生物组织光学特性的时间分辨透射测量

基于时域漫射理论,提出一种用透射光来确定生物组织光学特性的方法。通过对生物组织的模拟测量,结果表明：此方法具有算法简单,速度快,精度高等优点,并比较了透射和反射两种测量法的精度。     

荷人肺癌裸鼠上肿瘤细胞Bcl-2 表达及其活性生物时间节律差异

目的:探索荷人肺癌裸鼠上肿瘤细胞Bcl-2表达及其活性生物时间节律差异。方法:体外培养A549人肺癌细胞系,移植到裸小鼠身上,10天成瘤后,随机分为6大组,每大组再分2小组,每组4只,一组不给任何处理,设为对照,各组小鼠分别于光照后不同时间点取肿瘤细胞制成细胞悬液,固定染色后,用流式细胞仪以每个样品检测10000个细胞的数量检测单个细胞的荧光强度,用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期情况,单因素方差分析法检验各期细胞在6个时间点差异的显著性,用Cosinor法考察G1,S,G2,M期细胞在24h的分布是否符合余弦函数,即是否有时辰节律。按6个时间点取的肿瘤细胞,匀浆后裂解细胞,Western Blot法测定Bcl-2的表达。结果:1.结果发现肿瘤的生长曲线高峰出现在睡眠期中点,其次在活动期中点;G1、S、G2期细胞变化符合余弦节律;2.Bcl-2的表达在光照后7h和19h达到峰值,变化趋势与肿瘤细胞的周期性改变一致。结论:荷人肺癌裸鼠上肿瘤细胞的细胞周期可能随昼夜交替呈节律性变化,Bcl-2的表达变化与肿瘤细胞的节律性改变一致。     

时间分辨反射确定生物组织光学性质的方法研究

通过考虑吸收系数对漫射常数的影响,改进了时间分辨反射中两点测量生物组织光学性质的方法,对约化散射系数与吸收系数之比较小的生物组织进行了模型测量,结果表明此种不仅减小了测量的系统误差,而且扩展了两点测量法的应用范围。同时也较为详细地讨论了有效时间的选择和光源与探测点间的距离对测量结果的影响。     

生物演化与地质时间——从系统地质学时空观看地层学的发展

地层学的基本任务是确定地层的层序进而建立全球可对比的地层系统。现在却有一种趋势要求地层学为地质历史提供均匀的和抽象的时间刻度。然而,正因为时间本身的抽象性,我们还得据物质世界的相应演变过程加以辨认,从中找到能够划分地质时间的根据和标志。     

植物空间诱变的生物效应及其育种研究进展

概述了空间环境对植物的诱变效应及植物空间诱变育种的研究进展,并提出了目前植物空间诱变研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

植物区系过渡性及其生物地理意义

利用野外考察和文献记载资料,结合气候数据,探讨了植物区系过渡性的生物地理意义及其与年平均温度之间的联系,并将区系过渡性的生物地理意义应用于中国东部地区植被的分区。结果表明: 海拔与纬度均与T_trop/T_temp（热带区系成分与温带区系成分所占比重之比值）呈明显的负相关关系。区系过渡性可以通过其与纬度、海拔的回归方程进行估算;当区系过渡性为恒值时,出现恒定值的海拔高度,随着纬度的升高呈单调递降格局;区系过渡性随着温度的升高,先增强后减弱,呈偏峰分布格局。通过对区系过渡性与年平均温度之间联系的抛物线方程式的分析,中国东部地区热带雨林北缘与南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林、北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林与暖温带落叶阔叶林、中温带落叶阔叶针叶混交林与北温带针叶林之间的分界线分别在21.5°N以南、34°N—35°N和47.5°N以北,年平均温度分别在23.40 ℃、12.45 ℃和1.51 ℃。这与过去的相关研究比较一致,并为中国东部地区植物区系的变化以及植被地理分布的研究, 提供了一种新的思路和方法。     

中国东北地带性顶极植被类型及其预测判别模型——动态地植物学说的继承与发展(Ⅰ)

本文根据刘慎谔的动态地植物学说原理,采用主成分分析法(PCA)和多组判别分析法(MGDA)研究了东北地区地带性顶极植被类型与气候指标的关系:1)以东北地区210个气象站的7个气象因子为变量,组成210×7矩阵,用PCA方法进行分类和排序,其结果明显划分7个地带性顶极植被类型,2)影响地带性顶极植被类型的形成和分布的气候因子,主要是热量和水分条件以及二者的组合状况;3)确定了7个地带性顶极植被类型的水热指数分布范围和特征;4)采用MGDA法建立了判别函数模型,预测了东北地区地带性顶极植被类型,其准确率可达90.32％。     

