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Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is a promising climate change mitigation option. In this context, the formation of the relatively long-lived mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) is key. To date, soils are considered to be limited in their ability to accumulate MAOC, mainly by the amount of clay and silt particles present. Using the comprehensive German Agricultural Soil Inventory, we selected 189 samples with a wide range of SOC (5–118 g kg−1) and clay contents (30–770 g kg−1) to test whether there is a detectable upper limit of MAOC content. We found that the proportion of MAOC was surprisingly stable for soils under cropland and grassland use across the whole range of bulk SOC contents. Soil texture influenced the slope of the relationship between bulk SOC and MAOC, but no upper limit was observed in any texture class. Also, C content in the fine fraction (g C kg−1 fraction) was negatively correlated to fine fraction content (g kg−1 bulk soil). Both findings challenge the notion that MAOC accumulation is limited by soil fine fraction content per se. 相似文献
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FRANK HAGEDORN DIETER SPINNLER† MAYA BUNDT PETER BLASER ROLF SIEGWOLF‡ 《Global Change Biology》2003,9(6):862-872
The aim of this study was to estimate (i) the influence of different soil types on the net input of new C into soils under CO2 enrichment and (ii) the stability and fate of these new C inputs in soils. We exposed young beech–spruce model ecosystems on an acidic loam and calcareous sand for 4 years to elevated CO2. The added CO2 was depleted in 13C, allowing to trace new C inputs in the plant–soil system. We measured CO2‐derived new C in soil C pools fractionated into particle sizes and monitored respiration as well as leaching of this new C during incubation for 1 year. Soil type played a crucial role in the partitioning of C. The net input of new C into soils under elevated CO2 was about 75% greater in the acidic loam than in the calcareous sand, despite a 100% and a 45% greater above‐ and below‐ground biomass on the calcareous sand. This was most likely caused by a higher turnover of C in the calcareous sand as indicated by 30% higher losses of new C from the calcareous sand than from the acidic loam during incubation. Therefore, soil properties determining stabilization of soil C were apparently more important for the accumulation of C in soils than tree productivity. Soil fractionation revealed that about 60% of the CO2‐derived new soil C was incorporated into sand fractions. Low natural 13C abundance and wide C/N ratios show that sand fractions comprise little decomposed organic matter. Consistently, incubation indicated that new soil C was preferentially respired as CO2. During the first month, evolved CO2 consisted to 40–55% of new C, whereas the fraction of new C in bulk soil C was 15–23% only. Leaching of DOC accounted for 8–23% of the total losses of new soil C. The overall effects of CO2 enrichment on soil C were small in both soils, although tree growth increased significantly on the calcareous sand. Our results suggest that the potential of soils for C sequestration is limited, because only a small fraction of new C inputs into soils will become long‐term soil C. 相似文献
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盐沼湿地在缓解温室效应和应对气候变化方面发挥着重要作用,是重要的\"蓝碳\"生态系统。储存在盐沼湿地土壤中的有机碳(SOC)是盐沼湿地碳汇的主要成分,但受植被覆盖、土壤环境等生境要素变化的显著影响。以长江口崇明岛周缘的盐沼湿地为典型研究区域,分别测量了环岛不同样线和不同植被区SOC含量及环境因子(盐度、容重、碳氮比(C/N)等),在此基础上分析了盐沼湿地SOC储量的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地SOC含量和储量均存在明显的空间异质性,北侧的土壤SOC含量高于南侧,东北侧的SOC储量高于西南侧区域;(2)垂直各层上,SOC含量呈现随土层深度增加逐渐减少的趋势,表层0-50 cm深度的单位面积SOC储量大于50-100 cm深度;(3)植物类型和土壤理化因素(土壤C/N、土壤盐度、土壤容重等)在一定程度上影响了崇明岛周缘盐沼湿地土壤碳储量的空间格局。研究表明,受河口区植被和土壤理化性质等多种因素空间异质性的共同影响,盐沼湿地土壤SOC储量格局也易呈现空间差异,因此在开展盐沼湿地储碳机制研究、科学评估盐沼湿地储碳能力及实现盐沼\"蓝碳\"固碳增汇时应充分考虑区域间的环境和生态的空间异质性特征。 相似文献
