菊花不同生长阶段不同器官POD和EST同工酶比较

采用过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)2个酶系统的12个同工酶位点,分析了4个菊花品种营养生长和生殖生长阶段不同器官(嫩叶、老叶、嫩茎、木质化茎)的同工酶变化.结果表明:(1)4个品种共有16种POD酶带,15种EST酶带;(2)菊花的POD和EST具有组织特异性和阶段特异性,其中以嫩叶的酶带最多,其次为老叶,再次为嫩茎,而木质化茎的酶带最少;(3)与生殖生长阶段相比,营养生长阶段的POD酶带更清晰,更整齐,分离更好,但生殖生长阶段的EST同工酶比营养生长阶段的更清晰;(4)营养生长阶段的嫩叶最适合用于菊花POD同工酶分析,而EST同工酶研究宜取生殖生长时期的嫩叶.     

ELECTROPHORETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF SEVEN CHLOROSARCINACEAN ALGAE1

Proteins from 7 species of chlorosarcinacean algae representing 4 genera were studied with starch and disc gel electrophoresis and immunology to determine biochemical relationships. Migration patterns of enzymes and serological reactions indicated that 4 species of Chlorosarcinopsis were closely related, whereas Friedmannia israeliensis, Fasciculochloris boldii, and Chlorosarcina longispinosa were more diverse. Malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, nonspecific alpha esterases, and peroxidase (using pyrogallol as the hydrogen donor) were present in all 7 species. No peroxidase activity occurred with benzidine. Leucine aminopeptidase was obvious in only 2 species. A single distinct band of general protein in F. israeliensis and C. longispinosa suggested the presence of homogenous reserve protein. The 7 species exhibited serological affinity to 4 isolates of Protosiphon representing diverse morphology within the genus. The data are discussed relative to current knowledge of comparative morphology of chlorosarcinacean algae.     

Isozymes variability among <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium udum</Emphasis> resistant cultivars of pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis> (L.) (Millsp)

The present study was carried out to select the different pigeonpea cultivars for resistance against wilt caused by Fusarium udum and to assess the genetic variability among the resistant and susceptible cultivars. These cultivars were screened by root dip inoculation and classified into resistant (ICP 8863 and 9145), moderately resistant (ICP 11681 and Selection-1), susceptible (ICP 7118, TRG-1 and LRG-30) and highly susceptible cultivars (ICP-2376 and LRG-41). The peroxidase activity (PEO) in both leaf and root tissues of four pigeonpea cultivars (ICP 8863, Selection-1, ICP 2376 and LRG-30) were determined at 1^st, 4^th and 7^th day after inoculation (DAI) in healthy and F. udum infected tissues. Higher PEO activity in both leaf and root was observed and at 4^th DAI in susceptible cultivars. In native-PAGE analysis of isozymes, the induction of specific leaf peroxidase band (Em=0.17) and two root peroxidase bands (Em=0.24 and 0.55) were observed in ICP 8863 after inoculation. Significant differences were observed in the leaf phosphatase and esterase banding profiles of all the cultivars. The presence of leaf phosphatase band at Em of 0.04 was observed only in ICP 8863 and 11681. The leaf esterase band (Em=0.3) was well expressed in ICP 8863 when compared to other cultivars. The significance of peroxidase in plant defense mechanism and utility of biochemical markers in breeding programmes are discussed. Part of M.Sc. (Ag) thesis of the first author and approved by the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during March 2002.     

A COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF PEROXIDASES FROM GERMINATING PEANUTS (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA): ELECTROPHORESIS

Dormant seed and organs of 0-, 1-, 2-, 5-, 8-, 11-, and 14-day-old plants of Arachis hypogaea L. were homogenized in phosphate buffer and the lipid-free extracts analyzed for benzidine and pyrogallol peroxidases using starch-gel electrophoresis. On a wet weight basis, one weak band of benzidine peroxidase activity was detected in dormant cotyledons and three bands in 1-day cotyledons. In 5-day tissue, activity had increased significantly; at 14 days, the number of bands had decreased but staining intensity was maintained. In the extract from dormant axis, a single cathodic site of benzidine peroxidase activity was observed; however, on day two there was a marked increase in the number of bands and intensity of reaction in epicotyl and hypocotylradicle tissues. By day 14, the number and density of bands had decreased noticeably in the epicotyl and hypocotyl. Extracts from 14-day roots exhibited more sites of reaction and greater intensity of staining of benzidine peroxidase than at five days of growth. Localized areas of activity at Rf -0.44 and -0.52 were present in extracts of all four organs when either benzidine or pyrogallol was used as the hydrogen donor. Although marked similarity existed between banding patterns of organs, qualitative and quantitative ontogenetic differences in peroxidases were apparent.     

Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase in Gymnosperms

ABSTRACT

Sixteen species of Gymnosperms have been screened for cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase by means of native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This analysis shows that a single form of the enzyme is the most common situation. The enzyme reveals a similar electrophoretic mobility in species belonging to the same genus and sometimes to different genera. In some Pinaceae, two bands of activity were observed. The presence in the archaic spermatophyte Ginkgo biloba, as well as in the more advanced monocotyledons, of three isoforms of ascorbate peroxidase, might suggest that three different cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase genes were already present in this archaic species.     

凤仙花近缘种间核型分析与叶表皮微形态研究

为探究凤仙花近缘种植物的细胞学和微形态学方面的亲缘关系,该文选取荔波凤仙花(Impatiens liboensis)及近缘种赤水凤仙花(I.chishuiensis)和管茎凤仙花(I.tubulosa)的根尖和叶表皮为实验材料,采用体细胞染色体常规压片法和叶表皮光学显微镜观察法对凤仙花近缘种植物进行染色体及叶表皮特征研...     

THE ANATOMY AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF ANNULARIA HOSKINSII SP. N.

Foliage attached to calamitean shoots is described from coal ball petrifactions of Middle and Late Pennsylvanian age. Leaves correspond to the compression-impression genus Annularia and thus represent the first attached members of this genus to be recognized as petrifactions. Individual leaves contain a single unbranched vascular bundle flanked by wide lateral laminar areas which occupy more than half the leaf cross sectional area. Stomata are confined to broad bands within concave furrows which parallel the vascular bundle on the abaxial leaf surface. Epidermal cells within these furrows are in rows aligned obliquely to the leaf axis, and the rows angle outward at a slight angle towards the leaf margin. Convolutions of the leaf-bearing axes result from nodal diaphragms which are oblique to the shoot axis. Whorled leaves apparently radiate outward in the plane of each obliquely positioned nodal diaphragm. This petrified material helps explain the apparent flattening of entire nodal diaphragms and leaf whorls within the same plane as seen in compression specimens. Annularia hoskinsii sp. n. is proposed, and the systematic position of structurally preserved Annularia foliage relative to the genus Dicalamophyllum is discussed.     

The nature of the effects of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum on the growth of wheat

Field-caged, post-anthesis populations of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum reduced grain weight of wheat by 14 and 7% respectively and induced changes in the senescence of the flag leaf. Spikelet number and grain number were unaffected as they are normally determined by pre-anthesis factors. Percentage grain protein was significantly reduced by both aphid species. The pattern of grain weight reduction within the ear was consistent with known limitations on the distribution of flag leaf assimilates among the grains. The relative effects of the two aphid species apparently resulted from the degree of nutrient drain imposed at particular feeding sites and the reduction in the leaf area duration of the flag leaf.     

The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia (Radiolitidae,Hippuritoidea) a revision of species based on quantitative analysis of morphological characters

Abstract: The rudist bivalve genus Gorjanovicia Pol?ak, 1967 from Istria, Croatia, is currently known from the Coniacian/Maastrichtian of the peri‐Adriatic and Balkan regions and includes 23 nominal species, defined mainly on shell ornamentation and radial bands. However, a re‐appraisal of ‘Radiolites’endrissi Boehm, 1927 shows the type species of the genus Gorjanovicia, G. costata Pol?ak, 1967, to be a junior synonym of Boehm’s species, which thus takes priority as the type species of Gorjanovicia. Our revision of the 24 species thus described from the literature is based on analysis of a set of 21 characters that include the dimensions, shape and ornamentation of the right valve. Sixteen variables are defined from combinations of these 21 characters and subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and Hill and Smith analysis (HSA), with cluster analysis, which has allowed us to distinguish three taxonomic groups, each defined by a key species: Gorjanovicia endrissi (Boehm), G. ugarensis Sli?kovi? and G. kvarneri Pol?ak. Cluster analysis identifies three groups of associated variables and suggests that a limited number of characters may be used to recognize the foregoing three taxonomic entities. MCA performed on four variables (the shapes of the anterior radial band, posterior radial band and interband and the width of the anterior band relative to the posterior band) reveals the same three taxonomic groups as in the MCA based on 16 variables. We conclude that the four variables in question may thus be used as specific diagnostic characters and that the genus Gorjanovicia is thereby represented by just three species, Gorjanovicia endrissi, G. ugarensis and G. kvarneri, instead of the 24 described in the literature. Specific assemblages from the peri‐Adriatic, pre‐Apulian and Western Pontides regions are nearly identical, a pattern that suggests free faunal exchanges within the distributional area of the genus Gorjanovicia. The palaeobiogeographical distribution of species corresponds with a relatively narrow palaeolatitudinal range in the subtropical portion of the eastern Mediterranean Tethys.     

