Anthocyanins of the Sterculiaceae

No uncommon anthocyanins were detected among 13 taxa (sig genera) of the Sterculiaceae. Floral pigments appear to be of little systematic utility in this family.     

Anthocyanins of the Fouquieriaceae

Species of the Fouquieriaceae cluster into four groups on the basis of floral anthocyanin content. The four clusters agree with species groupings based on morphological characters. Floral anthocyanins support a close relationship between the Fouquieriaceae and the Solanales.     

Anthocyanins of the Sterculiaceae: Flavonoid scores and Hennigian phylogenetic systematics

Published results of the distribution of anthocyanins in the Sterculiaceae have been re-interpreted on the basis of the phylogenetic status of the compounds present. A flavonoid score system was less useful than a cladistic interpretation based on Hennigian arguments.     

Anthocyanins from Cornus mas

Cyanidin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, a new anthocyanin, was isolated and identified from the berries of Cornus mas L. Cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin-3-galactoside were also identified.     

Flavonoid and anthocyanin patterns and the systematic relationships in Collomia

Analyses of extracts among populations of the 14 species of Collomia revealed the occurrence of 13 mono-, di- and triglycosides based on the flavonoids, acacetin, kaempferol, patuletin and quercetin. The glycosides included those having arabinose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose as mono-, bio- or triosides at the 3-, 5-, 3,7- or 7-position. Analyses of floral extracts from ten species revealed the occurrence of two anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin 3-(p-coumarylglucosyl)-5-glucoside. Nearly all the species express distinctive flavonoid patterns, although the differences are based on relatively minor changes in position or type of glycosidic substitution. Use of the minimum biosynthetic step distance (MBSD), an index of similarity, revealed that a mean of 5.6 steps separated the 14 species. The four perennial species of section Collomiastrum showed a high degree of similarity and differed consistently from species of the two annual sections Courtoisia and Collomia by lacking quercetin-5-glucoside and kaempferol-3-arabinosylgalactoside. In contrast, flavonoid patterns among species within sections Courtoisia and Collomia showed a relatively low degree of similarity. The dissimilarity between C. diversifolia and C. heterophylla (section Courtoisia) is consistent with their divergent patterns of pollen morphology and ecological distribution. Three groups of species within section Collomia were defined generally by shared patterns of flavonoids, which are correlated to some degree with floral, pollen and vegetative morphology.     

Anthocyanins in the genus Erica

3-Glucosides, 3-galactosides and 3-arabinosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin and pelargonidin have been identified as major floral pigments in Erica (Ericaceae). Unidentified 3-biosides are present as minor pigments in some species. A comparison is made with floral anthocyanins occurring in the related family Epacridaceae.     

Anthocyanins of holly fruits

Anthocyanin distribution in the fruits of Ilex closely followed an accepted taxonomic classification. Within the evergreen subgenus Aquifolium, species belonging to section Lioprinus produced only cyanidin pigments while in section Aquifolium, pelargonidin was the major anthocyanin. Likewise, in the deciduous subgenus Prinos, species of section Prinoides contained cyanidin pigments and those of section Euprinus had pelargonidin compounds. Exceptions to this pattern and the bearing of pigment studies on breeding are discussed.     

Floral anthocyanins of some malesian Hibiscus species

In 14 Malesian species of Hibiscus (sensu lato) the most common floral anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-sambubioside. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was found     

拟南芥转录因子Ethylene-insensitive3（EIN3）抑制花青素的合成

Ethylene-insensitive3（EIN3）和 EIN3-like1（EIL1）蛋白是乙烯信号转导途径中一类重要的核转录因子。花青素是植物体中的一类水溶性天然色素,在植物的许多生理过程中起重要作用。本研究以拟南芥双突变体ein3-1eil1-3为研究材料,通过RT-PCR技术确定了拟南芥双突变体ein3-1eil1-3中EIN3和EIL1基因均已被敲除,单突变体ein3-1中的EIN3基因被敲除。通过肉眼定性观察发现突变体ein3-1eil1-3的种子和叶片内均呈紫色。通过紫外分光光度计定量分析发现,花青素积累量也明显比突变体ein3-1和野生型多。通过GUS染色发现EIN3启动子主要在花、柱头、成熟花粉、种子胚和果荚等组织中有较强的表达。这与突变体ein3-1eil1-3的种子和叶片内均呈紫色并花青素含量增高一致。因此,拟南芥转录因子EIN3可能与EIL1共同参与抑制花青素的合成。     

Beyond the pollination syndrome: nectar ecology and the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in the reproductive success of Inga sessilis (Fabaceae)

Inga species present brush‐type flower morphology allowing them to be visited by distinct groups of pollinators. Nectar features in relation to the main pollinators have seldom been studied in this genus. To test the hypothesis of floral adaptation to both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, we studied the pollination ecology of Inga sessilis, with emphasis on the nectar secretion patterns, effects of sequential removals on nectar production, sugar composition and the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in its reproductive success. Inga sessilis is self‐incompatible and pollinated by hummingbirds, hawkmoths and bats. Fruit set under natural conditions is very low despite the fact that most stigmas receive polyads with sufficient pollen to fertilise all ovules in a flower. Nectar secretion starts in the bud stage and flowers continually secreting nectar for a period of 8 h. Flowers actively reabsorbed the nectar a few hours before senescence. Sugar production increased after nectar removal, especially when flowers were drained during the night. Nectar sugar composition changed over flower life span, from sucrose‐dominant (just after flower opening, when hummingbirds were the main visitors) to hexose‐rich (throughout the night, when bats and hawkmoths were the main visitors). Diurnal pollinators contributed less than nocturnal ones to fruit production, but the former were more constant and reliable visitors through time. Our results indicate I. sessilis has floral adaptations, beyond the morphology, that encompass both diurnal and nocturnal pollinator requirements, suggesting a complementary and mixed pollination system.     

