稻虱跗(虫扇)的个体发生研究:生活史和寄生作用

稻虱跗蝙Elenchinus japonicus Esaki et Hashimoto属(捻翅目)跗蝙科,在稻田寄生于白背稻虱、褐稻虱和灰稻虱。稻虱跗蝙在母体血腔中发育、孵化产生三爪蚴,三爪蚴通过生殖沟、生殖孔、育道和育道开口离开母体。三爪蚴离开母体在稻株上活动。一旦靠近寄主,用足抓住寄主,爬在它们身上。它通过节间膜进入寄主,变成蛆状蚴,开始取食。幼虫在寄主体内继续发育,达到足够大小,它们羽化成虫。雌成虫留在寄主体内,仅露出“帽子”(即头胸部),雄虫离开寄主,自由飞翔、雄成虫寿命很短(<12小时),它们积极寻找雌虫,进行交配,发现交配位置在育道口,支配时间约1—2秒钟。雄成虫体长1.33mm;展翅约2.25mm;雌成虫体长1.6—2.6mm,宽0.88—1.35mm;头胸部长0.2mm;育道口宽0.15mm,卵在雌成虫体内形成,而卵母细胞在雌幼虫体内发育。卵长75μm×宽40μm。第1期幼虫(三爪蚴):体长0.2mm;尾须为体长1/3。第Ⅱ期幼虫(蛆伏蚴)足和附肢都退化;第Ⅱ期幼虫分成4个龄期,具口和消化道,蛹属围蛹。卵历期7—8天,而三爪蚴历期仅1天。蛆状蚴(2—5龄)历期10—11天,蛹历期约3—4天,雌成虫历期7—8天。在实验室,每世代历期约20—23天。稻虱跗蝙的寄生作用较低,由于三爪蚴找不到稻虱很快死亡。在浙江1983—1986年调查,稻虱跗蝙对白背稻虱成、若虫寄生     

黑斑蛙双睾吸虫的生活史研究

本文首次研究了黑斑蛙双睾吸虫的生活史。实验证明这种单殖吸虫的生活史具有两种不同的途径,即直接外生周期和直接内生周期。前一种发育途径为一般多盘吸虫所共有,后一种发育途径仅在少数多盘吸虫中存在。这两种发育途径的交替存在与其两栖动物宿主生态学有关,并且可能反映了这类多盘吸虫的一种种群调节机制。     

黄鼠栉带绦虫和梳状莫斯绦虫的生活史研究

本文首次阐明黄鼠栉帮绦虫和梳状莫斯绦虫的生活史。实验证明这二种绦虫的中间宿主同是曲愎翼甲螨和小型肋甲螨。二者绦虫的成虫、拟囊尾蚴的形态特征有详细的描述与比较。此外,作者简要地讨论了spassky(1951)的锡带属、栉带属和莫斯属等的分类问题。     

中国灵芝科的分类研究Ⅵ

本文是作者中国灵芝科的分类研究 V 的续篇。在过去作者除已报道了中国灵芝科71种和1变型外,本文又报道了4个新种。它们是:吊罗山树舌Ganoderma diaoluoshanense Zhao et x.Q Zhang;三明树舌 G.sanmi-ngense Zhao et x.Q.Zhang;桂南灵芝 G.guinanense Zhao et X.Q.Zhang;大瑶山假芝 Amauroderma dayaoshanense Zhao et x.Q.Zhang以上所引证的标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

温带臭虫生活史中各龄若虫及成虫形态的进一步描述

本通过对温带臭虫生活史中各龄若虫及成虫形态的进一步描述,首次提出臭虫度量的长度随虫龄的成熟而逐步增大。身长与体宽之比基本保持在1：1.8左右,前胸宽及前胸长之比在3：1左右;除一龄若虫外,其基本基缘毛丛的数量。每增加一龄,其毛从根数也增加一根,即n 1,这在臭虫形态分类及对臭虫的进一步研究和防治有着重要的意义。     

中国灵芝科的分类研究Ⅴ

著者除已报道中国灵芝科67种1变型外,本文继续报道中国灵芝科3个新种和1个中国新记录。它们是:黎母山灵芝(Ganoderma limushanense Zhao et X.Q.Zhang),广西假芝 Amauroderma guangxiense Zhao et X.Q.Zhang),弄岗假芝(A.longgangense Zhao et X.Q.Zhang)和拟热带灵芝(Ganoderma ahmadii Steyaert)。本文研究的全部标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

STUDIES ON THE TAXONOMY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CHINESE ORETINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: DREPANIDAE)

A total of 3 genera and 26 species of the Chinese Oretinae are represented in this paper; among them 13 species are described as new to science. All the type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology. An account of the geographic distribution is given in accompanying with a distribution map. From the distribution of 23 species,of Oreta, the richest areas are ap-     

根田鼠生命表和繁殖的研究

根据229((?)(?)124,♀♀105)只实验室出生的幼鼠生长、繁殖和死亡观察根田鼠雄性和雌性的期望寿命(c_0)分别为3.040(即39周)和3.176(即41周);平均死亡率((?))分别为0.283和0.272,两者很接近。妊振期平均为20.6天,哺乳期在15—20天,产仔数平均为4.56只。实验种群经一世代后的净增殖率(R_0)为2.0456,内禀增长率(r_m)为0.0787/月。     

中国海南岛灵芝科的分类研究Ⅰ.

