Two new species of the genus Sporobolomyces and a new Rhodotorula species from leaf surfaces

Two new species of the genus Sporobolomyces and one of the genus Rhodotorula are described. Sporobolomyces elongatus and Rhodotorula armeniaca spp. nov. were isolated from the surfaces of leaves of Callistemon viminalis (Soland ex Gaertn.) G. Don ex Loud. and Sporobolomyces foliicola from the leaves of Banksia collina R. Br. growing at Armidale.     

中国的被孢霉种类

被孢霉属(Mortierella Coemans)是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、毛霉目(Mucorales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)中的一个大属,目前已知约有90种;主要存在于土壤、植物残体、动物粪便等基物中。我国过去对被孢霉的研究不多,在《中国真菌总汇》(1979)中记录了8个种。本研究从全国22个省、市、自治区采集的2000多号样品中,分离到约220个被孢霉菌株。本研究主要采用Gams (1970, 1977)的分类系统进行分类鉴定,并对该系统进行了修改。在属下分3个亚属(Micromucor, Mortierella和Gamsiella), 8个组(Actinomortierella, Alpina,Hygrophila, Mortierella, Schmuckii, Simplex, Spinosa和Stylospora),单囊霉(Haplosporangium)被承认为独立的一个属。本研究鉴定出22个种和3个变种,包括一个新种(武夷山被孢霉Mortierella wuyishanensis sp. nov.)和一个新变种(极细无色被孢霉Mortierella hyalina(Harz) W. Gams var. subtilissima var. nov.), 14个中国新纪录。这14个新纪录为:产芽胞被孢霉(Mortierella. gemmifera M. Ellis)、园圃被孢霉(M. horticola Linnem.)、矮小被孢霉(M. humilis Linnem.)、无色被孢霉(M. hyalina(Harz) W. Gams)、印度被孢霉(M. indica B.S. Mehrotra)、英杜被孢霉(M. indohii C.Y. Chien),詹金氏被孢霉(M. jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Naumov)、可疑极小被孢霉(M. minutissima Tiegh. var. dubia Linnem.)、易变被孢霉(M. mutabilis Linnem.)、微孢被孢霉(M. parvispora Linnem.)、角胞拉曼被孢霉(M. ramanniana(Moller) Linnem. var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem.)、网孢被孢霉(M. reticulata Tiegh.& G. Le Monn.)、多疣被孢霉(M. verrucosa Linnem.)、轮枝被孢霉(M. verticillata Linnem.)。文中讨论和评价了一些分类性状,还列出分亚属、分组、分种和变种的检索表.每个分类单元都有描述和讨论以及线条图、并列出分布地区。     

Taxonomic notes on African Orthotrichaceae I. New synonymy in Macromitrium

New synonymy and distribution records for the genus Macromitrium Brid. in sub-Saharan Africa are presented. Seven names are placed in synonymy, reducing the number of accepted taxa for Macromitrium in sub-Saharan Africa to 33. Macromitrium anomodictyon Cardot was found to be conspecific with M. serpens (Bruch ex Hook. & Grev.) Brid.; M. mauritianum Schwägr. and M. sanctae-mariae Renauld & Cardot are placed in synonymy with M. subtortum (Hook. & Grev.) Schwägr. and M. belangeri Müll.Hal., M. seriatum Paris & Broth., M. bequaertii Thér. & Naveau and M. trollii Dixon in Herz. are all placed in synonymy with M. sulcatum (Hook.) Brid. subsp. sulcatum. The precise lectotypification is implemented for six species within the genus. Macromitrium chloromitrium (Besch.) Wilbraham and M. orthostichum Nees ex Schwägr. are reported new to Tanzania and M. chloromitrium new to continental Africa.     

A new classification for the subgenera of the genus Acanthophthirius Perkins,with descriptions of twelve new taxa (Acarina,Trombidiformes, Myobiidae)

The myobiid genus Acanthophthirius Perkins, to date comprising four subgenera, is reviewed and divided into just two subgenera, the nominate subgenus and Myotimyobia Fain. The male genital shield and female opisthogastric sclerites, which are here considered to be part of female genitalia, are adopted as the criteria for dividing the subgenera. These structures are essentially the same in form and position in the subgenus Acanthopthirius in its revised sense, while they are both more heterogeneous in species of the redefined subgenus Myotimyobia. The subgenera Acanthophthirius Fain and Chiromyobia Fain are thought to represent species-groups in the nominate subgenus, named respectively the etheldredae and miniopteri groups. The following one new subspecies and 11 new species are described: A. (A.) womersleyi eptesicus, A. (A.) glauconycteris, A. (A.) mauritaniensis, A. (A.) philetoris, A. (A.) otonycteris, A. (A.) steatocaudatus, A. (A.) nyctophilis, A. (M.) vagus, A. (M.) longus A. (M.) baueris, A. (A.) hesperopteris (female only) and A. (M.) pixonixeos (female only). A. (M.) hanensis is synonymised with A. (M.) namurensis, and A. (M.) capacini is emended to A. (M.) capaccinii and relegated to a subspecies of A. (M.) myotis. All the known and new species are assigned to their respective subgenera and shown in a table. Incongruent host-relationships of some of the mites are clarified, although not completely solved, by the introduction of the new classification for the subgenera.     

