洁级SD大鼠血液生理生化正常值。方法应用动物芯片血球计数仪测试常规血细胞计数;采用全自动生化测定仪对清洁级SD大鼠的血液28项生化指标进行测定,并进行统计分析雌雄差异显著性检验。结果建立了清洁级SD大鼠血液生理和28项血液生化参考值,ALB、AST/ALT、AG雌雄之间差异显著;血液血球计数雌雄差异不显著。结论比较详细的建立了清洁级SD大鼠的血液生理生化指标参考值,为其应用提供基础数据。     

基于GA-BP优化模型的中小河流健康评价研究

河流健康评价是河流生态修复的前提和依据,但目前中小河流还缺乏相应的评价标准。为客观评估中小河流健康状况,以桥边河为例,构建了河流水生生物、水环境、水文、形态、社会服务功能5个要素17个指标的健康评价体系,利用遗传算法（GA）优化BP神经网络方法建立GA-BP模型确定其指标权重,采用赋分法进行评价。GA-BP模型输出结果显示,指标权重中水环境指标赋值最大,其次是河流水文指标>河流水生生物指标>河流形态指标>河流社会服务功能指标。通过建立的评价体系对桥边河进行评价,结果表明有3个点健康等级评价为Ⅰ级,3个点评价为Ⅱ级,2个点评价为Ⅲ级。总体来看,桥边河流域基本处于健康状态,上游健康状况明显优于下游,从上游到下游越靠近河口位置,河流的健康状况越差。     

清洁级实验动物设施环境指标的跟踪监测与分析

目的　观察运行中清洁级实验动物设施的环境指标 ,指导科学实验和设施管理。方法　在不同季节、不同动物饲养量和不同管理情况下 ,按国家标准GB T 14 92 5 94测试相关环境指标。结果　全年温度 2 4～ 2 5℃ ,相对湿度 4 0 %～ 70 % ,换气次数 14 .5～ 17.0次 h ,空气洁净度 60 0 0～ 2 0 0 0 0级 ,梯度压差 2 2～ 2 8Pa ,噪声 3 9～ 4 8dB ,落菌数 1.4～ 4 .9个 皿 ,氨浓度 0 .4～ 3 .8mg m3,各项环境指标稳定 ,但个别指标未达到国家标准。结论　不同季节大气尘浓度的变化对清洁级实验动物设施的环境指标无影响 ,严格管理可保持动态动物实验室的洁净度     

生态位理论在张家界市主要旅游景区评价中的应用

选择张家界市5个主要旅游景区作为研究对象、50种影响旅游景区发展的资源状态作为评价指标, 通过指标逐级合并处理, 在3个指标级别(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级)上分析了生态位宽度和生态位重叠. 结果表明: 张家界市旅游景区生态位宽度受指标级别的影响显著(F=10.278, P=0.006), 而采用相对生态位宽度则不受指标级别的影响, 说明在旅游景区开发潜力评价中, 相对生态位宽度比绝对生态位宽度更具合理性; 从Ⅲ级指标到Ⅰ级指标, 旅游景区生态位重叠度值有增大趋势, 表明指标级别的选择会影响旅游景区间实际生态位重叠的评价. 随着评价指标的逐步细化, 当观测到的Pianka指数和采用Monte Carlo模拟的Pianka指数的差值达到显著水平时, 该指标级别可作为评价指标细化的最低标准, 模拟的生态位重叠值可作为旅游景区竞争评价的重要参考.     

The Usefulness of Various Numerical Methods for Assessing the Specific Effects of Pollution on Aquatic Biota

The data obtained during an extensive multidisciplinary investigation of a polluted harbor basin in Hamburg were analyzed in various ways in order to determine which statistical methods are easiest to interpret and permit the most accurate evaluations. The methods analyzed include the species deficit, index of species similarity, and saprobity index, as well as the more complex cluster and gradient analyses, which revealed a variety of relationships among the biotic communities at the various sampling sites and some ecological tolerance limits of various species. The shortcomings of numerical indices for characterizing water bodies are discussed. It is suggested that biostatistical methods are much more valuable for the empirical evaluation of data than for artificially classifying ecosystems.     