The polytene dot chromosome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis>: <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. melanogaster</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. subobscura</Emphasis>

The chromosome arms are assumed to be homologous within the genus Drosophila. Homology at the level of the polytene chromosome banding pattern between non-sibling species is, however, almost impossible to establish as different processes such as inversion, transposition and unequal crossing over, have disturbed it. Even though the band sequences cannot be followed, we may ask whether there is a correlation in the total number of bands between species. The polytene dot chromosome is an excellent starting point for such an approach. Here we present the detailed cytology of polytene chromosome 4 of D. melanogasterand the polytene dot chromosome of D. subobscura using electron microscopy. The results show that the number of bands is about the same, around 30, in both species. We predict that by using thin sections and electron microscopy for the longer polytene chromosome arms, both species will turn out to have approximately equal band numbers.     

Variation in chromosome numbers, CMA bands and 45S rDNA sites in species of Selaginella (Pteridophyta)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Selaginella is the largest genus of heterosporous pteridophytes, but karyologically the genus is known only by the occurrence of a dysploid series of n=7-12, and a low frequency of polyploids. Aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the structural chromosomal variability of this genus, different staining methods were applied in species with different chromosome numbers. METHODS: The chromosome complements of seven species of Selaginella were analysed and, in four of them, the distribution of 45S rDNA sites was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Additionally, CMA/DA/DAPI and silver nitrate staining were performed to investigate the correlation between the 45S rDNA sites, the heterochromatic bands and the number of active rDNA sites. KEY RESULTS: The chromosome numbers observed were 2n=18, 20 and 24. The species with 2n=20 exhibited chromosome complement sizes smaller and less variable than those with 2n=18. The only species with 2n=24, S. convoluta, had relatively large and asymmetrical chromosomes. The interphase nuclei in all species were of the chromocentric type. CMA/DA/DAPI staining showed only a weak chromosomal differentiation of heterochromatic bands. In S. willdenowii and S. convoluta eight and six CMA+ bands were observed, respectively, but no DAPI+ bands. The CMA+ bands corresponded in number, size and location to the rDNA sites. In general, the number of rDNA sites correlated with the maximum number of nucleoli per nucleus. Ten rDNA sites were found in S. plana (2n=20), eight in S. willdenowii (2n=18), six in S. convoluta (2n=24) and two in S. producta (2n=20). CONCLUSIONS: The remarkable variation in chromosome size and number and rDNA sites shows that dramatic karyological changes have occurred during the evolution of the genus at the diploid level. These data further suggest that the two putative basic numbers of the genus, x=9 and x=10, may have arisen two or more times independently.     

贵州30种杜鹃属植物叶背表皮显微形态特征

杜鹃属植物的分类历来都十分重视叶片表皮特征的分类学价值,无论是在各亚属之间还是在种及种下等级的划分中都很强调此类特征的作用。贵州省位于世界现代杜鹃分布中心边缘及向东部散布的过渡地带,省内自然分布的杜鹃种类资源丰富而又独具特色,包括很多尚未深入研究的特有类群。为进一步研究贵州杜鹃属植物的属下系统分类关系,该文对自然分布于贵州的30种杜鹃进行了叶背显微形态特征研究,其中有28种的叶背表皮特征为首次报道。研究材料全部来自采于贵州西北部百里杜鹃自然保护区内的杜鹃属植物,包括杜鹃亚属4种、糙叶杜鹃亚属1种、常绿杜鹃亚属22种、马银花亚属1种及映山红亚属2种,共计30种。研究方法为取成熟叶片处理后在JSM-6490型扫描电镜下对叶背表皮进行观测。叶背鳞片类型的划分方法参照前人工作。结果表明:这30种杜鹃叶片叶背表皮形态特征在电子显微镜下表现出明显的多样性,如有鳞类杜鹃具有鳞片而其他类群则无,叶表面有或无表皮毛,表皮毛排列稀疏或密生,气孔器未见或偶见,散生于乳突状或非乳突状突起之间,或角质层增厚气孔器下陷,内、外拱盖表面粗糙或光滑,气孔器周围有或无间断的条形突起,突起呈环状或羽状等,但在同一亚属或亚组中又呈现出或多或少的一致性。研究讨论表明,叶背表皮显微形态特征在杜鹃属植物的属下系统分类中具有重要的研究价值。     

