抗钠-钙交换体α-1重复序列(117-137)抗体对心肌钠-钙交换电流及钙电流的抑制作用(英文)

本研究旨在探讨抗钠-钙交换体(Na+-Ca2+ exchanger,NCX)α-1重复序列(117-137)抗体对大鼠心肌细胞钠-钙交换电流的影响。实验用合成的α-1重复序列(117-137)肽免疫大鼠制备抗α-1重复序列(117-137)抗体;应用全细胞膜片钳技术,在急性分离的心肌细胞上观察抗α-1重复序列(117-137)抗体对大鼠心肌细胞钠-钙交换电流的影响,同时还观察了其对大鼠心肌细胞L型钙通道、电压门控钠通道和豚鼠心肌延迟整流钾通道电流的影响;最后,采用EMBOSS Pairwise Alignment Algorithms软件对NCXα-1重复序列和L型钙通道(1076～1096)的氨基酸序列进行了比较。结果显示,抗α-1重复序列(117-137)抗体对大鼠心肌细胞Na+-Ca2+交换电流呈现剂量依赖性的抑制作用。在钳制电压为+50和-100mV时,其抑制外向和内向钠-钙交换电流的IC50分别为18.9和22.4nmol/L。此外,该抗体还对L型钙通道电流具有抑制效应(IC50=22.7nmol/L),对电压门控钠通道和延迟整流钾通道电流则无明显影响。通过氨基酸序列比对发现,NCX α-1重复序列(117-137)与L型钙通道IIIS5-S6序列(孔环)之间具有23.8%的相似性。以上结果表明,抗NCX α-1重复序列(117-137)抗体是心肌NCX的一种抑制性抗体,同时也可以抑制L型钙通道。     

L型钙流和反向钠-钙交换在豚鼠心室肌细胞兴奋-收缩偶联中的作用

目的 :比较和探讨L型钙流 [ICa(L) ]和反向钠—钙交换 (NCX)在触发豚鼠心室肌细胞兴奋—收缩偶联中的作用。方法 :以分离的豚鼠单个心室肌细胞为对象 ,采用膜片钳和单细胞收缩测量技术 ,给予 35℃的各种含药物细胞外液快速灌流 ,同时记录ICa(L) 和细胞收缩。结果 :①在 +10mV的钳制电压 ,使用硝苯地平 (Nif) 10～ 10 0 μmol/L和Nif 30 μmol/L +Cd2 +30 μmol/L ,阻滞ICa(L) 越多 ,细胞收缩被阻滞得越多 ,呈线性相关。②在 +5 0mV的钳制电压 ,Nif 10 0 μmol/L以及Nif 30 μmol/L +Cd2 +3 0 μmol/L仅能抑制部分细胞收缩 ,但剩余的细胞收缩起始时间明显延迟 ,且能被 5mmol/LNi2 +所阻滞。③在 +10 0mV的钳制电压 ,细胞收缩起始时间较 +5 0mV明显延迟 ,且不能被Nif 10 0 μmol/L和Nif 30 μmol/L +Cd2 +30 μmol/L所阻滞。结论 :在生理条件下 ,ICa(L) 是触发心室肌细胞兴奋—收缩偶联的主要途径 ,但在膜电位 >+5 0mV时 ,反向NCX也参与兴奋—收缩偶联。     

氨甲酰胆碱增加大鼠心室肌细胞收缩机制的初步研究

目的:本文研究非选择性M受体激动剂氨甲酰胆碱(Cch)对心肌细胞收缩的作用,并同时观察L-型钙流,探讨其机制.方法:以分离大鼠的单个心室肌细胞为对象,采用膜片钳和单细胞收缩测量技术,在35℃恒温,细胞外钙离子浓度1.8 mmol/L,0.2 Hz,1.0 Hz刺激下测量细胞收缩幅度和ICa(L)、INa/Ca.结果:①大鼠心肌细胞收缩与刺激频率呈负相关;②选择△L0.2 Hz/△L1.0 Hz≥1.25(n=6)的细胞给予1.0 Hz的刺激,100 μmol/L Cch增加大鼠心室肌细胞收缩28%.③ Cch作用能被非选择性M受体阻滞剂阿托品阻滞,选择性M1受体激动剂MCN-A-343 100 μmol/L对细胞收缩无影响.④ 100 μmol/L Cch对ICa(L)无影响,但增加从 10 mV复极到-40 mV所产生的晚期尾电流,提示INa/Ca加大.结论:Cch能加强大鼠心室肌细胞收缩,它的作用由M2受体介导,其机制可能是通过加强INa/Ca,增加肌质网(SR)内的钙内容和钙释放,导致细胞收缩加强,而非通过L-型钙流.     