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Soil organic carbon (SOC), the largest terrestrial carbon pool, plays a significant role in soil‐related ecosystem services such as climate regulation, soil fertility and agricultural production. However, its fate under land use change is difficult to predict. A major issue is that SOC comprised of numerous organic compounds with potentially distinct and poorly understood turnover properties. Here we use spatiotemporal measurements of the particulate (POC), mineral‐associated (MOC) and charred SOC (COC) fractions from 176 trials involving changes in land use to assess their underlying controls. We find that the initial pool sizes of each of the three fractions consistently and dominantly control their temporal dynamics after changes in land use (i.e. the baseline effects). The effects of climate, soil physicochemical properties and plant residues, however, are fraction‐ and time‐dependent. Climate and soil properties show similar importance for controlling the dynamics of MOC and COC, while plant residue inputs (in term of their quantity and quality) are much less important. For POC, plant residues and management practices (e.g. the frequency of pasture in crop‐pasture rotation systems) are substantially more important, overriding the influence of climate. These results demonstrate the pivotal role of measuring SOC composition and considering fraction‐specific stabilization and destabilization processes for effective SOC management and reliable SOC predictions. 相似文献
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潮汐盐沼湿地具有高的碳积累速率和低的CH_4排放量,是地球上最密集的碳汇之一。同时,气候变暖和海平面上升可能使得盐沼湿地更迅速的捕获和埋藏大气中的CO_2,因此盐沼湿地的\"蓝碳\"在减缓气候变化方面扮演着重要角色。潮汐盐沼湿地与其他湿地类型最大的区别和最显著的特征是在周期性潮汐作用下出现淹没和暴露,同时伴随盐分表聚与淋洗的干湿交替,可能是控制盐沼湿地碳交换过程和碳收支平衡的关键因素。但是,当前潮汐水动力过程及其周期性干湿交替对盐沼湿地碳交换关键过程和碳汇形成机制的影响尚不十分清楚。另外,以往相关研究通常孤立地考虑垂直方向上CO_2或CH_4交换或横向方向上的可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性无机碳(DIC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)交换通量对盐沼湿地碳平衡进行评估,显然不够准确。因此,为了精确评估和预测盐沼湿地蓝碳的吸存能力,必须系统研究潮汐不同阶段对盐沼湿地碳交换过程的影响;深入分析潮汐作用下盐沼湿地碳交换的微生物机制;关注潮汐水动力作用对盐沼湿地DOC、DIC和POC产生、释放以及向邻近水体输出的影响;阐明潮汐作用对盐沼湿地碳汇形成机制的影响;纳入潮汐水动力过程作为变量,建立盐沼湿地碳循环模型。 相似文献
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Jocelyn M. Lavallee Jennifer L. Soong M. Francesca Cotrufo 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(1):261-273
Managing soil organic matter (SOM) stocks to address global change challenges requires well‐substantiated knowledge of SOM behavior that can be clearly communicated between scientists, management practitioners, and policy makers. However, SOM is incredibly complex and requires separation into multiple components with contrasting behavior in order to study and predict its dynamics. Numerous diverse SOM separation schemes are currently used, making cross‐study comparisons difficult and hindering broad‐scale generalizations. Here, we recommend separating SOM into particulate (POM) and mineral‐associated (MAOM) forms, two SOM components that are fundamentally different in terms of their formation, persistence, and functioning. We provide evidence of their highly contrasting physical and chemical properties, mean residence times in soil, and responses to land use change, plant litter inputs, warming, CO2 enrichment, and N fertilization. Conceptualizing SOM into POM versus MAOM is a feasible, well‐supported, and useful framework that will allow scientists to move beyond studies of bulk SOM, but also use a consistent separation scheme across studies. Ultimately, we propose the POM versus MAOM framework as the best way forward to understand and predict broad‐scale SOM dynamics in the context of global change challenges and provide necessary recommendations to managers and policy makers. 相似文献
