香水月季(Rosa odorata Sweet)不同变种的染色体及核型分析

采用常规压片法对采自11个地点的4个变种进行了以染色体形态和倍性为主的核型分析。结果表明:(1)香水月季原变种是2倍体,核型公式为:2n=2x=14=12m+2sm,核型为1A。(2)大花香水月季4个居群的染色体形态很相似,都是2倍体,核型全为1A,核型公式均是2n=2x=14=12m+2sm,居群间差异主要表现在染色体组的相对长度构成上。(3)桔黄香水月季是2倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm,核型为1A。(4)来自不同地方的粉红香水月季在染色体数量和形态上有较大的差异。木家桥和永春的是3倍体,核型公式分别为2n=3x=21=18m+3sm和2n=3x=21=21m;红桥、富民和小河的是2倍体,核型公式分别为2n=2x=14=12m+2sm、2n=2x=14=10m+4sm和2n=2x=14=12m+2sm;除富民的核型为1B外,其他地方的核型均是1A。基于研究结果,讨论了香水月季的核型特征、细胞遗传分化模式、丰富的变异及其在育种中的应用。     

不同香水月季染色体倍性鉴定及其繁育系统分析

【目的】香水月季（Rosa odorata）是一类重要的蔷薇属植物种质资源,具有较高的赏价值及利用价值,为了促进香水月季种质资源的开发和利用,对不同香水月季染色体倍性、花部综合特征和繁育系统特性进行研究。【方法】以9种香水月季为材料,采用流式细胞仪、杂交指数检测等对不同香水月季的染色体倍性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花部特征等进行观察及测定,并对繁育系统进行分析。【结果】9种香水月季均为二倍体,其花为两性花,花色明亮,多重瓣或半重瓣,其中4种香水月季雌雄蕊异熟,同时,9种香水月季变种的花粉活力普遍偏低,花粉活力最高仅为35.47%,所有香水月季变种杂交指数（OCI）均≥4,其花粉量-胚珠比(P/O）值数值范围为6 709~75 521。【结论】结合杂交指数（OCI）和花粉量-胚珠比（P/O）值指示9种香水月季的繁育系统类型均以异交为主,且其繁育系统受花粉粒数、花瓣数等多个因素影响。     

基于SSR分子标记分析云南月季种质资源亲缘关系(英文)

利用简单重复序列SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记技术对48份月季种质资源(包括14份野生种、20份古老月季品种和14份栽培品种)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明,(1)18对SSR引物在18个SSR位点上共检测到160个等位基因,每一位点的等位基因变幅为6～13个,平均8.9个,材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.157 8～0.754 9,表明在分子水平上云南月季种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性.(2)聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.44处,可将 14个野生种明显分为6个组,这与植物形态学分类结果上基本一致;在遗传相似系数为0.40水平上将48份供试材料分为八大组群.(3)亲缘关系分析结果显示,5个野生种和所有古老月季品种与大多数栽培品种的亲缘关系较近.     

疏花蔷薇与现代月季品种及其杂交后代的染色体核型分析

以疏花蔷薇(Rosa laxa,2n=2x=14)和现代月季品种‘Kardinal’、‘Solidor’、‘Yuzen’(2n=4x=28)为亲本进行杂交,杂交组合疏花蔷薇בKardinal’、疏花蔷薇בSolidor’、‘Yuzen’×疏花蔷薇分别获得5株、5株和6株杂交后代。采用常规压片法,对亲本及杂交后代的染色体数目和核型进行了分析。结果显示:杂交后代中除疏花蔷薇בKardinal’组合有1株为二倍体外,其余15株均为三倍体;疏花蔷薇的核型为12m+2sm,属1A型;现代月季品种‘Kardinal’、‘Solidor’、‘Yuzen’的核型分别为28m、28m、24m(2SAT)+4sm,核型类型分别为1A、1B、2B型;疏花蔷薇בKardinal’组合的F1代包括1A、1B和2A等3种核型;疏花蔷薇בSolidor’组合的F1代包括1A和1B等2种核型;‘Yuzen’×疏花蔷薇组合的F1代包括1A、1B和2B等3种核型。根据染色体数目和形态分析结果确定,获得的三倍体后代为真杂种,但对于二倍体后代的杂种真实性不能做出判断。     