中国云冷杉林生物生产力格局及其数学模型

基于全国１００６块样地资料,从宏观上阐明了我国云冷杉林物生产力的格局规律,建立了联系叶面积指数分布规律和地植物学知识的生物生产力热相关模型与地理分布模型。在温度和降水分布空间上,云冷杉林净第一性生产力的格局呈现一种复合曲面的函数关系,即随着温度升高,林分生产力呈指数递增,其递增率随降水量的增加而线性增大。在正常分布范围内,云冷杉面积指数随温度变化呈递减函数关系。这可能是针叶的适光变态以及云冷杉林适     

农业景观步甲多样性时间格局及其与景观结构的关系

于2009年5-9月在北京密云县采用陷阱法对玉米地、花生地、果园和林地4种生境中步甲群落进行取样,并采用逐步线性回归分析了景观中优势生境类型——玉米地中步甲群落及其捕食性步甲功能群多样性的季节分布,及其与周围100、250和500 m半径范围内景观格局指数的关系.结果表明:不同生境下,8月步甲群落、捕食性步甲类群的个体数和物种数均达到最大;5月玉米地中步甲群落的物种数与取样点100 m半径范围内的景观连接度呈正相关,8月步甲群落个体数和500 m半径范围内的景观连接度呈负相关;5月玉米地中捕食性步甲群落不论是个体数还是物种数均与取样点100 m半径范围内景观连接度呈正相关,而8月捕食性步甲的物种数则与100 m尺度范围内的半自然生境的类型数呈负相关.可见,景观连接度、半自然生境的类型数对步甲及其中捕食性步甲群落动态的关键季节的多样性状况有显著影响,合理规划农田半自然用地类型组成、增加景观连接度可促进步甲群落多样性保护及其害虫生物控制功能的发挥.     

棉蚜及其捕食性天敌时空生态位研究

研究结果表明,棉蚜的时间生态位宽度较小而空间生态位宽度较大,说明棉蚜种群的发生有高峰期明显和全株为害的特点．棉蚜的时动空间生态位宽度与种群密度无相关性,说明棉蚜的为害较复杂．捕食性天敌中草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫的时空生态位宽度较大,说明它们发生期较长、分布范围较广．八斑球腹蛛和龟纹瓢虫与棉蚜的时间生态位重叠度较大,八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛与棉蚜的空间生态位重量度较大．与棉蚜的时间×空间生态位重叠度,八斑球腹蛛＞龟纹瓢虫＞草间小黑蛛＞其它天敌合计＞三色长蝽＞三突花蛛＞小花蝽,这一结果同棉蚜与捕食性天敌数量的关联度大小排序相一致,表明捕食性天敌与棉蚜的时间同步和空间同线性与天敌的捕食作用密切相关．     

Functional significance of interrenal cell zonation in the adrenal gland of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Slices of whole adrenal gland tissue, incubated in vitro in the presence of ACTH for 1 h and 2 h produced corticosterone and aldosterone in constant ratio (16:1). Tangential slices taken from the region immediately below the connective tissue capsule and slices taken from deeper regions of the gland consisted primarily of cells conforming to the distinct structural characteristics of the subcapsular zone (SCZ) and inner zone (IZ) tissues respectively. When samples were incubated in the presence of ACTH for 1 h and 2 h, the interrenal cells of the SCZ produced relatively more aldosterone than cells taken from the IZ of the gland. The corticosterone: aldosterone ratio for the IZ after 1 h (68:1) and after 2 h (102:1) were ten times greater than the ratios for the SCZ after 1 h (7:1) and after 2 h (10:1). The SCZ slices were not more than 60 cells thick and consisted of cells arranged in cords. These cells contained irregular nuclei, mitochondria with shelf-like cristae and a moderate abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, the production of large amounts of corticosterone by the cells of the IZ was associated with tissue containing more vascular space than the SCZ and the cells contained large round nuclei surrounded by an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria had tubular rather than shelf-like cristae.     

An avifaunal zonation of Switzerland and its relation to environmental conditions

• 1 We propose a quantitative zonation of Switzerland based on the distribution of breeding birds. We use a combined dataset from two nationwide bird censuses 20 years apart to account for distribution changes between the censuses. This approach approximates the ‘potential’ distribution of species more closely than a dataset from one period only.
• 2 A numerical approach with correspondence analysis and non‐hierarchical clustering resulted in five avifaunal regions, consisting of two lowland regions north of the alpine arch, two alpine regions and one region of southern alpine valleys.
• 3 We identified characteristic species for each region using the indicator value analysis of Dufrêne & Legendre (1997) and determined environmental conditions separating the regions with discriminant analysis.
• 4 Our zonation partly corresponds with previous subdivisions of Switzerland, but has the advantage of being based on a numerical approach instead of expert knowledge.
• 5 We discuss avifaunal and ecological differences between the regions and relate our zonation to the classical biogeographic regions of Europe. Finally, we evaluate the importance of the zonation for bird conservation.