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在田间定位试验区 ,研究了不同施肥处理对表层红壤性水稻土微团聚体组成以及土壤有机碳在各级微团聚体中分布和赋存的影响。结果表明 ,红壤性水稻土中 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5 mm微团聚体所占比例最大 ,达 4 0 % ;其次是 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm和 0 .0 5～0 .1mm的微团聚体 ;>0 .2 mm微团聚体占的比例最小。长期施用无机肥 (NPK)、有机肥 (猪粪 紫云英绿肥 ) (OM)、无机肥与有机肥配施 (NPKM) ,能显著增加 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm微团聚体的含量而降低 <0 .0 0 2 m m微团聚体的含量。土壤有机碳含量与0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm微团聚体含量之间呈显著正相关关系 ;而与 <0 .0 0 2 mm微团聚体含量呈显著负相关关系。各级微团聚体有机碳含量从高到低顺序为 :>0 .2 mm,0 .1～ 0 .2 mm,<0 .0 0 2 m m,0 .0 5～ 0 .1m m,0 .0 0 2～ 0 .0 2 mm,0 .0 2～ 0 .0 5 m m。 OM、NPKM处理能显著增加 >0 .0 0 2 mm各级微团聚体有机碳的赋存量 ,新增加的有机碳主要向微团聚体 0 .1～ 0 .0 5 m m,0 .0 5～ 0 .0 2 mm和 0 .0 2～ 0 .0 0 2 mm富集 ,它们是土壤有机碳的主要载体。 3种施肥处理对提高土壤有机碳赋存效果高低顺序为 :NPKM>OM>NPK。 相似文献
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We measured the concentrations and isotopic values (14C and 13C) of dissolved inorganic, dissolved organic, and particulate organic carbon (DIC, DOC, and POC, respectively) in the Parker River watershed and estuary in Massachusetts, USA, to determine the age of carbon (C) entering the estuary and how estuarine processing affects the quantity and apparent age of C transported to the Gulf of Maine. The watershed measurements indicated the transport of 14C-enriched modern DIC and DOC and variably aged POC from the watershed to the estuary. The transport of organic matter from the watershed was dominated by DOC transport, with POC making up less than 10% of the total. Surveys within the watershed aimed at determining which land-use type dominated the DOC export indicated that wetlands, although they made up only around 20% of the land use, could be responsible for approximately 75% of the DOC export. We therefore conclude that the wetland land uses of the Parker River watershed are exporting mainly 14C-enriched modern DOC. DIC isotopes indicate that the source of DIC in the Parker River watershed is dominated by the weathering of noncarbonate parent material by 14C-enriched carbon dioxide (CO2) originating from the respiration of young organic matter in soils. Transects in the estuary displayed net additions of all C species. For DOC and DIC, the export of this internally added DOC and DIC was approximately equal to the amount being exported from the watershed, showing the importance of focusing on estuaries when estimating the export of C to the coastal ocean. With respect to DIC, the total input is even larger when the atmospheric exchange of excess pCO2 is calculated. The 14C-DOC and 14C-DIC transects indicate that the internally added DOC and DIC is 14C-enriched modern material. The source of this material is the fringing marshes and estuarine phytoplankton, with the relative importance of these two sources changing over time. Taken together, the bulk C and 14C measurements show that the estuary is adding significant quantities of young DOC despite the presence of vast quantities of old marsh peat flanking the entire estuary. Furthermore, the DIC data indicate that 14C-enriched modern material is what is fueling the majority of heterotrophic respiration within the system. 相似文献
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Tidal marshes have a large capacity for producing and storing organic matter, making their role in the global carbon budget disproportionate to land area. Most of the organic matter stored in these systems is in soils where it contributes 2–5 times more to surface accretion than an equal mass of minerals. Soil organic matter (SOM) sequestration is the primary process by which tidal marshes become perched high in the tidal frame, decreasing their vulnerability to accelerated relative sea level rise (RSLR). Plant growth responses to RSLR are well understood and represented in century‐scale forecast models of soil surface elevation change. We understand far less about the response of SOM decomposition to accelerated RSLR. Here we quantified the effects of flooding depth and duration on SOM decomposition by exposing planted and unplanted field‐based mesocosms to experimentally manipulated relative sea level over two consecutive growing seasons. SOM decomposition was quantified as CO2 efflux, with plant‐ and SOM‐derived CO2 separated via δ13CO2. Despite the dominant paradigm that decomposition rates are inversely related to flooding, SOM decomposition in the absence of plants was not sensitive