雅江点地梅（报春花科）3个居群的核型和倍性变化

首次报道了雅江点地梅（Androsace yargongensis)3个居群的染色体数目和核型,对倍性也进行研究。3个居群的染色体数目（2n),核型公式（KF）,染色体相长度组成（C．RL）,核型不对4称系数（As,K%)和核型类型（KT）分别为：野牛沟居群2n=40,KF=36m(1SAT) 2SM 2ST b,C,RL=2L 14M2 22M1 2S 2bS,As.K=54.75%,KT=2A;巴颜喀拉山居群2n=40,KF=36m 2sm 2st 1b,C.RL=4L 16M2 18M1 2S 1bS,As.K=56.31%,KT=2B;达坂山居群2n=60,KF=40m 14sm 6st,C.RL=4L 24M2 26M1 6S,As.K=59.56%,KT=2B。根据3个居群的染色体和核型不对称性与居群所在地的地理位置,认为雅江点地梅核型和倍性的演化与高海拔生态环境和寒冷、干旱的气候加剧有密切关系。     

何首乌种质资源核型分析及进化趋势研究

以32份何首乌种质为研究材料,采用常规压片法,对其进行核型分析及进化趋势研究。结果表明:(1)32份何首乌种质存在二倍体(2n=2x=22)和三倍体(2n=3x=33)两种倍型;核型不对称系数As.K%和AI值分别在51.85%～61.52%和0.37～1.40;核型有"1A"、"1B"和"2A"3种类型,属于进化程度较低的植物。(2)在32份何首乌种质中,53.13%的种质为三倍体,表明多倍化在何首乌种质的进化中起着重要作用,但染色体结构变异也是其进化的主要途径之一。(3)何首乌各种质染色体形态变化较大,进化程度参差不齐,可能与种质的生境有一定相关性。(4)何首乌最初的起源中心可能在高纬度地区,在向低纬度地区迁移过程中发生了染色体数目及结构的变化。     

新疆欧洲李种质资源染色体核型分析

运用常规制片法,以5个新疆欧洲李类型种质资源为研究材料,对其染色体核型特征进行观察测量及数据分析。结果表明:(1)供试的5个欧洲李类型均为六倍体(2n=6x=48),均含有不同数量的m和sm染色体,相对长度系数均包括L、M2、M1和s等4种类型。(2)5个欧洲李类型染色体的平均臂比范围为1.46~1.69,核型类型均属2B型,核型不对称系数范围为59.13%~62.34%。研究认为,新疆欧洲李核型特征具有种共性的同时,不同类型间也具有一定程度的差异,核型进化趋势总体由对称向不对称发展。在核型特征上,国外引进欧洲李品种与塔城槟子具有较近的亲缘关系,而塔城酸梅与野生欧洲李的亲缘关系较近。     

河北3产地日本三角涡虫的染色体变异与核型多样性分析

利用空气干燥法,对采自河北省邯郸市漳河、朝阳湖和邢台市秦王湖3产地日本三角涡虫(Dugesiajaponica)染色体核型进行了研究,结果表明,日本三角涡虫漳河种群与秦王湖种群体细胞中染色体数目以16条为主(2n=2x=16=16m),分别占81.07%和68.47%,少数为24条(2n=3x=24=24m),分别占8.28%和11.71%,为二倍体和三倍体的混合倍体;日本三角涡虫朝阳湖种群体细胞中染色体数目以24条为主(2n=3x=24=24m),占64.60%,少数为16条(2n=2x=16=16m),占7.45%,为三倍体和二倍体的混合倍体。值得注意的是朝阳湖种群部分体细胞中染色体在结构上发生变异,使其核型呈现多型性。文中根据核型分析结果对上述3产地日本三角涡虫染色体及核型的多样性作了初步讨论。     

染色体倍性的几个重要概念及表示方法

为清楚理解和掌握染色体数目变异的内容,必须弄清有关染色体数目变异的一些重要概念,如染色体组、单倍体与一倍体、Zn、n、x符号的含意等。现将一些概念的确切含意叙述如一F。染色体倍性是指细胞中含的染色体组数,又分整倍性和非整信性,整倍性是指细胞中所含有的染色体组都是完整的染色体组,如单倍体、二倍体、三倍体等。非整倍性是指细胞中所含的染色体组处于不完整状态,一般指二倍体种成对染色体的成员增加了或减少了。在二倍体细胞或个体中,能维持配子正常功能,包括一定数目、形态结构和一定基因组成的一套染色体称为染色体组或…     

