百合科六属十五种植物的细胞学研究

本文对云南西北部百合科6属15种的染色体和核型进行了报道。 (1)Clintonia udensis Trautv．et Mey间期核属于浓密分散型,前期染色体属于渐变型,分裂中期体细胞染色体2n=14=8m+4sm+2st(2SAT),核型不对称性属于2A型;(2)鹿药属四个种间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Smilacina henryi(Baker)Wang et Tang,2n=36=12m+16sm+6st+2t(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina fusca Wall., 2n=36=14m(2SAT)+12sm+10st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2B型; Smilacina tatsienensis(Franch．)Wang et Tang, 2n=36=22m+2sm+2st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina atropurpurea(Franch．)Wang et Tang,2n=36=18m+6sm(2SAT)+12st,核型不对称性属于2C型;(3)黄精属四个种的间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Polygonatum kingianum Coll．et Hesml．,2n=30=12m(2SAT) +6sm+lst+2t, 核型不对称性属于2C型; Polygonatum cirrhifolium(Wall．) Royal,2n=30=10m+4sm+12st+4t, 3C型; Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, 2n=78=24m(2SAT)+14sm(6SAT)+40st, 核型不对称性属于3C 型; Polygonatum cathcartii Baker,2n=32=12m+6sm+10st+2t+2bs,核型不对称性属于2C型;(4)百合属,假百合属,豹子花属三个属的间期核和前期染色体形态相似,都属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体 细胞染色体分别为Lilium henricii Franch,2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+10st+10t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Lilium bakerianum Coll．et Hesml．var． rubrum Stearn, 2n=24=4m (2SAT)+10st+10t(2SAT),核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis bilouensis Liang 2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+12st+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis pardanthina Franch．,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+12st (2SAT)+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis sauluensis Balf, f.,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+10st(2SAT)+10t,核型不对称性属于3B型;Notholirion campanulatum Cotton et Stearn2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+14st(2SAT)+6t,核型不对称性属于3A型。     

直瓣苣苔属、筒花苣苔属和吊石苣苔属4个种的核形态学研究

本文报道了苦苣苔科直瓣苣苔属Ancylostemon、筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis和吊石苣苔属Lysionotus 中4个种的染色体数目和核形态。凹瓣苣苔A．aureus的染色体数目为n=34,与其近缘种凸瓣苣苔 A．convexus的染色体数目相同。该种的核型公式为2n=20m(1sat)+14sm,核型类型属于2A。间期核 为复杂染色中心型(complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为近基型(proximal type) 我国特有单种属筒花苣苔属Briggsiopsis的间期核为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞有丝分裂前期的染色体为中间—渐变型(interstitial—gradient type);核型公式为2n=34=25m +6sm+3st,与近缘类群——粗筒苣苔属Briggsia染色体数目2n=34,68相比,无论染色体数目还是核 型均显示比较原始的特征。吊石苣苔属的蒙自吊石苣苔L．carnosus和翅茎吊石苣苔L．serratus D． Don var．pterocaulis的核型公式分别是2n=30=21m+5sm+3st+1t和2n=32=21m+10sm+1t。核 型类型分别属于2A和2B。间期核均为简单—复杂染色中心型(simple-complex chromocenter type);细胞 有丝分裂前期的染色体为渐变型(gradient type)。     

鸡骨常山属三个种的核形态

研究了鸡骨常山属（Alstonia）3个种的核形态,其中盆架树（A.rostrata）的核型属首次报道,3个种的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=42,且糖胶树（A.scholaris）和鸡骨常山（A.yunnanensis）的染色体数目同前人报道的2n=44不同。盆架树的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为棒状前染色体型和中间型,核型公式为2n=42=3M＋21m＋18sm,核型不对称性类型为2A型。糖胶树的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为球状前染色体型和中间型,核型公式为2n=42=14m＋24sm＋4st,核型不对称性类型为3A型。鸡骨常山的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体分别为复杂染色体中央粒型和中间型,核型公式为2n=42=5m＋37sm,核型不对称性类型为3B型。根据核形态结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了该属几个种的系统位置及演化趋势。     

毒药树属的核型及其系统学意义

研究了单型属毒药树属Sladerua的核型,并与被认为有关的狭义山茶科、厚皮香科和猕猴桃科等进行了核型比较。毒药树属的体细胞中期染色体数目为2n=48,核型公式2n=4x=48=4M 36m 8sm,核型为2A型,没有发现随体和次缢痕。体细胞间期核为浓密分散型,前期核为中间型。结果表明,毒药树属与相关类群不但在染色体基数上有差异,而且在染色体大小、核型、间期核、前期核以及随体的有无等方面都不尽相同。研究结果不支持目前分子研究的观点,即把毒药树属放在厚皮香科,且认为它与猕猴桃科和狭义山茶科的亲缘关系也较远。     