胞内高钙诱发豚鼠心室肌细胞电紊乱

众多研究表明,各种心肌病理状态及心律失常的发生都与细胞内钙离子([Ca2+]i)调控失衡及钙超载有着十分密切的关系.为了进一步揭示细胞内急性钙超载对心室肌细胞电生理特性的影响,通过调节[Ca2+]i(对照组为65～100nmol/L,胞内高钙组为1μmol/L)模拟胞内钙超载状态,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录细胞跨膜动作电...     

小剂量辣椒素对豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流的影响

应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究低浓度辣椒素(capsaicin,CAP)对单个豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流的影响及其作用机制.CAP(1～25 nmol/L)可浓度依赖性增加电压依赖性的ICa-L的峰值并下移I-V曲线.CAPl,10,25 nmol/L使ICa-L最大峰值分别由-9.67±0.7pA/pF增至-10.21±0.8pA/pF(P＞0.05),-11.37±0.8pA/pF和-12.84±0.9pA/pF(P＜0.05).CAP25nmol/L可明显使稳态激活曲线左移,激活中点电压(V0.5)由-20.76±2.0mV变至-26.71±3.0mV(P＜0.05),表明低浓度CAP改变了钙通道激活的电压依赖性.CAP25nmol/L对电压依赖性稳态失活曲线和ICa-L从失活状态下复活过程无明显影响.辣椒素受体(VR1)阻断剂钌红(RR,10μmol/L)可阻断低浓度辣椒素的效应.以上结果表明,低浓度辣椒素使钙通道稳态激活曲线左移,增加ICa-L,这一效应可能由VRl介导.     

氟对成骨细胞样细胞胞内钙和钙通道电流的影响

目的 :观察氟 (Fluoride,F-)对培养的成骨细胞样细胞胞内钙和钙通道电流的影响。方法 :应用Fura 2负载的成骨细胞样细胞 ,通过紫外荧光分光光度仪测定细胞内游离钙的浓度 ,同时应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录成骨细胞样细胞钙通道的变化。结果 :氟可引起成骨细胞样细胞胞内钙增高 ,尤以 10 0ng/mlF-最为明显 ,与对照组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。应用全细胞膜片钳技术发现 2 5ng/mlF-即可引起成骨细胞样细胞钙通道开放 ,随着染F-剂量的增加 ,Ca2 +通道电流的幅值增大 (P <0 .0 1) ,且F-对Ca2 +通道电流的兴奋作用呈剂量依赖性 (r =0 .9914)。结论 :F-可引起成骨细胞样细胞钙通道开放 ,从而导致细胞胞内钙浓度的增加。     

膜钠钙交换蛋白和过氧化氢交互作用对细胞内钙稳态调控

本研究旨在阐明过氧化氢（H2O2）和膜钠钙交换蛋白相互作用对胞浆钙[Ca^2 ],的调控。在稳定表达钠钙交换蛋白CK1．4细胞上,用^45Ca同位素液闪计数法测定钠钙交换蛋白的活性;用fura-2荧光探针和340／380nm双兴奋波长荧光影像技术测定钙释放和[Ca^2 ]i。两因素两水平和三因素两水平正交分析表明10mmol/L H2O2与150mmol/L细胞外钠（[Na^ ]o,1mmol/L细胞外钙[Ca^2 ],相互作用或10mmol/L H2O2分别与150mmol/L[Na ]。或1[Na^ ]。激活钠钙交换蛋白,排出细胞内钙离子,降低[Ca2 ]i。当[Na^ ]。递减至0mmol/L时,10mmol/L H2O2直接抑制钠钙交换蛋白的活性,增加钙释放和升高[Ca2 ]i.在不同[Na^=},梯度中,10mmol/LH2O2对膜的钠钙交换活动和[Ca2 ],起双重调节作用,即抑制或增加钙内流和[Ca^2=]i.10mmol/L H2O2与膜钠钙交换蛋白和[Ca2 ]。相互作用对钠钙交换活动方向,钙释放和[Ca^2_]起负反馈谳节作用。     