Monograph of the moss genus Macrodictyum (Broth.) E.H.Hegew. (Dicranaceae)

Abstract

Macrodictyum is a small acrocarpous moss genus of three species (M. latifolium (E.B.Bartram) M.J.Price, M. proliferum (Mitt.) E.H.Hegew., M. wrightii (Sull.) E.H.Hegew.). It grows in tufts and mats on trees or rocks at 450–1500 m in the Neotropics. The genus has a restricted distribution within the Neotropics and is currently known from only a few localities in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and southeastern Brazil. Macrodictyum is characterized by four main features: 1) appressed, non-crispate, ovate–oblong, lingulate to ligulate or linear leaves; 2) large, rhomboidal, thin-walled cells in the upper leaf; 3) large, irregular, multicellular apical teeth; and 4) guide cells that are ventral at and above mid-leaf. These features are atypical of the Dicranaceae. However, Macrodictyum shares pseudautoicous sexuality, sheathing perichaetial leaves, and peristome structure with the large pantropical Dicranaceous genus Holomitrium Brid. In these two genera the peristome consists of 16 single, triangular, entire or weakly divided, fenestrate, striate teeth that are papillose throughout on both the inner and outer surfaces. Macrodictyum is retained in the Dicranoideae (Dicranaceae), close to Holomitrium, based on its pseudautoicous sexuality, sheathing perichaetial leaves, and peristome structure.     

GENETIC STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF SPECIES IN THE MANGROVE GENUS AVICENNIA (AVICENNIACEAE) IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC

Allozyme variation in species of the mangrove genus Avicennia was screened in 25 populations collected from 22 locations in the Indo-West Pacific and eastern North America using 11 loci. Several fixed gene differences supported the specific status of Avicennia alba, A. integra, A. marina, and A. rumphiana from the Indo-West Pacific, and A. germinans from the Atlantic-East Pacific. The three varieties of A. marina, var. marina, var. eucalyptifolia, and van australasica, had higher genetic similarities (Nei's I) and no fixed gene differences, confirming their conspecific status. Strong genetic structuring was observed in A. marina, with sharp changes in gene frequencies at the geographical margins of varietal distributions. The occurrence of alleles found otherwise in only one variety, in only immediately adjacent populations of another variety, provided evidence of introgession between varieties. The varieties appear to have diverged recently in the Pleistocene and are apparently not of ancient Cretaceous origin, as suggested earlier. Despite evidence of high degrees of outcrossing, gene flow among populations was relatively low (N_em < 1–2), except where populations were geographically continuous, questioning assumptions that these widespread mangrove species achieve high levels of long-distance dispersal.     

SOLVING TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS IN PACIFIC GIGARTINACEAE (RHODOPHYTA) USING DNA FROM TYPE MATERIAL

Molecular data obtained by a procedure for extracting PCR-amplifiable nuclear and chloroplast DNA from old and formalin-fixed red algal herbarium specimens were used to elucidate problems in the systematics of Pacific Gigartinaceae. Correspondence between nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region or the RUBISCO spacer from type specimens and modern collections supports the following conclusions. (1) The type of Fucus cordatus Turner, now Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory, came from the southern hemisphere (probably from Isla de los Estados, Argentina) rather than from Banks Island, B.C., Canada. (2) The type of Iridaea heterocarpa P. et R. [Mazzaella heterocarpa (P. et R.) Fred.] represents the tetrasporangial phase of a species of Chondrus, possibly C. crispus Stackh. (3) The types of Iridaea lilacina P. et R., I. phyllocarpa P. et R., and Iridophycus furcatum S. et G. represent a single species from Alaska, Mazzaella phyllocarpa (P. et R.) Perest., currently but incorrectly called M. heterocarpa. (4) The type of Iridophycus oregonum Doty represents the tetrasporangial phase of the species from southern Alaska to southern California known incorrectly as M. heterocarpa. (5) Mazzaella splendens (S. et G.) Fred. is more closely related to M. linearis (S. et G.) Fred. than it is to M. flaccida (S. et G.) Fred. (6) Iridophycus coriaceum S. et G. is conspecific with M. splendens, whereas Rhodoglossum coriaceum E.Y. Dawson is an independent species: Mazzaella coriacea (E.Y. Dawson) Hughey. (7) Iridaea cornucopiae P. et R. is conspecific with Mazzaella laminarioides (Bory) Fred., and the type probably came from Chile rather than from the North Pacific. (8) Plants attributed to Iridaea cornucopiae in Pacific North America are referable to Mazzaella parksii (S. et G.) comb. nov. (9) Rhodoglossum parvum G. M. Smith et Hollenb. is an independent species: Mazzaella parva (G. M. Smith et Hollenb.) comb. nov. (10) Grateloupia squarrulosa S. et G., Grateloupia johnstonii S. et G., and Gigartina pectinata E.Y. Dawson represent a single species: Chondracanthus squarrulosus (S. et G.) comb. nov.     