浙江产7种菝葜的染色体研究

本文报道浙江产菝葜属smilax 7个种的染色体数目和核型。S．nipponica有两种核型,2n＝26和2n=32,均为3B型,但后一种细胞型的雄株的第一对染色体大小不等,可能为性染色体;S.riparia 2n=30,属3B型;S．siebodii n＝16;S. china有两个染色体数目,2n＝96 和n＝15;S. davidiana 2n=32,属3B型,对减数分裂MI的观察发现n＝16;S．glabra 2n=32,亦属3B型：S. nervo-marginata var．liukiuensis 2n=32,属3C型。讨论了种间在核型上的差异、属的基数、核型演化趋势和性染色体等问题。     

五种橐吾属植物的核型研究

首次报道了5种国产橐吾属植物的核型,结果如下：东俄洛橐吾(Ligularia tongolensis)核型为2n=58=32m 14sm 12st;侧茎橐吾(L.pleurocaulis)四川稻城居群核型为2n=58=24m 32sm 2st 3～5B,云南中甸居群核型为2n=58=36m 22sm;云南橐吾(L．yunnanensis)核型为2n=58=28m 30sm;叶状鞘橐吾(L．phyllocolea)核型为2n=58=30m 24sm 4st 1B;浅苞橐吾(L．cynthceps)核型为2n=58=24m 34sm。5种橐吾染色体数目都为58。在叶状鞘橐吾和四川稻城产侧茎橐吾中发现有B染色体存在,这在以前对橐吾属及近缘属植物的核型研究中未见报道。     

假橐吾属(菊科：千里光族)的核形态研究

首次发表假橐吾属Ligulariopsis Y．L．Chen的核形态研究结果。染色体间期为复杂型,前期染色体为中间型。染色体长度从2．70μm到4．70μm,平均长度为3．62μm,无明显的二型性;核型公式为2n=58=34m+18am(2sat)+6st,核型类型属于2A 。假橐吾属的核型和蟹甲草属与橐吾属相似,但假橐吾属具有较多的亚中部、中部着丝点染色体。     

横断山及邻近地区风毛菊属三个种的核形态学

对风毛菊属(Saussurea)3种植物进行了核形态学研究.昂头风毛菊(Saussurea sobarocephala)核型公式为:2n=2x=34=6m 26sm 2st;弯齿风毛菊(Saussurea puewalskii)核型公式为:2n=2x=32=12m 14sm 6st;三角叶风毛菊(Saussurea deltoidea)核型公式为:为:2n=2x=34:26m 8sm,染色体数2n:34与前人报道一致.3种植物中,除三角叶风毛菊的核型不对称性为1B型外,另两种的核型不对称性均属于3B型.它们的间期核均为复杂染色体型,前期染色体为中间型.     

沙芥属植物染色体数及核型分析

以沙芥属植物根尖为材料,采用常规压片法,对其染色体数及其核型进行分析,结果表明:本属植物间期核特征为前染色体核型;染色体均为二倍体,沙芥染色体数为2n=2x=22,基数为x=11,宽翅沙芥、斧形沙芥、距果沙芥和齿冠沙芥染色体数为2n=2x=20,基数为x=10;染色体有亚中部着丝点染色体(sm)和中部着丝点染色体(m)2种;沙芥、距果沙芥属于2A型,宽翅沙芥、斧形沙芥、齿冠沙芥属于1A型,本属植物的核型均为首次报道。根据核型特征进行聚类分析,将染色体数为2n=2x=20的沙芥属4种植物分为两类:第一类距果沙芥;第二类包括宽翅沙芥、斧形沙芥、齿冠沙芥。     

中国西南地区鹿药属4种15居群核型研究

对产于中国西南部的鹿药属（Maianthemum）4种植物进行了细胞学研究,包括染色体数目,多倍化,非整倍性和随体染色体,以及核型不对称性和核型进化。结果表明：1）除了在云南丽江采集的Maianthemum tatsienensis染色体数目为2n=72之外,其余的居群全为2n=36;2）核型在居群间存在变异,特别是在具中部染色体和近中部染色体的数目以及随体染色体的数目和位置上。此外,M．nanchuanense和M．szechuanicum的核型是首次报道,B染色体也是首次在该属中发现。我们推测鹿药属的进化方式包括频繁的染色体畸变以及不同水平上的多倍化,而中国西南部是该属的分化中心。     