Variation in Phytochemical,Morphological, and Ploidy Levels of Iranian Thymus Species

Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family. This work was performed to assess inter and intra species variation, which is an indispensable prerequisite for the selection and the exploitation of the germplasm, using yield, secondary metabolites, and ploidy level criteria. Nineteen Iranian populations belonging to 11 Thymus species which includes T. vulgaris were used in this study. The results of cytological observations on the 19 populations revealed the three root-tip chromosome numbers of 2n=2x=30, 2n=4x=56 or 60 (diploid and tetraploid). This study also presents the results of a two-year field experiment that evaluates the agronomic and morphology of the 19 populations of Thymus spp. Cluster analysis grouped the populations into six groups and explained the relationships among ploidy levels, morphological traits, and essential oils (EOs). In general, diploid species belonged to the thymol chemotype, whilst carvacrol chemotype consistently dependent on the gene-dosage effect. Thymus migricus, T. daenensis-2, T. serpyllum, and T. trautvetteri populations with diverse thymol background were the best selection as the parents to improve thymol in a breeding program. Moreover, dry and fresh weight criteria can be used to improve EO content in thyme. Achieving this goal would be expected by crossing T. migricus and T. daenensis-2. Finally, providing relevant information on the ploidy level of Thymus species, with emphasis on morphology and EO components variations, may be recommended for the selection of populations or species to improve bioactive components as well as morphological traits in future breeding programs.     

Incorporating Ploidy Diversity into Ecological and Community Genetics

Studies in ecological and community genetics have advanced our understanding of the role of intraspecific diversity in structuring communities and ecosystems. However, in near‐shore marine communities, these studies have mostly been restricted to seagrasses, marsh plants, and oysters. Yet, macroalgae are critically important ecosystem engineers in these communities. Greater intraspecific diversity in a macroalgal ecosystem engineer should result in higher primary and secondary production and community resilience. The paucity of studies investigating the consequences of macroalgal intraspecific genetic variation might be due, in part, to the complexity of macroalgal life cycles. The majority of macroalgae have seemingly subtle, but in actuality, profoundly different life cycles than the more typical animal and angiosperm models. Here, we develop a novel genetic diversity metric, P_HD, that incorporates the ratio of gametophytic to sporophytic thalli in natural populations. This metric scales from 0 to 1 like many common genetic diversity metrics, such as genotypic richness, enabling comparisons among metrics. We discuss P_HD and examples from the literature, with specific reference to the widespread, red seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum. We also discuss a sex diversity metric, P_FM, which also scales from 0 to 1, but fewer studies have identified males and females in natural populations. Nevertheless, by incorporating these novel metrics into the repertoire of diversity metrics, we can explore the role of genetic diversity in community and ecosystem dynamics with an emphasis on the unique biology of many macroalgae, as well as other haplodiplontic taxa such as ferns, foraminiferans, and some fungi.     

植物染色体倍性鉴定方法研究进展

对植物染色体倍性的间接、直接鉴定方法进行了综述,并对各种方法的优越性和不足之处进行了评述．指出植物染色体倍性鉴定应因陋就简,多采用早期鉴定和破坏性较小的鉴定方法,同时各种鉴定方法综合运用．对不同植物采用不同的鉴定办法,为育种实践服务．     

采用倍性分析仪鉴定柑橘愈伤组织的遗传变异

使用倍性分析仪,对48种培养多年不同基因型的柑橘愈伤组织的细胞NDA含量进行了测定。结果发现,除了路比葡萄柚,尾张和金诺橘等3种愈伤组织变异较小,未出现第二个峰以外,有93.8%的基因型的愈伤组织的细胞均出现了DNA含量加倍的细胞,通过DPAC分析软件分析得知,凤梨甜橙三倍体,宁波金钳,长沙橘,鲁斯脐橙,国庆4号和卡特夏橙等6愈伤组织的细胞DNA含量还出现了三倍增加及非整倍增加的现象。在待测的48种愈伤组织中,DNA含量变异细胞的百分率最大者为凤梨甜橙三倍体,达18.51%,最小者为暗柳橙,为4.70%,通过取肯氏新复极差分析得知,不同基因型的DNA含量变异细胞的百分率之间存在差异显著性,在相同继代培养基和相同继代周期的条件下,培养时期对愈伤组织变异大小影响不显著。     