神经肽Y对心室肌细胞离子通道的影响

采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)对心室肌细胞离子通道的影响。结果如下：(1)NPY浓度在1．0～100nmol/L范围内剂量依赖性抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L),IC_(50)值为1．86nmol/L。NPY对I_(Ca-L)的I-V曲线的最大峰值电位、激活和失活电位均无显著影响。NPY对去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)增加的I_(Ca-L)有显著抑制作用。(2)NPY对人鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na/Ca)有显著抑制作用。10nmol/L NPY使前向I__(Na/Ca)由(0．27±0．11)pA/pF减小为(0．06±0．01)pA/pF;反向I__(Na/Ca)由(0．45±0．12)pA/pF降为(0．27±0．09)pA/pF(P＜0．05,n=4)。(3)NPY对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(to)有显著增强作用。10 nmol/L NPY使I_(to)由(12．5±0．70)pA/pF增加至(14．7±0．59)pA/pF(P＜0．05,n=4)。(4)10nmol/L NPY对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na)没有显著影响。(5)10nmol/L NPY对豚鼠心室肌细胞I_K无明显影响。研究结果证实,NPY抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L)和I_(Na/Ca),增强I_(to)对I_Na和豚鼠心审肌细胞I_K没有显著作用,表明NPY对上述主要离子通道的效应与NE的效应相拮抗。     

镉对大鼠心室肌细胞动作及L-型钙电流的影响

目的:探讨镉(Cd)对大鼠心室肌细胞动作电位(AP)及L-型钙电流(ICa-L)影响。方法:用常规微电极和全细胞膜片钳技术记录心肌细胞动作电位和ICa-L。结果:①不同浓度的CdCl2可降低大鼠心肌细胞动作电位幅值(APA),缩短复极化时程(APD)。②不同浓度的CdCl2明显抑制大鼠心室肌细胞钙通道电流。结论:CdCl2抑制大鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa-L,可能是Cd对心肌毒性的重要机制之一。     

尿素对小鼠体表心电图和心室肌细胞钠离子通道电流的影响

目的：观察尿素对小鼠体表心电图和心室肌细胞钠离子通道电流的影响。方法：使用常规的心电图记录方法和膜片钳实验技术,分别记录小鼠体表心电图和心室肌细胞钠离子通道电流。结果：尿素可以使小鼠心率明显减慢（P〈0．01）,呈浓度依赖性,低、中、高三个剂量组的心率分别由给药前的（612±27、615±23、619±26）b·min^-1下降到给药后的（556±29、469±37、378±48）b·min^-1,并且中、高剂量组发生了不同程度的传导阻滞性心律失常;尿素对小鼠心室肌细胞钠电流有明显的抑制作用（P〈0．05）,钠电流分别由给药前的（8．76±0．91、8．87±1．01、8．77±0．96）nA降低到给药后的（7．32±0．68、5．69±0．64、4．58±0．57）nA,呈浓度依赖性。结论：尿素可以通过抑制心室肌细胞钠电流使小鼠发生传导阻滞性心律失常。     