广西植物区系新资料

经室内鉴定,共发现广西维管植物分布新记录12种1变种,即滇越水龙骨、云南穗花杉、安顺润楠、三开瓢、毛花松下兰、秀丽兔儿风、杯药草、长梗吊石苣苔、三苞蛛毛苣苔、唇萼苣苔、流苏蜘蛛抱蛋、宽叶线柱兰、长距美冠兰,其中杯药草属和唇萼苣苔属为广西分布新记录属,云南穗花杉为国家一级重点保护植物。列出了每个种的标本引证和地理分布。     

云南穗花杉的遗传多样性研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对云南穗花杉(Amentotaxus yunnanensis)4个居群和台湾穗花杉似(Amentotaxus for9rmosana)1个居群共104个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。9个随机引物共扩增出清晰谱带143条。云南穗花杉在物种水平上遗传多样性较高(多态位点百分率P为79．0％,基因多样性指数He为0．2718),但云南穗花杉和台湾穗花杉居群内遗传多样性均较低(P为18．0％、6．9％;He为0．0688、0．0198)。云南穗花杉居群间遗传分化强烈(AMOVA,GST和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．7611,0．7503和0．7526)。据推测,第四纪冰川引起的瓶颈效应,小规模居群引起的遗传漂变及幼苗成活率低等因素都加剧了居群间的遗传分化。建议对所研究的云南穗花杉全部居群予以保护,特别是对云南西畴和贵州兴义市七舍两个具有相对较高遗传多样性的居群应该优先建立就地保护点,以达到最大限度保存云南穗花杉遗传多样性的目的。     

Isolation and characterization of 15 microsatellite loci in four endangered Amentotaxus species (Taxaceae)

? Premise of the study: Fifteen microsatellite loci were developed in an endangered species, Amentotaxus formosana, and were tested in an additional three species, A. argotaenia, A. yunnanensis, and A. poilanei, to evaluate the population structure for conservation efforts and reconstruct the phylogeographic patterns of this ancient lineage. ? Methods and Results: Polymorphic primer sets were developed from A. formosana; the number of alleles ranged from two to 10, with an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0 to 0.60. All of the loci were found to be interspecifically amplifiable. ? Conclusions: These polymorphic and transferable loci will be potentially useful for future studies that will focus on identifying distinct genetic units within species and establishing the phylogeographic patterns and the process of speciation among closely related species.     

干旱胁迫下AMF对云南蓝果树叶片解剖结构的影响

苯菌灵为杀真菌剂,在土壤含水量为32.32％、29.63％、25.86％、19.39％、12.93％和6.46％的条件下,分别添加苯菌灵和不添加苯菌灵,形成“低AMF”和“高AMF”处理。该研究以云南蓝果树幼苗叶片为材料,利用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌( AMF)对云南蓝果树幼苗叶片解剖结构及抗旱性的影响。结果表明：添加苯菌灵处理显著降低了不同水分处理条件下AMF侵染率,随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,云南蓝果树幼苗根部的AMF侵染率显著降低。轻度胁迫条件下(土壤含水量为29.63％),叶片解剖结构参数未发生显著变化;土壤含水量低于25.86％,云南蓝果树幼苗表现出较高的抗旱性,苯菌灵处理可以显著影响叶片角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度和上表皮厚度等7个叶片结构指标,证明了高AMF可以增强代表云南蓝果树幼苗叶片抗旱性的结构性状。土壤含水量为25.86％、19.39％和12.93％时苯菌灵处理的效果较土壤含水量为6.46％时更显著,这是因为6.46％的土壤含水量严重抑制AMF的侵染,说明AMF侵染程度会影响云南蓝果树幼苗的抗旱性。进一步用隶属函数值法对10个叶片性状进行综合评价,发现高AMF处理可增强云南蓝果树幼苗的抗旱性。该研究结果为AMF在濒危物种云南蓝果树保护过程中的合理利用提供了理论依据。     