中国作物种质资源多样性

本文综述了中国作物种质资源的物种多样性和遗传多样性。按农艺学和用途可将中国作物分为8大类即粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物、饲用和绿肥作物、花卉作物、药用作物和林木作物。汇集了中国作物总计有840种（类）,涉及栽培物种1251个和野生近缘植物物种3308个,它们隶属176个科和619个属,这充分说明中国作物种质资源物种多样性相当丰富。依据中国作物的类型或变种多和性状变异幅度大,阐明了中国作物种质资源遗传多样性十分丰富。为中国作物种质资源的收集、保护、高效利用、创新、分类和遗传研究奠定了坚实基础,为生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。     

柑橘愈伤组织倍性变化及其与体细胞胚胎发生能力的关系

柑橘愈伤组织是细胞融合、遗传转化等生物技术研究的良好材料。本实验室通过近20年的工作,先后诱导和保存了近80份不同种类和品种的柑橘愈伤组织。这些愈伤组织在MT基本培养基上继代保存。在长期保存过程中,部分材料仍然保持较好的胚胎发生能力。为研究愈伤组织在继代过程中的染色体变异趋势以及这种变异对胚胎发生能力的影响,本文选择有代表性的35份材料作为试材,在4年中连续3次使用流式细胞仪,对细胞DNA含量进行测定。结果发现,待测的35种愈伤组织均存在部分细胞DNA含量加倍的现象,而且,随着时间的推移,除佩奇橘柚、沙漠蒂甜橙、鲁斯脐橙、印度酸橘等4种愈伤组织的DNA含量加倍的细胞有减少的趋势外,其他愈伤组织的DNA含量加倍的细胞均有增加的趋势。数据分析表明,在待测的35种愈伤组织中,有71．4％的基因型的愈伤组织细胞出现了多倍体细胞增加的趋势。对这35种柑橘愈伤组织进行体细胞胚诱导,发现只有9种愈伤组织具有不同程度的胚胎发生能力,其他26种愈伤组织不能再生。相关性分析表明,柑橘愈伤组织细胞DNA含量增加的细胞比例与体细胞胚胎发生能力之间的相关性较小,相关系数为忙-0．10（P〈0．01）,未达到显著水平。另外,柑橘胚性愈伤组织继代时间与体细胞胚胎发生能力之间的相关性也不显著。     

Relationship Between Ploidy Variation of Citrus Calli and Competence for Somatic Embryogenesis

This study focuses on the relationship between the genetic variation of calli and the competence for somatic embryogenesis in citrus. The DNA content of 35 citrus calli of different genotypes was measured three times by flow cytometry during a period of four years. The results showed that 71.4% of the genotypes had a progressive increase of varied cells, while those of Page tangelo, Shamouti sweet orange, Russ navel orange and Cleopatra decreased; significant difference in the variation degree (percentages) existed among genotypes. Studies carried out on the induction of somatic embryogenesis revealed that 9 out of the 35 genotypes had still kept the competence of somatic embryogenesis, and the rest 26 had lost the competence. Correlation analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between the variation degree and the embryogenesis competence r=−0.10 (P<0.01), neither for the relationship between the subculture duration and the regeneration capacity.     

Ploidy reduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Large-scale transitions in genome size from tetraploid to diploid were observed during a previous 1800-generation evolution experiment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Whether the transitions occurred via a one-step process (tetraploid to diploid) or through multiple steps (through ploidy intermediates) remained unclear. To provide insight into the mechanism involved, we investigated whether triploid-sized cells sampled from the previous experiment could also undergo ploidy loss. A batch culture experiment was conducted for approximately 200 generations, starting from four triploid-sized colonies and one contemporaneous tetraploid-sized colony. Ploidy reduction towards diploidy was observed in both triploid and tetraploid lines. Comparative genomic hybridization indicated the presence of aneuploidy in both the founder and the evolved colonies. The specific aneuploidies involved suggest that chromosome loss was not haphazard but that nearly full sets of chromosomes were lost at once, with some additional chromosome mis-segregation events. These results suggest the existence of a mitotic mechanism allowing the elimination of an entire set of chromosomes in S. cerevisiae, thereby reducing the ploidy level.