Cytogenetic studies of four South American species of Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae)

Four South American species of Paullinia ( P. elegans , P. meliaefolia , P. pinnata , and P. rhomboidea ) were compared using conventional chromosome staining, C-Giemsa and C-chromomycin A₃/4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (C-CMA₃/DAPI) banding, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probe. All species showed a somatic complement of 2 n  = 24 chromosomes, agreeing with earlier records in some cases, and showing a tendency for the chromosome number to be conserved in this genus. The chromosome number of P. rhomboidea is a new report. The karyotypes differed in chromosome size and degree of karyotype asymmetry. The chromosomal band patterns and location of the 45S rDNA sites are reported for the first time in the genus. Terminal C-CMA₃ bands were associated with the 45S rDNA sites, but varied in number and size between the species. The occurrence of other C-Giemsa bands that were not revealed by CMA₃ suggests that more than one family of repetitive DNA may be involved in karyotype differentiation. The systematic implications of these results on the infrageneric relationships are discussed.   © 2007 The Linnean Society of London . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 154 , 313–320.     

五个三年桐品种过氧化物酶同功酶的酶谱分析

五个三年桐品种的过氧化物酶同功酶经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后,分离出了清晰的酶带,根据酶带的强弱、位置,它可划为三个区段,品种间的强带Rf值极为接近,表明它们之间的紧密亲缘关系,无疑可归于同一个种,但它们各区段中的弱带数及其Rf值又各不相同,表明了它们在性状上的差异,可划分成不同的品种。千年桐较之五个三年桐品种,不仅酶带少,无明显的强带,而且不呈现类似三年桐酶带的区段,无可非议的可成为另一个种。     

A CHLOROPLAST-DNA PHYLOGENY OF THE WILD PERENNIAL RELATIVES OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE SUBGENUS GLYCINE): CONGRUENCE WITH MORPHOLOGICAL AND CROSSING GROUPS

Hypotheses of evolutionary relationships among the Australian wild perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine subgenus Glycine) are based largely on patterns of meiotic pairing in intra- and interspecific experimental hybrids. This evidence has indicated a number of genome groupings within the subgenus but has not resolved most phylogenetic relationships. Restriction-endonuclease site variation of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) within the perennial subgenus is reported here, representing a sampling of approximately 3% of the approximately 150-kilobase plastome. Seven hundred twenty-one unique restriction sites were compared within Glycine using 29 restriction endonucleases; 157 sites varied within the genus. Distance and parsimony methods using these data yielded congruent results, recognizing the existence of three major groups within subgenus Glycine: the species-rich and geographically diverse A clade consisting of G. canescens and related taxa; the B clade, which includes the stoloniferous species; and the C group, containing two species with distinctive curved pods. These results are in general agreement with hypotheses based on genome analysis; inconsistencies involve the inclusion of genetically divergent taxa such as G. falcata in well-supported plastome clades comprised of otherwise interfertile species. Such findings are not unexpected if crossing barriers are considered to be unique features of such anomalous species, paralleling their often numerous morphological and cpDNA autapomorphies. Consideration of cpDNA divergence within the three major clades of subgenus Glycine indicates that the rate of plastome evolution is uncoupled from rates of morphological or ecological diversification.     

Variation of isozyme patterns among Arachis species

The genus Arachis contains a large number of species and undescribed taxa with patterns of genetic variation that are little understood. The objectives of this investigation were to estimate genetic diversity among species of Arachis by utilizing electrophoretic techniques and to establish the potential for use of isozymes as markers for germplasm introgression. One-hundred-and-thirteen accessions representing six of the seven sections of the genus were analyzed for isozyme variation of 17 enzymes. Section Rhizomatosae species were not included because they produce very few seeds. Seeds were macerated and the crude extract was used for starch-gel electrophoretic analyses. Although the cultivated species has few polymorphic isozymes, the diploid species are highly variable and two-to-six bands were observed for each isozyme among accessions. Because of the large number of isozyme differences between A. hypogaea and A. batizocoi (the presumed donor of the B genome), this species can no longer be considered as a progenitor of the cultivated peanut. Seed-to-seed polymorphisms within many accessions were also observed which indicate that germplasm should be maintained as bulk seed lots, representative of many individuals, or as lines from individual plants from original field collections. The area of greatest interspecific genetic diversity was in Mato Grosso, Brazil; however, the probability of finding unique alleles from those observed in A. hypogaea was greatest in north, north-central, south and southeast Brazil. The large number of polymorphic loci should be useful as genetic markers for interspecific hybridization studies.     