极小种群物种云南肉豆蔻的群落结构及其种群现状

云南肉豆蔻仅分布于云南南部局部区域的季节雨林中,作为国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物与中国120个极小种群物种之一,目前尚未开展过种群学研究。该研究根据建立于1993年的固定样地监测资料,对西双版纳州勐腊县6块50 m×50 m季节雨林样地中的云南肉豆蔻与样地中重要值较大的其他乔木树种进行比较,确定云南肉豆蔻的群落地位,并根据样地建立初期抽样调查的云南肉豆蔻幼苗、幼树推测出当年样地中实生苗的数量并与2016年的调查数量进行比较。结果表明:样地中胸径≥5 cm的木本植物共有223种,隶属于56科140属。云南肉豆蔻的分布海拔可达到850 m,高于文献记载;6块样地中胸径≥5 cm的云南肉豆蔻共有16株,数量虽少,但是重要值相对较大,单种平均胸径高于样地平均水平;然而云南肉豆蔻生长缓慢、径级主要集中于小径级,23年间只记载1株进界木;其核果主要靠重力和动物搬运传播,果实被动物啃食且不易保存导致云南肉豆蔻幼苗及幼树数量较少、种群更新困难。该研究结果为云南肉豆蔻的保护研究提供了基本依据。     

云南松根际pH与不同磷水平下云南松幼苗根际pH变化

通过滇中红壤区域现实林分中不同林龄云南松根际与非根际土的pH分析和不同磷处理水平下培养的云南松幼苗根际pH的测定,探讨了云南松根际pH以及不同磷水平下云南松幼苗根际pH变化。结果表明,低磷环境下云南松根际土和非根际土的pH值在3．49～3．79之间;云南松根际土pH明显低于非根际土,二者之间的差异极显著,但在不同林龄组间差异不明显;云南松幼苗能使根系周围pH下降,随着供磷水平的降低,云南松幼苗根系使根际pH降低的能力加强。本试验对云南松的研究结果与对其它一些树种进行研究所取得的结果有所不同,根际酸化是云南松适应低磷环境的有效反应之一。     

细叶云南松天然种源林遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用12对SSR引物对三个不同种源的细叶云南松群体遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明:共检测到13个位点37个等位基因,每个位点平均观察等位基因数(A)为2.85,多态率为100%;平均有效等位基因数(Ne)1.45。各群体内的有效等位基因数平均为1.447,观察杂合度平均为0.341,期望杂合度平均为0.281。三个群体的Nei’s基因多样度指标的变化范围为0.256~0.297,Shannon多样性指数变化范围为0.448~0.484,各群体间的多态性水平差异不大。细叶云南松群体间的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.089,群体间的遗传分化水平较低,大部分变异均存在群体内。细叶云南松群体间的基因流(Nm)在不同位点的变化范围从4.693~122.189,平均为11.17。说明细叶云南松群体间存在比较充分的基因交流。     

云南松形态和叶片碳氮磷化学计量及其海拔变化特征

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch.)是我国西南地区特有的物种,在当地的经济、生态和水土保持功能方面占有重要地位。本研究以云南东北部不同海拔的云南松天然次生林为对象,测定了成年植株的胸径、株高、叶片长度、干重、比叶长及叶片碳、氮、磷含量,分析了不同海拔下叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征。结果表明:随海拔升高,胸径、株高、叶P含量和叶C∶N呈现"中间高,两头低"的趋势,而叶C∶P和N∶P呈现的趋势与叶P和叶C∶N的相反;云南松叶片单束松针长、比叶长、叶C、N随海拔升高呈明显降低的趋势,而单束松针重呈增加的趋势;各海拔的N∶P值(平均值为5.82±0.10)均小于14,且与植株胸径、株高呈显著负相关;该地区云南松对海拔具有较强的适应性,植株生长主要受N元素的营养限制,该结果支持生长速率假说。本研究揭示了云南松化学计量特征的空间格局变化规律,为云南松林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

四川青城山穗花杉种群和群落特征的初步研究

本文对四川省都江堰市青城山境内的穗花杉群落进行了初步研究,首次揭示了穗花杉群落和种群的基本特征．穗花杉种群具明显的增长型特征,处于良好的发育状态,其空间分布格局为集群型,其生态习性为显著的耐阴性和岩生性．穗花杉植物群落植物区系成分表现为古老性、残遗性和特有性的有机融合,群落内有维管束植物１１１种．其中热带区系成分占优势．生活型话以常绿高位芽植物为主．而其中又以常绿小高位芽和常绿中高位芽植物占优势．群落中植物叶的性质亦与常绿阔叶林相似。由于常绿针叶植物穗花村在群落中居优势地位,因此作者认为该群落是亚热带常绿阔叶林中的一类特殊群落类型。     