to flooding depth and duration. The presence of plants had a dramatic effect on SOM decomposition, increasing SOM‐derived CO2 flux by up to 267% and 125% (in 2012 and 2013, respectively) compared to unplanted controls in the two growing seasons. Furthermore, plant stimulation of SOM decomposition was strongly and positively related to plant biomass and in particular aboveground biomass. We conclude that SOM decomposition rates are not directly driven by relative sea level and its effect on oxygen diffusion through soil, but indirectly by plant responses to relative sea level. If this result applies more generally to tidal wetlands, it has important implications for models of SOM accumulation and surface elevation change in response to accelerated RSLR. 相似文献
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土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力已成为全球气候变化和陆地生态系统研究的重点。草地土壤有机碳库,作为陆地土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,其较小幅度的波动,将会影响整个陆地生态系统碳循环,进而影响全球气候变化。因此,深入研究草地土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力对于适应和减缓气候变化具有重要意义。在土壤固碳潜力相关概念界定基础上,结合《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》,从样点及区域尺度上综述了目前关于草地土壤固碳潜力的一般估算方法,同时对各类方法的特点及适用性进行了评述,提出了草地生态系统固碳潜力研究概念模型。最后在对草地土壤固碳的影响因素及固碳措施总结的基础上,阐明了草地土壤有机碳固定研究中存在的问题和发展前景。 相似文献
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桑思月;杨沂杰;赵京东;乌云娜;吕林有;宋彦涛 《生态学杂志》2025,44(3):884-891
以辽西北农牧交错带退化草地为研究对象;研究土壤有机碳含量、储量以及土壤固碳能力随围封年限的变化特征。结果表明: 围封6年后0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量增加了18.6%。随围封年限的增加;土壤有机碳含量、储量均呈现下降-上升-下降-上升的“W”型的变化趋势;围封3年、6年时;土壤固碳潜力较高。相关性分析结果表明;0～10 cm土壤有机碳储量与土壤pH呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;与凋落物量、地上生物量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;10～20 cm土壤有机碳储量与凋落物量呈显著正相关、与植物优势度指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。短期围封（6年）通过增加地上生物量促进土壤有机碳的积累;同时通过降低土壤pH减缓有机碳分解;从而增加土壤有机碳含量和固碳潜力。本研究为辽西北退化草地的生态恢复提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
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Amount, composition, and rate of turnover of soil organic carbon (SOC) in mountainous cold regions is largely unknown, making predictions of future responses of this carbon (C) to changing environmental conditions uncertain. We hypothesized increasing amounts and declining turnover times of soil organic matter (SOM) under permanent grassland with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. Samples from an irrigated transect in the Swiss Alps (880 to 2200 m elevation, mean annual temperatures +8.9 to +0.9 °C) were analyzed. Soil C stocks ranged from 49 to 96 t C ha−1 (0–20 cm) and were not related to elevation, though the highest site stored least C. Particulate organic carbon (POC) increased significantly with elevation and accounted for > 80% of the total soil C at 2200 m (0–5 cm). Mean residence times (MRTs) of POC computed by means of radiocarbon dating were in the order of years to decades and were positively related to elevation in the topsoil. At higher elevations, the estimated total C flux through the soil profile mainly depended on this fraction. MRT of mineral-associated matter ranged from decades to centuries and was not systematically related to elevation, but positively related to the soil mineral surface area and it increased with soil depth. Turnover rates from simulations with the soil C model RothC exceeded those from 14 C measurements by a factor of 1.7–3.3 which suggests that C dynamics at these sites is overestimated by the model. Size of model pools and amount of C in soil fractions were only weakly correlated, thereby challenging previously postulated hypotheses concerning the correspondence of pools and fractions for grasslands at higher elevations. 相似文献
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Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel Richard Webster Elisabeth N. Bui Jeff A. Baldock 《Global Change Biology》2014,20(9):2953-2970