     

农区农牧系统生产布局的区际空间转移分析方法及实例

在理论分析的基础上,构建了农产品生产布局的空间转移定量分析的方法,并采用该方法对长江三角洲农产品生产布局的空间转移进行分析,结果表明,长江三角洲种植业生产布局向外转移趋势明显,但养殖业生产布局在区际间没有出现明显的空间转移,这表明养殖业生产的空间转移正处于一个临界期,区际间畜禽产品生产竞争激烈,在实例分析的基础上,作用从理论上将农区农牧系统生产布局的区际空间转移归纳为外摊型,稳定型和内聚型3种基本类型,并讨论了空间转移类型与农业生产结构调整之间的关系,提出了长江三角洲农业生产结构调整的战略方向。     

Spatial and temporal habitat use patterns for salt marsh nekton: implications for ecological functions

We synthesized information on temporal and spatial patterns of salt marsh habitat use by nekton in order to infer the importance of five main types of marsh function: reproduction, foraging, refuge from predation, refuge from stressful environmental conditions and environmental enhancement of physiology. We then extended the concept that intertidal gradients regulate habitat use patterns of nekton to a more universal concept that applies to all salt marsh habitats. We contend that all marsh habitats are linked to each other and to adjacent estuarine habitats along a depth gradient that mediates gradients in abiotic and biotic conditions. Tidal, diel and seasonal shifts in the magnitude and direction of these gradients result in gradients in tidal, diel and seasonal variation in biotic and abiotic conditions within the salt marsh. Collectively these gradients form the `marsh gradient'. We propose that patterns of marsh use and ecological function for nekton result primarily from physiological and behavioral responses to this marsh gradient. A comparison of habitat use patterns in the context of the marsh gradient is an important – and underutilized – method to study marsh function and essential fish habitat. We note that our limited insight into the function of the marsh habitat results from a significant lack of information on the occurrence and causes of tidal, diel and ontogenetic marsh use patterns by nekton; this is particularly relevant with respect to data on the variation in environmental conditions along marsh gradients over tidal, diel and seasonal cycles and on how environmental variation on these scales influences nekton behavior, growth and survival.     

湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区哺乳动物多样性的时空格局

正对生物多样性的定量分析,是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学的中心议题之一(Purvis and Hector,2000; Brooks et al.,2006; Pavoine and Bonsall,2011)。自然保护地(protected area)不仅是地球生物多样性的"诺亚方舟",更应该是探索人与自然和谐共存方式、维持地球可持续发展的示范地(Higgins et al.,2004)。     

Intertidal zonation and latitudinal gradients on macroalgal assemblages: Species,functional groups and thallus morphology approaches

Macroalgae are unavoidable biological elements when monitoring and assessing costal environments. However, these tasks can be difficult to address because macroalgae a) present a high natural variability across a range of spatial and temporal scales, b) they imply a high sampling and laboratory processing effort and good taxonomical expertise (as they are a very diverse group of species), and c) there is insufficient knowledge about their structural and functional characteristics. This work addressed how the vertical (intertidal zonation) and horizontal (latitudinal gradient) variability of macroalgae assemblages are structured across continental Portugal, as well as how some surrogates for species-level biodiversity measures (namely functional groups and thallus morphology approaches) respond to such large-scale variability. Particularly, it was tested if intertidal zonation patterns are higher than fine-scale horizontal variation, and however, if vertical variation decreases along broad-scale horizontal variation. To do so, cover per species was taken (using a photographical and GIS methodological approach) from five sites located along the shoreline and along respective upper- mid- and lower-intertidal zones. The work findings include that both intertidal and latitudinal gradients impose deep structural changes on assemblages patterns. That is, broad-scale processes along Portuguese latitudes act as strongly as vertical stress gradients on assemblages patterns. Functional groups and thallus morphology approaches were useful to generalize the latitudinal assemblages patterns, where some groups emerge at the expense of others, and may improve biodiversity understanding and ecological synthesis. Because these surrogates decrease taxonomical expertise needs and can provide insight into the functional structure of macroalgal communities, their patterns founded may be particularly useful as reference data for further monitoring, so that shifts in such patterns might represent early warning surrogate approaches to detect environmental impact changes. Ultimately, to generate broader databases on rocky shore assemblages diversity (from species-level to functional groups and thallus morphologies approaches) can be useful for large-scale comparisons and for establishing ecological reference conditions, including for monitoring programs and environmental impact studies.     