Amiloride和Ni2+抑制缺血/复灌引起的大鼠心肌细胞内钙的增加

本文旨在研究Na+/H+交换以及Na+/Ca2 +交换对模拟缺血 /复灌引起的大鼠心肌细胞内游离钙水平变化的调节作用。分别利用模拟缺血液和正常台氏液对大鼠心肌细胞进行缺血 /复灌处理 ,在缺血期间分别应用Na+/H+交换抑制剂阿米洛利 (amiloride)、Na+/Ca2 +交换抑制剂NiCl2 以及无钙液 ,观察它们对细胞内游离Ca2 +浓度变化的影响。利用Zeiss LSM 5 10激光共聚焦显微镜检测、采集细胞内游离Ca2 +的指示剂Fluo 3 AM的荧光信号 ,计算出相对于正常(缺血前 )的相对荧光强度 ,以表示胞内游离Ca2 +浓度的变化。结果显示 ,模拟缺血引起大鼠心肌细胞内游离Ca2 +持续上升 ,缺血前的相对荧光强度值为 10 0 % ,模拟缺血 5min后为 140 3± 13 0 % (P <0 0 5 ) ,复灌 15min后为 142 8±15 5 % (P <0 0 5 )。经 10 0 μmol/Lamiloride、5mmol/LNiCl2 和无钙液分别预处理 ,模拟缺血 5min后的相对荧光强度分别为 10 1 4± 16 3 % (P <0 0 5 )、110 4± 11 1% (P <0 0 5 )和 10 7 1± 10 8(P <0 0 5 ) ;复灌 15min后则分别为 97 8±14 3 % (P <0 0 5 )、10 6 2± 14 5 % (P <0 0 5 )和 10 6 6± 15 7(P <0 0 5 )。另外 ,与对照组细胞相比 ,再灌注期间NiCl2和无钙液处理的细胞钙振荡的产生幅度明显减弱 ,amilorid     

Allosteric regulation of Na/Ca exchange current by cytosolic Ca in intact cardiac myocytes

The cardiac sarcolemmal Na-Ca exchanger (NCX) is allosterically regulated by [Ca](i) such that when [Ca](i) is low, NCX current (I(NCX)) deactivates. In this study, we used membrane potential (E(m)) and I(NCX) to control Ca entry into and Ca efflux from intact cardiac myocytes to investigate whether this allosteric regulation (Ca activation) occurs with [Ca](i) in the physiological range. In the absence of Ca activation, the electrochemical effect of increasing [Ca](i) would be to increase inward I(NCX) (Ca efflux) and to decrease outward I(NCX). On the other hand, Ca activation would increase I(NCX) in both directions. Thus, we attributed [Ca](i)-dependent increases in outward I(NCX) to allosteric regulation. Ca activation of I(NCX) was observed in ferret myocytes but not in wild-type mouse myocytes, suggesting that Ca regulation of NCX may be species dependent. We also studied transgenic mouse myocytes overexpressing either normal canine NCX or this same canine NCX lacking Ca regulation (Delta680-685). Animals with the normal canine NCX transgene showed Ca activation, whereas animals with the mutant transgene did not, confirming the role of this region in the process. In native ferret cells and in mice with expressed canine NCX, allosteric regulation by Ca occurs under physiological conditions (K(mCaAct) = 125 +/- 16 nM SEM approximately resting [Ca](i)). This, along with the observation that no delay was observed between measured [Ca](i) and activation of I(NCX) under our conditions, suggests that beat to beat changes in NCX function can occur in vivo. These changes in the I(NCX) activation state may influence SR Ca load and resting [Ca](i), helping to fine tune Ca influx and efflux from cells under both normal and pathophysiological conditions. Our failure to observe Ca activation in mouse myocytes may be due to either the extent of Ca regulation or to a difference in K(mCaAct) from other species. Model predictions for Ca activation, on which our estimates of K(mCaAct) are based, confirm that Ca activation strongly influences outward I(NCX), explaining why it increases rather than declines with increasing [Ca](i).     

DMA增加正常大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变和收缩

实验观察了钠氢交换或钠钙交换抑制剂 5 (N ,N 二甲基 )氨氯吡咪 (DMA)对正常和心肌肥厚大鼠分离心室肌细胞钙瞬变和细胞收缩的影响。通过负载荧光染料Fura 2 /Am ,应用离子影像分析系统 (IonImagingSystem)同步测定离体大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变和细胞长度。结果表明 :DMA 10 μmol/L分别使钙瞬变和细胞缩短从对照组的 2 0 9.6 0± 5 4.96和 3.0 7± 0 .97μm增加到 2 38.5 0± 80 .41和 4.0 7± 1.0 2 μm (P <0 .0 5 ,n =7)。应用特异性反向钠钙交换阻断剂KB R7943可完全阻断DMA的激动作用。DMA还可使尼卡地平抑制L 型钙通道后的钙瞬变和细胞收缩增加。在肥厚心肌细胞 ,DMA表现出相同的药理作用 ,但对钙瞬变和细胞缩短的刺激作用更强。结果表明 :DMA可通过反向钠钙交换途径增加正常和肥厚大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变和细胞收缩 ,且对肥厚心肌细胞的影响比对正常心肌细胞大。     

Plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger modulates Ca2+-dependent exocytotic release of glutamate from rat cortical astrocytes

Astroglial excitability operates through increases in Ca²⁺_cyt (cytosolic Ca²⁺), which can lead to glutamatergic gliotransmission. In parallel fluctuations in astrocytic Na⁺_cyt (cytosolic Na⁺) control metabolic neuronal-glial signalling, most notably through stimulation of lactate production, which on release from astrocytes can be taken up and utilized by nearby neurons, a process referred to as lactate shuttle. Both gliotransmission and lactate shuttle play a role in modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Consequently, we studied the role of the PMCA (plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase), NCX (plasma membrane Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger) and NKA (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) in complex and coordinated regulation of Ca²⁺_cyt and Na⁺_cyt in astrocytes at rest and upon mechanical stimulation. Our data support the notion that NKA and PMCA are the major Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ extruders in resting astrocytes. Surprisingly, the blockade of NKA or PMCA appeared less important during times of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ cytosolic loads caused by mechanical stimulation. Unexpectedly, NCX in reverse mode appeared as a major contributor to overall Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ homoeostasis in astrocytes both at rest and when these glial cells were mechanically stimulated. In addition, NCX facilitated mechanically induced Ca²⁺-dependent exocytotic release of glutamate from astrocytes. These findings help better understanding of astrocyte-neuron bidirectional signalling at the tripartite synapse and/or microvasculature. We propose that NCX operating in reverse mode could be involved in fast and spatially localized Ca²⁺-dependent gliotransmission, that would operate in parallel to a slower and more widely distributed gliotransmission pathway that requires metabotropically controlled Ca²⁺ release from the ER (endoplasmic reticulum).     

Sulfur dioxide derivatives modulate Na/Ca exchange currents and cytosolic [Ca2+]i in rat myocytes

We have recently shown that sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) derivatives (bisulfite and sulfite, 1:3 M/M) modulated L-type calcium, sodium, and potassium channels in rat myocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SO(2) derivatives could alter Na/Ca exchanger current and the intracellular free [Ca(2+)]. The nickel-sensitive Na/Ca exchanger current was measured in rat myocytes exposed to ramp pulses in Tyrode's solution containing ouabain, nifedipine, and +/-Ni (5 mmol/l). Myocytes were loaded with the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator Fura-2/AM to estimate intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. SO(2) derivatives significantly inhibited both outward and inward Ni-sensitive Na/Ca exchanger currents without a shift in the reversal potential. The intracellular free [Ca(2+)] was raised by SO(2) derivatives in several concentrations. SO(2) derivatives increased [Ca(2+)](i) in rat myocytes and its mechanism might involve SO(2) derivatives significantly inhibiting Na/Ca exchanger current and enhancing L-type calcium channel.     

他莫昔芬对SHG-44人胶质瘤细胞钠通道的抑制作用

目的：研究他莫昔芬对SHG-44胶质瘤细胞钠通道电流的作用。方法：采用全细胞膜片钳方法记录SHG-44细胞的钠通道电流,并观察施用不同浓度的他莫昔芬后电流的变化。结果：该钠通道电流特性为内向电流、快速激活失活,他莫昔芬能够明显阻断该电流,该阻断具有剂量依赖性及电压依赖性。在0mV时,8μmol／L他莫昔芬对钾电流抑制率为69％。半数抑制浓度（IC50）为5．54μmol／L。结论：他莫昔芬可明显阻断SHG-44胶质瘤细胞上的钠通道,这可能是他莫昔芬抑制胶质瘤细胞增殖的机制之一。     

The sodium pump modulates the influence of I(Na) on [Ca2+]i transients in mouse ventricular myocytes