We can effectively monitor soil condition—and develop sound policies to offset the emissions of greenhouse gases—only with accurate data from which to define baselines. Currently, estimates of soil organic C for countries or continents are either unavailable or largely uncertain because they are derived from sparse data, with large gaps over many areas of the Earth. Here, we derive spatially explicit estimates, and their uncertainty, of the distribution and stock of organic C in the soil of Australia. We assembled and harmonized data from several sources to produce the most comprehensive set of data on the current stock of organic C in soil of the continent. Using them, we have produced a fine spatial resolution baseline map of organic C at the continental scale. We describe how we made it by combining the bootstrap, a decision tree with piecewise regression on environmental variables and geostatistical modelling of residuals. Values of stock were predicted at the nodes of a 3‐arc‐sec (approximately 90 m) grid and mapped together with their uncertainties. We then calculated baselines of soil organic C storage over the whole of Australia, its states and territories, and regions that define bioclimatic zones, vegetation classes and land use. The average amount of organic C in Australian topsoil is estimated to be 29.7 t ha?1 with 95% confidence limits of 22.6 and 37.9 t ha?1. The total stock of organic C in the 0–30 cm layer of soil for the continent is 24.97 Gt with 95% confidence limits of 19.04 and 31.83 Gt. This represents approximately 3.5% of the total stock in the upper 30 cm of soil worldwide. Australia occupies 5.2% of the global land area, so the total organic C stock of Australian soil makes an important contribution to the global carbon cycle, and it provides a significant potential for sequestration. As the most reliable approximation of the stock of organic C in Australian soil in 2010, our estimates have important applications. They could support Australia's National Carbon Accounting System, help guide the formulation of policy around carbon offset schemes, improve Australia's carbon balances, serve to direct future sampling for inventory, guide the design of monitoring networks and provide a benchmark against which to assess the impact of changes in land cover, land management and climate on the stock of C in Australia. In this way, these estimates would help us to develop strategies to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change. 相似文献
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基于华北地区3个长期定位试验站点（河南郑州、山东禹城和河北曲周）的试验数据,用站点实测作物产量和土壤有机碳（SOC）双标准对Daycent模型进行校验和验证.结果表明： 模型参数组合对作物产量和SOC的长期变化动态拟合效果良好,表明Daycent模型可较好地模拟作物产量和SOC的动态变化.用校验和验证了的模型对3个站点在气候情景RCP 4.5下4种不同管理措施（单施化肥NPK、化肥+有机肥MNPK、秸秆还田SNPK、免耕+秸秆NT）下SOC的变化动态进行模拟.结果表明： 郑州站点NPK、MNPK、SNPK处理中,MNPK处理的SOC相对年平均增幅最高,2001—2050年间的SOC年增幅达1.7%,其次为SNPK处理（年均增幅为1.3%）和NPK处理（年均增幅为0.8%）,从长远角度看,增施有机肥对灌溉轻壤土有机碳的增加有明显效果.在禹城站点,研究期间,MNPK处理的SOC年均增幅（0.4%）高于NPK处理（0.3%）,由于该站点土壤有轻度盐化特征,因此各措施下SOC的增幅较低.在曲周站点,NT处理更有利于SOC的增加,研究期间的SOC年均增幅达1.3%,远高于SNPK处理（0.7%）和NPK处理（0.4%）.华北地区气温适宜、灌溉条件好、具备秸秆还田及免耕机械条件,免耕+秸秆还田是该地区增加SOC的较好农作管理措施. 相似文献
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Yu-Qiang Tian Xing-Liang Xu Ming-Hua Song Cai-Ping Zhou Qiong Gao Hua Ouyang 《植物学报(英文版)》2009,51(9):900-905
Soil carbon sequestration was estimated in a conifer forest and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau using a carbon-14 radioactive label provided by thermonuclear weapon tests (known as bomb-14 C). Soil organic matter was physically separated into light and heavy fractions. The concentration spike of bomb-14 C occurred at a soil depth of 4 cm in both the forest soil and the alpine meadow soil. Based on the depth of the bomb-14 C spike, the carbon sequestration rate was determined to be 38.5 g C/m2 per year for the forest soil and 27.1 g C/m2 per year for the alpine meadow soil. Considering that more than 60% of soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored in the heavy fraction and the large area of alpine forests and meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, these alpine ecosystems might partially contribute to \"the missing carbon sink\". 相似文献
17.
毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转过程土壤颗粒固碳效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为揭示毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转过程中土壤颗粒的固碳效应,选择陕北榆林治沙区从流沙地、半固定沙地到林龄为20～55年生的灌木和20～50年生的乔木固沙林地,采用物理分组法分析了土壤砂粒、粉粒、黏粒结合碳的演变特征和累积速率.结果表明: 对比流沙地,土壤总有机碳及各颗粒碳含量在两种固沙林地均呈显著增加趋势,并以表层0～5 cm土壤碳含量增幅最高.从流沙地到55年生灌木和50年生乔木固沙林地,0～5 cm土层砂粒碳密度增速均为0.05 Mg·hm-2·a-1,粉粒碳密度增速分别为0.05和0.08 Mg·hm-2·a-1,而黏粒碳密度增速分别为0.02和0.03 Mg·hm-2·a-1.0～20 cm土层,两种林地各颗粒碳密度增速平均为0～5 cm土层的2.1倍.按此增速到50～55年生的固沙林地时,两种林地0～20 cm土层的砂粒碳、粉粒碳和黏粒碳密度分别比流沙地平均提高6.7、18.1、4.4倍,并且颗粒碳对总有机碳的累积贡献率平均为粉粒碳(39.7%)≈砂粒碳(34.6%)>黏粒碳(25.6%).综上,毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转过程土壤颗粒均表现出显著的固碳效应,且以砂粒和粉粒为主要固碳组分. 相似文献
18.
城市化过程带来的土地利用变化和环境污染是全球变化的重要方面,城市为人们了解人类与自然复合生态系统对全球变化的影响及其对全球变化的响应过程提供一个独特的\"天然实验室\"。陆地生态系统碳循环是全球变化研究的热点领域之一,然而,人们对城市在全球碳循环中的作用和影响知之甚少,城市土壤碳循环研究处于起步阶段。介绍了城市土壤的主要特性和碳循环特征,指出强烈的人为作用是其最突出的特点;综述了城市土壤碳库、碳通量和碳固持研究方面取得的进展;探讨了城市化过程中土地利用变化、土壤中生物及土壤管护措施、城市小气候、大气污染沉降和土壤污染等对土壤碳循环的影响;提出未来城市碳循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市土壤碳循环机制研究、创新研究范式和研究方法、并将研究成果与城市景观规划与设计相结合,提升城市土壤碳管理能力。 相似文献
19.
为了考查繁殖期不同性别鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的运动能力及生理代谢特征,在20±1℃条件下,分别依次测定1龄且处于繁殖第Ⅲ期不同性别实验鱼的快速启动、临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、静止代谢率(MO2rest)、最大运动代谢率(MO2active)及运动过程中的代谢率(MO2)。结果表明:鲫鱼雌鱼与雄鱼的临界游泳速度(Ucrit)分别为6.97±0.22、7.29±0.31BL.s-1,差异不显著;雌、雄鱼快速启动中的最大运动速度(Vmax)分别为20.48±0.69、20.40±1.09BL.s-1,无显著差异,同时它们的最大加速度(amax)、反应时间、120ms内移动距离同样均无显著差异;雌鱼与雄鱼的MO2rest差异不显著;MO2active与代谢空间(△MO2)分别为341.92±22.59、307.50±22.66mgO2.kg-1.h-1和257.18±18.51、220.20±18.95mgO2.kg-1.h-1,前者均显著高于后者(P<0.01)。可见,处于繁殖Ⅲ期的鲫鱼雌鱼与雄鱼的Ucrit及快速启动均无显著差异;并且雌鱼有氧运动能力的维持存在功率补偿。 相似文献