Anthocyanins of the Melastomataceae,Myrtaceae and some allied families

Acylated anthocyanins were found to be abundant in the Melastomataceae but were not found in closely allied families. Their distribution may help in placing Memecylon. Anthocyanins of Barringtonia support the separation of the Lecythidaceae from the Myrtiflorae.     

Nutraceutical Activity of Anthocyanins from the Edible Berries of Rhamnus pompana

We present the inhibitory properties of the R. pompana anthocyanin fraction (RPAF) and its major constituents on alpha-glucosidase (AG), pancreatic lipase (PL), HMG-CoA reductase, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The effect of RPAF was also evaluated in ICR male mice subjected to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hypercaloric/atherogenic diet for 30 days. RP-HPLC/MS profiling revealed that RPAF contained five major anthocyanins and induced slight inhibition on PL and HMG-CoA reductase (IC₅₀, 245–338 μg mL⁻¹) whereas strong activity on AG and ODC (IC₅₀, 130–133 μg mL⁻¹) was observed. Kinetic studies and molecular docking with pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (P3R) on ODC, revealed changes in K_m (0.9514–0.9746 mM) and V_max (1.96–2.32 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹) suggesting mixed inhibition and molecular interaction with two active sites of ODC. P3R showed antiproliferative activity (IC_50, 46.5 μM) and decreased polyamine accumulation in DLD-1 cells. The results of OGTT confirmed that RPAF regulates postprandial glucose levels in diabetic animals which experienced a significant glucose depletion (30 %; p<0.001) from 30 to 120 min post-treatment. Prolonged supplementation of RPAF caused significant decrease (p<0.001) in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides as well as significant increase (p<0.001) of HDL-c compared with normoglycemic untreated animals.     

叶片花色素苷对植物光合作用影响的研究进展

近年来,花色素苷在彩叶植物呈色机制的研究中备受关注,但目前有关其对彩叶植物光合特性影响的机制仍缺乏系统的评述。本文简单介绍了花色素苷的基本特性,并基于国内外相关研究进展,综述了叶片花色素苷对植物光合特性的影响机制及其对叶片光合机构的保护意义,对彩叶植物光合作用的研究方向提出了建磷。     

新疆棕色棉纤维中花色苷的提取及初步鉴定

以新疆深棕色棉品系‘棕86’的成熟纤维为材料,用甲醇溶液(VMeOH∶VHCl=99∶1)避光冷浸提取15d后,浓缩成浸膏.用适量蒸馏水溶解浸膏,乙酸乙酯萃取除杂,水相用HP-20大孔树脂纯化色素组分;采用紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,并结合高效液相色谱方法,对天然彩色棉纤维色素组分进行鉴定,为彩色棉花新色彩的分子改良提供参考.结果显示,棕色棉纤维提取液中含有花色苷,且至少含有4种不同的花色苷成分.对棕色棉纤维提取液中花色苷的降解分析显示,棕色棉中的色素物质很不稳定.研究表明,花色苷是棕色棉纤维色素中的一种重要组成成分,进一步补充了彩棉色素的物质基础.     

植物花青素生物合成相关基因的研究及应用

花青素是决定植物花色的主要色素,使大多数花呈现从红到蓝的系列变化,是花色研究和开发的重点,并具有重要的营养和药用作用。目前花青素生物合成途径已日益清楚,并已分离到大量的相关酶和基因,并获得了一批具有商业价值的转基因植物新品种。本文重点介绍了花青素合成途径中关键基因的研究成果,并概述了国内外花青素基因在植物基因工程中的应用研究进展情况,同时对花青素基因的研究应用前景和发展趋势作一展望。     

花青素转录因子调控机制及代谢工程研究进展

花青素是广泛存在于植物中的一类重要的类黄酮化合物, 在植物生长发育和人类营养保健方面具有重要价值。花青素的生物合成途径已经解析得比较清楚, 但花青素的代谢调控网络还在不断完善。调控花青素生物合成的转录因子主要包括MYB、bHLH和WD40三大类, 这些转录因子通过激活或抑制CHS、ANS和DFR等花青素途径关键结构基因的表达水平, 进而决定花青素积累的部位与水平。该文结合国内外花青素生物合成与转录调控方面的研究进展, 简要介绍了花青素的生物合成途径, 归纳总结了模式植物中花青素代谢调控的分子机理, 尤其是MYB、bHLH和WD40三类主要转录因子的调控机理, 以及这些转录因子在观赏植物和水果等经济作物花青素代谢工程中的应用。该文将为系统阐明花青素的转录调控机制和利用代谢工程改良花青素的相关研究提供有益参考。     

花色苷化学研究进展

本文以近期研究报道作为基础从花色苷的化学性质、提取与分离技术、鉴定技术三个方面对花色苷化合物的化学研究进展做一系统综述。     

植物花色苷生物合成酶类的亚细胞组织研究进展

花色苷类化合物是类黄酮合成途径的有色末端产物,其合成需要多种酶类催化完成.花色苷生物合成的相关酶在细胞质中被组织成与膜联系的多酶复合体,该复合体对于花色苷生物合成途径的整个效率、专一性和调节具有重要意义.本文对植物花色苷生物合成相关酶的亚细胞定位、所形成的复合体的模型及其存在问题进行了综述.花色苷生物合成多酶复合体的建立将有助于演绎出一个关于细胞代谢的新“三维观”,可为花色苷生产的代谢工程的理性调控创造更有效的手段.