DEVELOPMENT AND PHYLLOTAXIS OF THE VEGETATIVE AXILLARY BUD OF MICHELIA FUSCATA

Tucker, Shirley C. (Northwestern U., Evanston, III.) Development and phyllotaxis of the vegetative axillary bud of Michelia fuscata . Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(7): 661–668. Illus. 1963.—The vegetative axillary buds of Michelia fuscala are dorsiventrally symmetrical with 2 ranks of alternately produced leaves. The direction of the ontogenetic spiral in each of these buds is related both to the symmetry of the supporting branch and to the position of the bud along the branch. On a radially symmetrical branch, all the axillary buds are alike—all clockwise, for example. But in a dorsiventrally organized branch the symmetry alternates from clockwise in 1 axillary bud to counterclockwise in the next bud along the axis. Leaf initiation and ontogeny of the axillary apical meristem conform with those of the terminal vegetative bud. The axillary bud arises as a shell zone in the second leaf axil from the terminal meristem. During this process the axillary apex develops a zonate appearance. The acropetally developing procambial supply of the axillary bud consists wholly of leaf traces. At the nodal level the bud traces diverge from the same gap as the median bundle trace of the subtending leaf. Only the basal 1–2 axillary buds which form immediately after the flowers elongate each year, while the majority remains dormant with 3 leaves or fewer.     

PHYLLOTAXIS AND VASCULAR ORGANIZATION OF THE CARPELS IN MICHELIA FUSCATA

Tucker , Shirley C. (U. Minnesota, Minneapolis.) Phyllotaxis and vascular organization of the carpels in Michelia fuscata. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(1): 60–71. Illus. 1961.—Phyllotaxis pattern and vascular organization are closely related in the floral receptacle of Michelia fuscata (Magnoliaceae). The carpels arise in a spiral or helix. They are initiated alternately along each of 7, 8 or 10 helical parastichies according to a complex repetitive sequence. The pattern of the dorsal carpellary trace fusions is orderly for each of the 10 flowers investigated. The dorsal carpellary traces in each parastichy diverge from the same vascular sympodium. Among flowers one finds differing numbers of parastichies, differing angles of divergence, and varying sequences of parastichies which reflect the order of carpel initiation. The angle of divergence, although consistent for any 1 parastichy in a flower, can vary greatly between parastichies. The nature and importance of the organizers which determine appendage position at the apical meristem are considered. Changes in apical size, configuration, and activity are shown to be related to phyllotaxis.     

ONTOGENY OF THE FLORAL APEX OF MICHELIA FUSCATA

Tucker , Shirley C. (u . Minnesota, Minneapolis.) Ontogeny of the floral apex of Michelia fuscata. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(4): 266—277. Illus. 1960.–The floral apex of Michelia fuscata, although determinate, has a prolonged period of activity. It undergoes an increase in average height and diameter through the time of initiation of stamens, followed by a decrease in average size during initiation of successive carpels. The floral apex also shows periodic or plastochronic fluctuation in size and configuration between initiation of tiers of appendages at nearly the same level and time. Plastochrons of different duration alternate in an orderly sequence in the floral meristem.     

COMPETITION AND ACCOMMODATION BETWEEN APICAL LAYERS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES IN THE ONTOGENY OF CHIMERAL SHOOTS OF PELARGONIUM X HORTORUM

Two mutant plastogenes in all possible chimeral combinations were followed in Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey (geranium) shoots. The part of stem, leaf, or other structure derived from each apical layer was clearly apparent on a cell to cell basis. Shoots typically were composed of derivatives of three apical layers but we found derivatives of as many as four apical layers in some leaves and of five layers in some stems. In chimeras with one of the mutants, Dpl W₁, the amount of tissue derived from the various apical layers was the same, whether the layer was mutant or wild type. We suggest that there are independent apical layers and cell lineages derived from them in nonchimeral shoots, and that their contribution in normal ontogeny is like that of the layers in Dpl W₁ chimeras. In chimeras carrying the second mutant, Dpl W₂, there was much less tissue derived from mutant than from wild-type apical layers. The phenotypic expression of the plastogenes was unchanged by their transmission through male or female gametes. Comparisons of the ontogeny of geranium plants carrying the W₁ or W₂ mutant suggested that, while there was competition between the apical layers and between their derivatives, the genome imposed a definite harmonious interaction or accommodation which led to a final normal morphology of all plant parts and organs through quite different ontogenetic pathways.     

ONTOGENY AND THE HIERARCHY OF TYPES

Abstract— The long history of belief in a parallelism between ontogeny and a hierarchical order of natural things is reviewed. The meaning of von Baerian recapitulation is analyzed and its implications for cladistic methodology are discussed at two levels: ontogeny and homology. The basic problem inherent in the purported parallelism is that the order of natural things (i.e., the taxic approach to homology) is part of the "world of being" of Platonic ideas, whereas ontogeny and phylogeny (i.e., the transformational approach to homology) belong to Plato's "world of becoming." These two "genera of existence," as Plato put it, being and becoming, are incompatible but complementary views of nature.     

半红树植物的营养器官结构与生态适应

对11科13属种半红树植物的营养器官进行了生态解剖的研究,主要特征是:通气组织和贮水组织不很发达,具有散孔材及旱年结构。地上根系、异常次生结构、木栓瘤和下皮只见于少数植物。结果表明:半红树植物不只有或少许具有真红树植物独特的结构。没有趋同适应。显示了结构与环境的密切关系。