烟草叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型

叶面积指数(1eaf area index,LAI)是重要的生物物理参数,亦是各种生态模型、生产力模型以及碳循环研究等的重要生物物理参量,因此具有重要的研究意义。为了探索不同高光谱模型监测烟草叶面积指数LAI的精度,在烟草伸根期,旺长期和成熟期采用ASD Fieldspec HH光谱仪测定了不同水氮条件下烟草冠层的高光谱反射率和叶面积指数数据。选用四个常用的植被指数RVI (ratio vegetation index)、NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)、MTVI2（Modified second triangular vegetation index）、MSAVI（Modified Soil-adjusted vegetation index）和PCA (principal component analysis)、neural network (NN)三种方法对烟草LAI进行了估算,比较分析了三种方法的估算结果。研究结果表明,植被指数法,主成分分析,神经网络方法LAI都取得了较为理想的结果,其中植被指数法可以较为精确反演烟草LAI,验证模型确定性系数在0.76～0.85之间,主成分分析方法和神经网络方法精度较高,分别为0.938和0.889。主成分分析方法验证模型的稳定性更好,其验证模型的RMSE为0.172,低于四个植被指数和神经网络。MTVI2和MSAVI能较好地去除土壤、大气等条件影响,反演精度高于RVI和NDVI。与基于植被指数建立的模型相比,主成分分析和神经网络可以更好的提高LAI的反演精度。     

Morphological aspects of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system

Summary The vascularity of the hypothalamus in rats, cats, and dogs was studied with various injection methods. Particular attention was paid to the capillary architecture of the hypothalamus. The density of the capillary bed in the nuclei of the anterior and medial hypothalamus was studied in male albino rats after filling the cerebral vessels with 5 per cent India ink—gelatin mass. The data obtained were compared with the magnitude-S (projection areas of the capillary meshes of the three-dimensional meshwork) distributions and with the calibres of the capillaries. Distinct inverse correlations were demonstrated between these indices. The objective tests used provided evidence that the peculiar features of the capillary architecture in the various nuclei of the anterior and medial hypothalamus are closely connected with the degree of their vascularity. The rich vascularity of the neurosecretory nuclei is discussed in connection with the peculiarities of their metabolism.The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Prof. S. M. Blinkov for valuable advice, to Dr. V. I. Prilutsky for the help received from him in biometric treatment and mathematical analysis of the data obtained, and to Natalia Samushkina and Galina Yankova for their helpful technical assistance.     

Ecological quality scales based on phytoplankton for the implementation of Water Framework Directive in the Eastern Mediterranean

Structural changes of phytoplankton communities, often expressed through ecological indices, constitute one of the metrics for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). In the current study a thorough analysis of the efficiency of 22 ecological indices was performed and a small number was selected for the development of five-level water quality scales (High, Good, Moderate, Poor, and Bad). The analysis was performed on simulated communities free of the noise of field communities due to uncontrolled factors or stochastic processes. Two criteria were set for the sensitivity of indices, namely their monotonicity and linearity across the studied eutrophication spectrum. The whole procedure was based on the development of a five-level quality assessment scheme based on phytoplankton abundance. Among the indices tested, the Menhinick diversity index and three indices of evenness were the most efficient, showing consistency (monotonic behavior) and linearity and were therefore used for the development of quality scales for the WFD. An Integrated Phytoplankton Index (IPI) based on three phytoplankton metrics, chlorophyll a, abundance, and diversity is also proposed. The efficiency of these indices was evaluated for a number of sites in the Aegean, already classified in the past by various methods based on nutrient concentrations or phytoplankton data. The results indicate that the various phytoplankton metrics (chlorophyll a, abundance, and diversity) assessed or proposed in the current study, carry their own information showing differences in the final classification of areas. Therefore the establishment of synthetic indices as the IPI seems to be advantageous for the integrated assessment of coastal water quality in the framework of European policies as the WFD.     

利用PHI数据进行区域性植物生理信息探测与分析

本次试验研究选择两个实验区 :沼泽地和植被茂盛区。利用 2 0 0 0年 9月上旬在黑龙江省大兴安岭地区获取的推帚式超光谱成像 ,(PHI,pushbroomhyperspectralimager)数据进行区域性植物生理量 (主要是叶绿素 )的探测与生态分析。在叶绿素含量探测中 ,结合所获取的成像光谱PHI数据的特点 ,在比较不同技术方法的基础之上 ,选用了有效而简单可靠的RARS(Ratioanalysisofreflectancespectra)指数。该色素指数与植物叶绿素a、b含量拟合的相关系数 (R)达 0 .8以上。利用PHI数据和野外实测植物光谱分别建立沼泽地和植被茂盛区的RARS指数模式 ,分别得到具有指示两试验区的叶绿素a (Chla)、叶绿素b (Chlb)以及类胡萝卜素 (Cars)的参数图像。更进一步地利用Blackburn(1998)所建立的RARS指数与叶绿素浓度之间的强拟合方程 ,相对定量估算了叶绿素a、b浓度的区域性分布 ,清晰地反映出植被生态状况和差异。这与野外实地考察较为一致。     