A Contribution to Pollination and Fertilization of Amentotaxus argotaenta

The present investigation was conducted during 1980–1982, and mater- ials collected from Jin-Fo shan (Golden Buddha Mountain), at a height of 1400-1600 m, Sichuan province, China. Pollination of Amentotaxus argotaenia began to proceed last week of May, and came into bloom the first week of June. The male strobiles were almost entirely wilting at June 12–15. Thus, florescence of Amentotaxus spread over a period of 3 weeks. While the pollen grains approaching to maturity, most of the microspores divide to form a larger tube cell and a smaller antheridial initial. In this case the mature pollen grains of Amentotaxus consist of two cells. Then pollen grains are attracted down into the pollen chamber in the apex of the nucellus after pollination. The pollen chamber of Amentotaxus in longitudinal section looks like a flask in shape and is very much similar to that of Ginkgo biloba. As pollen grains at pollen chamber begin to germinate, the antheridial initials divide again to give rise to a spermatogenous cell and a sterile cell. At first, the spermatogenous cell is of a size only 11–13 μ in diameter. When the pollen tube reaches the middle part of the nucellus, the spermatogeneous cell is of a size about 30 μ. In the middle of July, pollen tube approaches the top of the female gametophyte. In this time, the spermatogenous cell has already been mature enough and is of 58–85 μ in diameter. The nuclei of spermatogenous ceils, 30–36 μ in size, are usually lying in the lateral side of the cytoplasm at its micropylar end. From the middle to the end of July, spermatogenous cells divide to form two unequal sperms, one of which is larger than the other and is the functional one. The large sperm is almost round in shape and about 56 μ in diameter. The small sperm is elliptic in shape, non-functional, and about 33 μ in diameter. The nuclei of the large and small sperms are about 40 μ and 26 μ, respectively. In some cases there are lateral pollen tube and sperms in the ovules of Amentotaxus, or the pollen tube even grows toward the lower part of female gametophyte in the chalazal end and there are well developed sperms in such a case. In the middle of July, nucleus of the central cell divides to form a ventral canal nucleus and an egg nucleus. The former then breaks down quickly and the latter continues to develope and moves toward the central part of the egg cell gradually. It is interesting to note that there are a number of nucleolus-like grains in the cytoplasm of the egg cell in Amentotaxus. The large nueleolus-like grains contain a larger central vacuole with several smaller vacuoles surrounding it. These grains show a positive reaction and blue colour by PAS and aniline blue black or coomassie brilliant blue, respectively. The above facts show that the nucleolus-like grains contain not only po- lysaccharides, but also protein. Similar grains may also found in the developing pollen tube. This is a unique feature in Amentotaxus and even in Gymnosperms. Otherwise, there are often two groups of the dense cytoplasm under the egg nucleus in Amentotaxus. Fertilization of Amentotaxus took place around July 20–29 (1980–1982). Interval between pollination and fertilization was about two months. After male nucleus fuses entirely with the female nucleus, the zygote begins to divide by mitosis. During fertilization, in addition that the large sperm enters the egg cell and fuses with the egg nucleus, the small sperm, tube nucleus, and sterile cell are often delivered into the egg cell. But they are disintegrated gradual]y and eventually. It is worthy to note that the nucleolus-like grains and the starches in pollen tube are also released into the egg cell. Then enlargement, fusion, and budding in the nucleolus-like grains may be found within the cytoplasm of the egg cell after fertilization. The history of investigating Amentotaxus found in 1883 has been lasting a long period of 100 years. But researches in sex production has never been studied before. The present work has shown that fertilization in Araentotaxus is very much similar to that in Taxus, Pseudotaxus, and Torreya. In other words, they all belong to the same type, that is, mitosis of zygote taking place after fusion of the two sexual nuclei. This condition constitutes one of the features of Taxaceae. But fertilization in Cephalotaxaceae is different from that of Taxaceae in having mitosis taking place before fusion of the two sexual nuclei. Pollination of Amentotaxus is similar to that of Cephalotaxus with dual-cell pollen grains at shedding stage. On the other hand, interval between pollination and fertilization in Austrotaxus lasts for 13.5 months, and this is the longest one in Taxaceae, and it is similar to that of Cephalotaxus proceeding for 14 months. To sum up, from the point of view of pollination, fertilization, and embryogenesis, Amentotaxus could be considered a primitive type in Taxaceae. Perhaps an order of systematic position of the genera belonging to Taxaceae can be arranged thus: Amentotaxus, Austrotaxus, Taxus, Pseudotaxus, and Torreya. And Cephalotaxaceae may be related to Taxaceae by way of Amentotaxus.