Further observations on the genus Didymosphaenia M. Schmidt—D. Sibirica (Grun.) M. Schm.

Maintenance of Didymosphaenia M. Schmidt as a distinct diatom genus is supported by an examination of D. sibirica (Grun.) M. Schm. with the scanning electron microscope. This investigation of D. sibirica reveals features similar to those of D. geminata (Lyngb.) M. Schm. and substantiates the existence of the genus separate from Gomphonema. D. sibirica is, however, a quite distinct species.     

Relationships within the Melitaea phoebe species group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): new insights from molecular and morphometric information

The genus Melitaea consists of about 80 species, divided into ten species groups, which are all restricted to the Palaearctic region. The Melitaea phoebe group was defined by Higgins based on morphological characters such as wing pattern and genital structures. According to his interpretation, the M. phoebe group included seven species: M. phoebe, M. sibina, M. scotosia, M. aetherie, M. collina, M. consulis and M. turkmanica. The taxonomy of the phoebe species group has been poorly resolved and recent results on the species composition within the group suggest the need for a re‐evaluation. In this study molecular sequences (5985 bp) including one mitochondrial (COI) and up to six nuclear (CAD, EF‐1α, GAPDH, MDH, RpS5 and wingless) gene regions from 38 specimens of the Melitaea phoebe species group sensu Higgins and some closely related taxa from the Palaearctic region were analysed. The possible evolution of the processus posterior of the male genitalia was also reconstructed based on a shape mapping technique. The analysis of the combined data shows a very clear pattern and almost all relationships are highly supported. Based on the combined Bayesian tree and the shape of the processus posterior of the male genitalia, four main groups are recognised: (i) collina group, (ii) arduinna group, (iii) aetherie group and (iv) phoebe group. The status of M. ornata, M. zagrosi and M. scotosia as species is confirmed, and the results also indicate that M. telona (s.s.) from Israel is a separate species.     

Reclassification of North American Haplopappus (Compositae: Astereae) completed: Rayjacksonia gen. nov.

Rayjacksonia R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, gen. nov. (Compositae: Astereae), is named to accommodate the “phyllocephalus complex,” formerly of Haplopappus Cass. sect. Blepharodon DC. The new combinations are R. phyllocephalus (DC.) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, R. annua (Rydb.) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, and R. aurea (A. Gray) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane. This transfer completes the reclassification of the North American species of Haplopappus sensu Hall, leaving that genus exclusively South American. Rayjacksonia has a base chromosome number of x = 6. Furthermore, it shares abruptly ampliate disk corollas, deltate disk style-branch appendages, and corolla epidermal cell type, among other features, with Grindelia, Isocoma, Olivaea, Prionopsis, Stephanodoria, and Xanthocephalum. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological and chloroplast DNA restriction site data, taken together, demonstrate that these genera are closely related but distinct.     

STUDIES OF PACIFIC ISLAND PLANTS. XXIX. BLEASDALEA AND RELATED GENERA OF PROTEACEAE

The genus Kermadecia (Proteaceae), originally described as endemic to New Caledonia, has been expanded in recent decades to include three species from the New Hebrides and Fiji. Specialists on the Proteaceae have suggested that the three Melanesian species were generically misplaced, and careful reexamination supports this viewpoint. It is now apparent that a distinct group within the subfamily Grevilleoideae is composed of the genera Euplassa (endemic to South America), Sleumerodendron (a monotypic New Caledonian genus), Gevuina (based on a single South American species but recently expanded to include two other species from Queensland and New Guinea), and the three questionable Melanesian species. A review of this cluster of taxa indicates that Gevuina should again be interpreted as restricted to South America and that the generic name Bleasdalea F. v. Muell. ex Domin should be adopted for a group of five species extending from Queensland and New Guinea to the New Hebrides and Fiji. The relationships of the four genera are discussed and within Bleasdalea four new combinations are proposed: B. bleasdalei (F. v. Muell.), B. ferruginea (A. C. Sm.), B. vitiensis (Turrill), and B. lutea (Guillaumin). Kermadecia, very distinct from the four genera under present consideration, is again interpreted as a New Caledonian endemic.     