基于物种的大尺度生物多样性热点研究方法

生物多样性热点是建立保护区、制定保护决策的依据,是生物保护研究的热点问题之一。基于物种的研究方法是大尺度陆地生物多样性热点的主要研究方法,但数据的缺乏限制了直接根据物种丰富度确定热点的方法,因此研究中经常采用其他方法间接的反映物种情况,介绍了4种主要的基于物种的替代方法:指示种、高级分类单元、环境模型和景观异质性,详细阐述了各种方法存在的利弊,并从数据的可获取性、操作的便捷性和对物种特征的反映3个方面对各种方法进行了评价。任何单一的方法都无法准确反映出生物多样性热点的真实分布。合适的研究方法是权衡研究目的、时间和资金的结果,建议选择优势互补的多种方法。     

Manual and semi-automated morphological analysis of Penicillium chrysogenum chemostat cultures

Measurement of key morphological indices of chemostat cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum, by image analysis, was carried out manually at Strathclyde University and semi-automatically at Birmingham University using identical preserved samples. Using both methods, the value of the mean hyphal growth unit was found to decrease with decreasing dilution rate. Although similar trends were observed for data obtained at Strathclyde and Birmingham, the values of key morphological indices measured by semi-automated analysis were consistently higher than the values obtained by manual analysis. This discrepancy was as a result of the different analysis methods, particularly with respect to clump analysis. An electronic image transfer method is discussed which would allow analysis of a given image set at either site by either method. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

APPRAISAL OF CONDITION ESTIMATION METHODS FOR EAST AFRICAN UNGULATES

Previously proposed methods of determining physical condition of game animals are discussed. A total of 286 African ungulates of ten species were collected and autopsied, and several indices of physical condition were calculated. Selected indices were correlated with total fat or total lean percentages or both. Of the methods discussed and evaluated, those based upon fat deposited in particular areas were more accurate or feasible than those based upon blood constituents, adrenal weights, or body weight/skeletal measurement ratios.     

长白山阔叶红松林结构多样性的初步研究

在林业可持续发展的背景下,对森林实施生态系统管理,必须保护和维持森林的生物多样性。这就要求在森林调查和经营过程中增加林分结构多样性方面的内容,因此必须充分认识森林结构包括的内容,并研究制订简便实用的结构多样性指标。本文采用目测分层盖度结合无样地点四分法取样进行林分结构因子调查,设计了一套简便的林分结构指标体系,并对长白山红松阔叶混交林及其次生林进行了林分结构多样性的测定研究。结果表明：基于分层盖度构建的林分垂直多样性指数和水平结构异质性指数,可以较好地表示林分的基本结构特征,同时借助点四分法测定的物种多样性指数和对倒木、站干、林隙等的统计,可以较全面地描述阔叶红松林的林分结构因素。应用该方法测定不同的原始林样地的林分结构,得到的林分结构指标与其他林分结构因素的描述,同常规林学调查结论一致并更全面;同时对不同采伐方式的林分结构进行了测定,结合相应的常规指标测定对比,表明该结构指数不但能较好地表示群落的空间结构特征,同时也能对比不同经营方式对林分结构造成的影响,如择伐方式比皆伐方式对林分的结构影响相对较小而且结构恢复时间较短,从而说明对阔叶红松林这种复层异龄混交林的森林类型而言,择伐是一种更适合的通过结构调控进行生态系统管理的方式。在对生态系统进行经营管理过程中,采用该方法能有效地说明林分的垂直结构复杂性和水平结构异质性及重要的林分结构因子存在状况,因而更适合当前森林生态系统管理的要求。文章进一步分析了林分结构指标待改进的部分与研究方向。     

Assessment of discriminatory power of three different fingerprinting methods based on killer toxin sensitivity for the differentiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

AIMS: A panel composed of 44 taxonomically certified strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of different origin was used to evaluate the discriminatory power of three different fingerprinting methods based on sensitivity towards 24 killer toxins. METHODS AND RESULTS: Binary data matrix (BDM), triplet data matrix (TDM) and numerical data matrix (NDM) were used as fingerprinting methods. NDM possessed the highest discriminatory power, assessed through the Simpson's, and Hunter and Gaston's indices for the measurement of diversity. The upper limits of fingerprinting ability expressed by the three above methods have been also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: NDM determined a significant increase of discriminatory power than the use of BDM or TDM, in terms of an effective amplification of their fingerprinting efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The NDM fingerprinting method could find application in control laboratories for the discrimination of yeast strains of industrial importance or covered by patent.