To investigate whether activity of the sarcolemmal Na pump modulates the influence of sodium current on excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, we measured [Ca(2+)](i) transients (fluo-3) in single voltage-clamped mouse ventricular myocytes ([Na+](pip) = 15 or 0 mM) when the Na pump was activated (4.4 mM K(+)(o)) and during abrupt inhibition of the pump by exposure to 0 K with a rapid solution-switcher device. After induction of steady state [Ca2+](i) transients by conditioning voltage pulses (0.25 Hz), inhibition of the Na pump for 1.5 s immediately before and continuing during a voltage pulse (200 ms, -80 to 0 mV) caused a significant increase (15 +/- 2%; n = 16; p < 0.01) in peak systolic [Ca2+](i) when [Na+](pip) was 15 mM. In the absence of sodium current (I(Na), which was blocked by 60 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX)), inhibition of the Na pump immediately before and during a voltage pulse did not result in an increase in peak systolic [Ca2+](i). Abrupt blockade of I(Na) during a single test pulse with TTX caused a slight decrease in peak [Ca2+](i), whether the pump was active (9%) or inhibited (10%). With the reverse-mode Na/Ca exchange inhibited by KB-R 7943, inhibition of the Na pump failed to increase the magnitude of the peak systolic [Ca2+](i) (4 +/- 1%; p = NS) when [Na+](pip) was 15 mM. When [Na+](pip) was 0 mM, the amplitude of the peak systolic [Ca2+](i) was not altered by abrupt inhibition of the Na pump immediately before and during a voltage pulse. These findings in adult mouse ventricular myocytes indicate the Na pump can modulate the influence of I(Na) on E-C coupling in a single beat and provide additional evidence for the existence of Na fuzzy space, where [Na+] can significantly modulate Ca2+ influx via reverse Na/Ca exchange.     

Fluctuations in the concentration of extracellular ATP synchronized with intracellular Ca(2+) oscillatory rhythm in cultured cardiac myocytes

Isolated and cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes contract spontaneously and cyclically. The intracellular concentration of free Ca²⁺ also changes rhythmically in association with the rhythmic contraction of myocytes (Ca²⁺ oscillation). Both the contraction and Ca²⁺ oscillatory rhythms are synchronized among myocytes, and intercellular communication via gap junctions has been considered primarily responsible for the synchronization. However, a recent study has demonstrated that intercellular communication via extracellular ATP-purinoceptor signaling is also involved in the intercellular synchronization of intracellular Ca²⁺ oscillation. In this study, we aim to elucidate whether the concentration of extracellular ATP changes cyclically and contributes to the intercellular synchronization of Ca²⁺ oscillation among myocytes. In almost all the cultured cardiac myocytes at four days in vitro (4 DIV), intracellular Ca²⁺ oscillations were synchronized with each other. The simultaneous measurement of the concentration of extracellular ATP and intracellular Ca²⁺ revealed the extracellular concentration of ATP actually oscillated concurrently with the intracellular Ca²⁺ oscillation. In addition, power spectrum and cross-correlation analyses suggested that the treatment of cultured cardiac myocytes with suramin, a blocker of P2 purinoceptors, resulted in the asynchronization of Ca²⁺ oscillatory rhythms among cardiac myocytes. Treatment with suramin also resulted in a significant decrease in the amplitudes of the cyclic changes in both intracellular Ca²⁺ and extracellular ATP. Taken together, the present study demonstrated the possibility that the concentration of extracellular ATP changes cyclically in association with intracellular Ca²⁺, contributing to the intercellular synchronization of Ca²⁺ oscillation among cultured cardiac myocytes.     

The effects of metabolic inhibition on intracellular pH and Ca

We have investigated the effects of inhibiting aerobic and/or anaerobic metabolism on contraction, intracellular calcium and pH in single rat ventricular myocytes. Inhibition of aerobic metabolism alone (with CN) had little effect on these variables. However, if anaerobic glycolysis was also inhibited, then the application of CN decreased systolic [Ca³⁺]_i and increased diastolic [Ca²⁺]_i. There was also a development of a diastolic contracture which lagged behind the increase of diastolic [Ca²⁺]_i. These events were accompanied by an intracellular acidosis. The acidosis was shown to depress contraction and perhaps to account for the fact that diastolic [Ca²⁺]_i increased before the contracture.