Maclurochloa tonkinensis sp. nov. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Vietnam

Maclurochloa K. M. Wong (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) is a genus of clambering bamboos with dry caryopses. It was thought to be monotypic in Peninsular Malaysia, but here we report one more species from Vietnam which is new to science: Maclurochloa tonkinensis H. N. Nguyen et V. T. Tran sp. nov. Maclurochloa tonkinensis is most similar to M. montana (Ridl.) K. M. Wong from which differs mainly by having internodes 50–58 × 3.0–3.5 cm and culm leaves with auriculate sheaths and erect blade.     

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang & J.C.Zhao,sp. nov. (Bryaceae,Bryopsida) from Xizang,China

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao, a new moss species from Xizang, China, is described and illustrated. Previously, specimens of H. zangii have been identified as Mielichhoferia himalayana Mitt. However, H. zangii is distinctly different from M. himalayana in having excurrent costae with short awns (vs long denticulate awns), short-pyriform capsules, 0.8–1?mm (vs long-pyriform capsules, 2.5–3?mm), and densely papillose exostome teeth (vs smooth or vertically striped exostome teeth). Haplodontium zangii is similar to H. macrocarpum (Hook.) J.R.Spence, which was traditionally placed in Mielichhoferia Nees &; Hornsch. as M. macrocarpa (Hook.) Bruch &; Schimp. The main differences between H. zangii and H. macrocarpum are in the morphology of the leaves, capsules, guide cells, and stomata. Mielichhoferia himalayana and another Chinese species of Mielichhoferia, M. sinensis Dix., are also transferred to Haplodontium Hampe, a new genus in the bryoflora of China, as H. himalayanum (Mitt.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao and H. sinensis (Dix.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao. A morphological comparison and a key to the three species of Haplodontium in China as well as to H. macrocarpum, a species that is likely to be found in China, are provided.     

POLYMORPHISM IN THE DESMID MICRASTERIAS PINNATIFIDA AND ITS TAXONOMICAL IMPLICATIONS1

A case of polymorphism in the desmid Micrasterias pinnatifida (Kütz.) Ralfs is described. It is based on material collected from the overflow channel of a dam in Caeté, Minas Gerais State. After careful examination of nearly 500 specimens, 26 different morphological expressions of the alga were found which led the authors to make the following deductions: (1) for delimitation of species and infraspecific taxa in desmids it is absolutely necessary to analyze sample populations; (2) the morphological characteristics presently used, for delimination of some varieties of M. Pinnatifida (Kütz.) Ralfs seem to have no taxonomical value if only isolated individuals are examined; (3) the varieties granulata, inflata, and tridentata must be considered with some caution, until further studies are carried out, because they can be merely distinct morphological expressions of M. pinnatifida (Kütz.) Ralfs var. pinnatifida.     

Relationships among Cratoneuron curvicaule,C. filicinum var. filicinum,and C. filicinum var. atrovirens (Bryophyta: Amblystegiaceae)

Abstract

The relationships among western Eurasian and Macaronesian Cratoneuron filicinum (Hedw.) Spruce var. filicinum, C. filicinum var. atrovirens (Brid.) Ochyra, and C. curvicaule (Jur.) G.Roth were explored by ITS and the chloroplast markers rpl16 and tRNA-Gly. Haplotype networks, Jacknife, and Neighbour joining trees all provide high support for the recognition of C. curvicaule as distinct from C. filicinum, whereas the two varieties of the latter could not be distinguished. It is concluded that C. filicinum var. atrovirens most likely represents a phenotypic modification of C. filicinum that occurs especially in certain submerged environments or under heavily dripping water. The maximal support for the Cratoneuron clade and the small and quantitative morphological differences between its two species are arguments for not splitting this genus.     

Taxonomy of Australian freshwater algae. I. The genus Micrasterias in South-Eastern Australia

A preliminary survey has been made of the desmid genus Micrasterias in Tasmania, as the first part of an intended series of detailed investigations of Tasmanian freshwater algae. For comparative purposes, samples from the south-eastern states of mainland Australia are included. Micrasterias hardyi West, apparently an Australian endemic, is discussed in detail and M. tropica var. indivisa (Nordst.) Eichl. et Racib., formerly known only from New Zealand, is figured from Tasmania. Some other Micrasterias forms are readily accommodated within the existing nomenclature. Others, however, have been uncertainly allied with existing taxa in keeping with a policy of not adding to the burden of nomenclature until a biological concept of species has been developed for the desmids. The taxonomy of Australian representatives of the genus Micrasterias is discussed against this background.