报道了海南岛境内的灵芝科真菌4种。其中1新种即尖峰岭灵芝Ganoderma jianfenglingense X.L.Wu sp.nov。岛内新记录有3种即薄盖灵芝Ganoderma capense(Lloyd)Teng;大青山灵芝G.daiqingshanense Zhao;褐树舌G.brownii(Murr.)Gilbn.本文研究的全部标本保藏于贵州科学院真菌标本室。     

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC SEASONALITY ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE PRIBILOF NORTHERN FUR SEAL

Weather conditions recorded from 1956 to 1986 on St. Paul Island, Alaska, were probed to establish their influence upon the northern fur seal's life cycle ( Callorhinus ursinus ). Air temperatures, wind speeds, and relative humidity levels were seasonally decomposed and compared with the timing of pupping and migration. Most pups are born in early July when air temperatures and relative humidity approach their highest annual levels and wind speeds are at their lowest. Weather conditions favor growth and survival of pups from July to September but are unfavorable in June. A rapid deterioration in weather through October and November corresponds with the fall migration of pups and lactating females. The data suggest the pivotal event in the fur seal's life cycle is the timing of birth and survival of nursing pups. As such, the ultimate determinant of the precisely timed fur seal life cycle appears to be climatic seasonality during the breeding season.     

THE LIFE CYCLE OF PEDIASTRUM SIMPLEX1

A sexual cycle and a newly discovered mode of asexual reproduction by azygotes arc described for Pediastrum simplex. In the sexual cycle isogametes from colony cells fuse in pairs, develop into zygotes, which grow and divide, producing motile cells which become angular polyeders. Polyeders may divide internally to form 4-celled colonies, or they enlarge, cleave, and produce zoospores or nonmotile cells. Zoospores are released in vesicles, swarm, adhere to each other, and form, flat colonies I cell thick. The nonmotile cells adhere to each other, enlarge, break out of the polyeder, and become spheroidal colonies. In the asexual cycle, nonfusing gametes, and motile cells derived from colony cells, become 4-spined azygotes which enlarge, divide internally, and release motile cells developing into polyeders. These polyeders develop further like those from zygotes.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF XYLEBORUS FORNICATUS EICHOFF IN ARTIFICIAL CULTURE

The scolytid beetle, Xyleborus fornicatus Eichoff, which is an important pest of the tea bush in Ceylon, has been reared from egg to adult for the first time in artificial culture with its ambrosial fungus Monacrosporium ambrosium. Deaths in culture were numerous, yet sufficient data on the periods occupied in the different stages were collected to afford an opportunity for testing conclusions derived by the use of less direct methods. Results indicate that temperature materially affects the length of the life cycle and mainly controls the altitudinal distribution of the pest in Ceylon.     

ON THE RESTING PERIODS IN THE CELL LIFE CYCLE*

The review is concerned with the transition of cells into a specific physiological state—the resting period—in which they may stay for an indefinite time interval without undergoing division or differentiation but retaining both of these potentials. When stimulated such cells may enter into mitotic cycle, divide and differentiate. No direct correlation between the onset of the differentiated state and the transition of cells through the mitotic cycle has been established. It cannot be excluded that sometimes cells may differentiate directly from the resting period. However, there is a large body of evidence that the entry of cells into mitotic cycle is a necessary prerequisite for subsequent differentiation. The susceptibility of cells to differentiative stimuli is retained during the mitotic cycle. The completion of mitosis itself does not imply that a cell will undergo differentiation; in the absence of adequate stimulus it may pass again into a resting period. According to what is known at present it is suggested that cells may pass into a true resting stage not only after completing mitosis but also after doubling their DNA content. It is also conceivable that a cell may pass into a resting period at different stages of its life cycle. The essential feature of the cell life cycle is the alternation of resting periods and periods of active proliferation. This general principle of organization provides conditions necessary for population-size control, cell differentiation, interaction of a given population with other systems, and the reactions of cells to a changing environment.     

血雉分类地位和遗传分化的探讨

长期以来对血雉Ithaginis应划归雉类还是鹑类和是多型属还是单型属一直存在着争议.在此对3个亚种,西藏亚种Ithaginis cruentus tibetanus,甘肃亚种I.c.berezawskii和四川亚种I.c.geoffroyii的6个个体的血雉与典型的雉类雉属Phasiamus、锦鸡属Chrysolophus、长尾雉属Syrmaticus及典型的鹑类石鸡属Alectoris、鹌鹑属Coturnix和雪鸡属Tetraogallus的线粒体DNA细胞色素6的部分基因序列比较,系统进化树中血雉与雉类聚在一起.根据血雉地理分布,多亚种中心理论,区域地理历史,环境演变和分子钟指示的时间,血雉可能于早上新世起源于横断山脉.3个亚种之间序列差异为4.1%-7.2%,与雉科其它属的种问差异度比较,其遗传分化已达到种的水平,与形态差异相吻合.