RAPD and ISSR markers indicate high genetic variation within Lobathallia radiosa in Turkey

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) methods were used for investigating genetic variation within L. radiosa and for delimiting species within the genus Lobothallia. Ten RAPD and 11 ISSR primers produced a total of 261 and 260 reproducible bands, respectively, and all of which were polymorphic for the two markers, suggesting high genetic variability within L. radiosa. Genetic distances between the samples of L. radiosa for the RAPD and ISSR analyses ranged from 51 to 93% and from 56 to 92%, respectively. The average was 71.2% for the RAPD markers while it was 80.4% for the ISSR markers. Although a high number of sample-specific bands (31 for RAPD and 16 for ISSR) were seen in L. radiosa, no species-specific band was observed. The RAPD-based dendrogram clustered the samples of L. alphoplaca into one group except for the samples from Kayseri and Nigde, whereas it divided the samples of L. radiosa into two main groups. On the other hand, the ISSR-based dendrogram resulted in four main groups. While the first main group included the three samples of L. alphoplaca, the other three main groups consisted of the samples of L. radiosa. Both RAPD- and ISSR-based dendrograms partially grouped the samples of L. radiosa and L. alphoplaca based on their geographical origins.     

The systematic anatomy of south Indian Cyperaceae: Cyperus L. subgen. Juncellus, Cyperus subgen. Mariscus and Lipocarpha R. Br.

The three investigated species of Cyperus L. subgen. Juncellus (Griseb.) C. B. Clarke show anatomical differences in the leaf pertaining to the number of vascular bundles and bundle sheaths, size of silica-cells and their wall thickness, while those of subgen. Mariscus (Gaertner) C. B. Clarke segregate into two primary groups depending on the presence or absence of a distinct hypodermis; and the species within each group are further differentiated on the basis of the presence or absence of air-cavities, the number of vascular bundles and their pattern of arrangement in the leaf. The interspecific differences observed within the genus Lipocarpha R. Br. concern the size of the interstomatal cells and the number of vascular bundles and bundle sheaths of the leaf. Keys for the identification of the species in each genus and subgenus are given separately.     

VARIATION IN THE DEGREE OF CLEISTOGAMY WITHIN AND AMONG SPECIES OF THE GRASS DANTHONIA

North American species of the grass Danthonia bear distinct chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. Four taxa occurring in North Carolina (D. compressa, D. epilis, D. sericea, and D. spicata) were examined for variation in the degree of cleistogamy. The flowering culms bear a single terminal panicle consisting of 4 to 12 spikelets of chasmogamous flowers. In each leaf axil, at the nodes of the flowering culm, is a single spikelet of cleistogamous flowers completely surrounded by the leaf sheath. The percentage of cleistogamous flowers produced on any culm depends on the number of chasmogamous and cleistogamous spikelets and the number of flowers in each type of spikelet. All four characters vary among the taxa examined. Danthonia compressa produces, on the average, 50% cleistogamous flowers; D. spicata, 25% cleistogamous flowers; D. sericea and D. epilis, 5% cleistogamous flowers. The degree of cleistogamy in D. spicata is associated with certain habitat features. Populations from mountain sites, disturbed sites, and non-woodland sites produced higher percentages of cleistogamous flowers than did populations from piedmont, undisturbed, and woodland sites, respectively. Grazing may favor increased cleistogamy because cleistogamous flowers are produced lower on the plant. In North Carolina, the most frequently grazed Danthonia taxa also produce the highest percentage of cleistogamous flowers.     

Grimmia serrana (Bryopsida,Grimmiaceae), a new species from California,U.S.A.

Abstract

Grimmia serrana, a new endemic species for California, is described and illustrated. The new species is readily distinguished by the presence of multi-stratose marginal bands that are rounded in cross-section. The leaf morphology displayed by Grimmia serrana is unique within the genus. The distribution of Grimmia serrana is along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada and in the northern Coast Range.