Foraminiferal ecological zonation along a Brazilian mangrove transect: Diversity, morphotypes and the influence of subaerial exposure time

Two foraminiferal associations comprising only arenaceous species define two distinct environments in a 340 m-long mangrove transect at Cardoso Island, Trapandé Bay (Cananéia-Iguape estuarine system, SP, Brazil). The “lower muddy flat” (LMF), from the outer mangrove fringe inwards towards land (100 m), is positioned in the lower plain between 0.04 and 0.23 m above the mean sea level (msl), and remains subaerially exposed between 48.5 and 65.6% of the time. This environment is characterized by higher foraminiferal diversity and evenness (McIntosh's D = 0.54 ± 0.21 and Pielou's E = 0.68 ± 0.25, respectively) and is dominated by Arenoparrella mexicana and Trochammina inflata, and to a lesser extent by Ammotium directum and Textularia earlandi. The mangrove plant of this segment is a Rhizophoretum with average height of 8.4 ± 1.2 m. The sediment is characterized by higher concentration of organic matter (93.5 ± 32.3 g dm⁻³) and metals (e.g. V = 53.4 ± 21.8 ppm and Zn = 46.4 ± 21.3 ppm). The “upper sandy flat” (USF), 240 m wide along the transect, is positioned in the upper plain between 0.28 and 0.89 m above the msl, and remains subaerially exposed between 69.7 and 98.5% of the time. This environment is characterized by a lower diversity and evenness (D = 0.33 ± 0.17 and E = 0.49 ± 0.20, respectively). The association is dominated by species T. inflata and Miliammina fusca. The Rhizophoretum exhibits a lower average height of 3.6 ± 0.6 m. The sediment is poorer in organic matter (39.3 ± 15.0 g dm⁻³) and metals (e.g. V = 13.0 ± 6.8 ppm and Zn = 6.9 ± 3.7 ppm). Whereas “elongate” tests (uniserial, biserial and planospiral followed by a uniserial portion) are restricted to the LMF, “spiraled” species dominate the USF. Subaerial exposure time seems to exert a primary influence on species distribution, in addition to salinity and sediment type. Species may be adapted to different exposure times, a factor dependent on their position on the intertidal zone and the tidal regime, which should be taken into account in relative sea level reconstructions based on intertidal foraminifera. These patterns have important implications for studies investigating the ecology and paleoecology of foraminifera and subtle fluctuations in relative sea level during the Quaternary.     

The Early Cambrian acritarch Skiagia and its significance for global correlation

Global records of Early Cambrian acritarchs from the Skiagia plexus reveal that they are stratigraphically significant and can be used as biostratigraphic markers. Skiagia ornata and Skiagia ciliosa have a cosmopolitan distribution and the levels of their first appearance datums are proposed to serve as biostratigraphic horizons for interregional correlation. These levels are close to the lower boundary of the undefined Cambrian Stage 3, and within the Stage 3, respectively. The acritarch assemblage diagnostic of the Heliosphaeridium dissimilare-S. ciliosa Zone of Baltica is recorded worldwide and some species are traced on four of the Cambrian continents that include South Australia, South China and Laurentia. This supports the intercontinental correlation of certain Lower Cambrian strata and establishes the time equivalence between the regional trilobite zones to which these strata are attributed. The regional zonation is briefly reviewed for the purpose of comparing and evaluating the acritarch ranges. The biostratigraphic correlation of the Lower Cambrian strata, belonging to different faunal provinces, is based for the first time on the same fossil species, which have a cosmopolitan distribution and well-defined first appearance datums, and on the entire diagnostic acritarch assemblages.     

Vavilov's concept of centres of origin of cultivated plants: its genesis and its influence on the study of agricultural origins

N. I. Vavilov first published his concept of centres of origin of cultivated plants in 1926. For over fifty years it profoundly influenced thinking about the origins and spread of agriculture by bitanists, geograhers, anthropologists and archaeologists. The genesis of the concept and its exposition by Vavilov is examined, and its influence on the ideas of such scholars as C. O. Sauer, I. H. Burkill, C. D. Darlington, A. I. Kuptsov, R. Porteres, J. R. Harlan and J. G. Hawkes is traced. It is concluded that Vavilov's concept, which for so long conditioned ideas about the origins of agriculature, has now outlived its usefulness in thet field sof study.