Anthocyanins of the Sterculiaceae

No uncommon anthocyanins were detected among 13 taxa (sig genera) of the Sterculiaceae. Floral pigments appear to be of little systematic utility in this family.     

Anthocyanins of the Fouquieriaceae

Species of the Fouquieriaceae cluster into four groups on the basis of floral anthocyanin content. The four clusters agree with species groupings based on morphological characters. Floral anthocyanins support a close relationship between the Fouquieriaceae and the Solanales.     

Anthocyanins of the Sterculiaceae: Flavonoid scores and Hennigian phylogenetic systematics

Published results of the distribution of anthocyanins in the Sterculiaceae have been re-interpreted on the basis of the phylogenetic status of the compounds present. A flavonoid score system was less useful than a cladistic interpretation based on Hennigian arguments.     

Anthocyanins from Cornus mas

Cyanidin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, a new anthocyanin, was isolated and identified from the berries of Cornus mas L. Cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin-3-galactoside were also identified.     

Flavonoid and anthocyanin patterns and the systematic relationships in Collomia

Analyses of extracts among populations of the 14 species of Collomia revealed the occurrence of 13 mono-, di- and triglycosides based on the flavonoids, acacetin, kaempferol, patuletin and quercetin. The glycosides included those having arabinose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose as mono-, bio- or triosides at the 3-, 5-, 3,7- or 7-position. Analyses of floral extracts from ten species revealed the occurrence of two anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin 3-(p-coumarylglucosyl)-5-glucoside. Nearly all the species express distinctive flavonoid patterns, although the differences are based on relatively minor changes in position or type of glycosidic substitution. Use of the minimum biosynthetic step distance (MBSD), an index of similarity, revealed that a mean of 5.6 steps separated the 14 species. The four perennial species of section Collomiastrum showed a high degree of similarity and differed consistently from species of the two annual sections Courtoisia and Collomia by lacking quercetin-5-glucoside and kaempferol-3-arabinosylgalactoside. In contrast, flavonoid patterns among species within sections Courtoisia and Collomia showed a relatively low degree of similarity. The dissimilarity between C. diversifolia and C. heterophylla (section Courtoisia) is consistent with their divergent patterns of pollen morphology and ecological distribution. Three groups of species within section Collomia were defined generally by shared patterns of flavonoids, which are correlated to some degree with floral, pollen and vegetative morphology.     

Anthocyanins of holly fruits

Anthocyanin distribution in the fruits of Ilex closely followed an accepted taxonomic classification. Within the evergreen subgenus Aquifolium, species belonging to section Lioprinus produced only cyanidin pigments while in section Aquifolium, pelargonidin was the major anthocyanin. Likewise, in the deciduous subgenus Prinos, species of section Prinoides contained cyanidin pigments and those of section Euprinus had pelargonidin compounds. Exceptions to this pattern and the bearing of pigment studies on breeding are discussed.     

Floral anthocyanins of some malesian Hibiscus species

In 14 Malesian species of Hibiscus (sensu lato) the most common floral anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-sambubioside. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was found     

Beyond the pollination syndrome: nectar ecology and the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in the reproductive success of Inga sessilis (Fabaceae)

Inga species present brush‐type flower morphology allowing them to be visited by distinct groups of pollinators. Nectar features in relation to the main pollinators have seldom been studied in this genus. To test the hypothesis of floral adaptation to both diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, we studied the pollination ecology of Inga sessilis, with emphasis on the nectar secretion patterns, effects of sequential removals on nectar production, sugar composition and the role of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in its reproductive success. Inga sessilis is self‐incompatible and pollinated by hummingbirds, hawkmoths and bats. Fruit set under natural conditions is very low despite the fact that most stigmas receive polyads with sufficient pollen to fertilise all ovules in a flower. Nectar secretion starts in the bud stage and flowers continually secreting nectar for a period of 8 h. Flowers actively reabsorbed the nectar a few hours before senescence. Sugar production increased after nectar removal, especially when flowers were drained during the night. Nectar sugar composition changed over flower life span, from sucrose‐dominant (just after flower opening, when hummingbirds were the main visitors) to hexose‐rich (throughout the night, when bats and hawkmoths were the main visitors). Diurnal pollinators contributed less than nocturnal ones to fruit production, but the former were more constant and reliable visitors through time. Our results indicate I. sessilis has floral adaptations, beyond the morphology, that encompass both diurnal and nocturnal pollinator requirements, suggesting a complementary and mixed pollination system.     

Anthocyanins of the Melastomataceae,Myrtaceae and some allied families

Acylated anthocyanins were found to be abundant in the Melastomataceae but were not found in closely allied families. Their distribution may help in placing Memecylon. Anthocyanins of Barringtonia support the separation of the Lecythidaceae from the Myrtiflorae.     

叶片花色素苷对植物光合作用影响的研究进展

近年来,花色素苷在彩叶植物呈色机制的研究中备受关注,但目前有关其对彩叶植物光合特性影响的机制仍缺乏系统的评述。本文简单介绍了花色素苷的基本特性,并基于国内外相关研究进展,综述了叶片花色素苷对植物光合特性的影响机制及其对叶片光合机构的保护意义,对彩叶植物光合作用的研究方向提出了建磷。     

花色苷化学研究进展

本文以近期研究报道作为基础从花色苷的化学性质、提取与分离技术、鉴定技术三个方面对花色苷化合物的化学研究进展做一系统综述。     

三种黑米花色苷自由基清除能力的理论评价

用一种组合的密度泛函理论方法计算了三种黑米花色苷的O-H键解离焓和电离势,以此作为理论指标评价其自由基清除能力。计算结果发现花色苷的电离势和总抗氧化能力存在良好的线性关系,提示电离势表征的质子转移伴随电子转移的反应机制在清除自由基的过程中发挥着重要作用。     

大孔树脂分离纯化“黑金刚”紫马铃薯花青苷工艺研究

以紫色马铃薯"黑金刚"花青苷为原料,采用D101、HDP100A、HDP450A、NK-9、AB-8五种大孔吸附树脂对花青苷的吸附与解析特性进行了比较研究,并在此基础上,采用最佳大孔树脂对花青苷纯化过程中的静态、动态吸附和解析附条件进行了优化研究。结果表明AB-8大孔树脂具有较好的吸附和解析能力,是纯化紫色马铃薯花青苷的最佳树脂,较优纯化条件为:上样液花青苷浓度为0.028mg.g-1,上样液pH=2,洗脱液乙醇浓度为50%,洗脱液pH=1,吸附流速为1mL.min-1,洗脱流速为1mL.min-1。经大孔树脂纯化后,色价值比纯化前提高了7.55倍。     

Anthocyanins from flowers of Cichorium intybus

From the blue perianth segments of Cichorium intybus we isolated four anthocyanins. The pigments were identified as delphinidin 3,5-di-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) and delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside)-5-O-beta-D-glucoside and the known compounds were delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside-5-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) and delphinidin 3,5-di-O-beta-D-glucoside. In addition 3-O-p-coumaroyl quinic acid has been identified.     

Distribution pattern of sterols in liverworts belonging to the jungermanniineae

The sterol fractions of eight leafy liverworts were analyzed by GLC and GC-MS. Five 3β-sterols, cholest-5-en-3β-ol, 24-methylcholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol, 24-methylcholest-5-en-3p-ol, 24-ethylcholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol and 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, were detected in all samples but there were differences in the relative amounts present.