CYTOGEOGRAPHY OF PANICUM VIRGATUM IN CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA

Mc Millan , Calvin . (U. Texas, Austin.), and John Weiler . Cytogeography of Panicum virgatum in central North America. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(8): 590–593. Illus. 1959.—For 124 clones of Panicum virgatum L. representing 44 local populations from Manitoba and eastern Montana to Texas, the chromosome number was determined. Most of the clones were grown in a transplant garden at Lincoln, Nebraska. Among the earlier-flowering clones from the northern and western area, a preponderance were tetraploids (n = 18). Among the later-flowering clones, the Iowa material was predominantly tetraploid, while those from Nebraska presented a diversity of types (n = 18, 27, 36) within each population. A series of polyploids was common in population samples from southern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Through the complex breeding patterns resulting from the common occurrence of a range of polyploidy and the possible action of apomixis, variability within the population is maintained, and with it, genetic insurance for survival in highly unpredictable prairie habitats.     

SPECIES RICHNESS OF FRESHWATER GASTROPOD COMMUNITIES IN CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA

Species richness of freshwater gastropod communities (SR) wasexamined at 429 sites in central North America. Lakes and riversshowed the highest SR values, as did habitats with organic substrates,shale and clay. SR was significantly correlated with speciesrichness of aquatic macrophytes, particularly in lotic habitats.Of the 8 water chemistry variables examined, SR in the studyarea as a whole was significantly positively correlated withinorganic phosphorus, chloride, total alkalinity, total dissolvedsolids and pH, and inversely correlated with dissolved organicmatter. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that contributionsof the respective chemical variables varied in different typesof water bodies. Different variables interacted in their effectson SR. In all cases more than half of the variability in SRremained unexplained by the chemical variables examined. Manyfactors apparently influence SR, their relative importance varyingwith situation. (Received 24 October 1986;     

华北地区旧石器时代的骨、角器

本文对华北地区旧石器时代遗址或地点出土的骨、角器进行分类 ,在此基础上对该地区旧石器时代早、中、晚期骨、角器加工的特点和加工方式加以概括 ,对打击骨器的功能 ,刮制、磨制骨器技术和骨、角器起源等问题进行初步的探讨     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态Ⅱ．季节性和周期性

本文利用时间序列分析方法和季节性指标,讨论了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科１０属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的物种数、单位面积个体数与生物量、物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ与Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和均匀性等６个变量的季节变动、季节性和周期性。结果表明：（１）每个季节都有变量达到最大值,但除个体数和均匀性外,其余４个变量均在冬季达到最小值;（２）物种数与生物量及两个物种多样性指数之间,以及两个物种多样性指数相互之间有类似的季节变动规律;（３）除个体数外,群落数量动态的其他变量与８个物种种群的密度存在着显著的负相关关系;（４）物种数有最明显的季节性,季节性指标ＳＩ＝０．６２８;（５）物种数、个体数和生物量在９２个月的研究期中未显示出任何周期性。最后总结了该啮齿动物群落动态的时间模式,提出组成物种种群的扩散和休眠行为是形成这些模式的主要原因。     

PORINA RADICICOLA,A NEW LICHEN FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Porina radicicolasp. nov. is described from Washington, U.S.A. and British Columbia, Canada.     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态 IV.群落变量的模拟(英文)

利用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟了北美ＣＨＩＨＵＡＨＵＡＮ荒漠啮齿动物群落变量的总和、月间和年间变动情况及统计学特征,这些变量是：物种数、生物量、物种多样性和均匀性。模拟产生的１００００个样本显示这４个变量的平均值是８９１,１５４４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,１５８和０７３。真实群落４个变量的所有值均在模拟群落变量的９５％置信区间内。模拟群落物种数、生物量和物种多样性有相同的年间变动规律。物种数和生物量有相同的季节变动规律。当零假设为这些变量均服从正态分布时,Ｘ２检验及偏度和峭度说明,在９５％的显著性水平上,物种数有９６２个样本,生物量有１０９个样本,物种多样性有５５２９个样本,均匀性有６６５４个样本服从正态分布,即在９５％的显著性水平上,没有一个变量是服从正态分布的。结果说明,当样本含量较小时,我们不能用（平均数＋１９６×标准误）的公式来计算     

沙地草场放牧试验植物群落的TWINSPAN数量分析

 在长期严格沙地草场放牧试验的基础上,通过样方调查和TWINSPAN数量分析,揭示了植物群落的物种组成及种群在放牧压力下的变化趋势,主要结论是：1）不同的放牧压力使试验地的群落发生分化,形成差异明显的类群,而相同的放牧强度又使群落趋同,使群落的组成和物种的生态适应特性趋于一致。2）随着放牧强度的增加,群落中多年生成分减少,一年生杂类草增多,排列出了不同植物种组与放牧强度的对应关系。     

FOSSIL LEAVES OF DENDROPANAX FROM EOCENE SEDIMENTS OF SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA

As part of a reinvestigation of the Eocene floras from southeastern North America, a leaf form similar to some that were formerly placed in the genus Aradia has been identified as Dendropanax. Studies of the fine venation and cuticular characters have been important in this identification. This is the first report of leaf material of the genus Dendropanax in the fossil record.     

FOSSIL CERATOPHYLLUM (CERATOPHYLLACEAE) FROM THE TERTIARY OF NORTH AMERICA

Fossil fruits and a vegetative axis assignable to the extant genus Ceratophyllum are described from four North American Tertiary localities. Fossil fruits assignable to the extant species C. muricatum and C. echinatum are reported from the Eocene Green River and Claiborne formations, and the Miocene Esmerelda Formation, respectively. An extinct species, C. furcatispinum, is described from the Paleocene Fort Union Formation and represents the oldest published report of Ceratophyllum in the fossil record. The existence of extant angiosperm species in the Eocene is very unusual and may be attributable in this case to slow evolutionary rates and unusual evolutionary properties associated with hydrophily in the genus Ceratophyllum.     

CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HILDENBRANDIA RIVULARIS FROM DENMARK AND NORTH AMERICA

Hildenbrandia rivularis was collected in Denmark and the United States. The life history of this encrusting red alga is described on the basis of unialgal cultures maintained for more than 2 years. Significant changes in cellular and colonial morphology are reported. Events of the life history (i.e., reproduction by stolons, fragmentation, or gemmae; and manner of branching) which were previously in question or unknown are clarified. Mechanism(s) of certain morphogenetic phenomena remain obscure (cell wall and plastid ontogeny). These and related problems are now under investigation. Hildenbrandia should be added to the freshwater algal flora of the United States.     

PHLOEM ANATOMY IN STAUROPTERIS BISERIATA FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN OF NORTH AMERICA

Phloem anatomy in the coenopterid fern Stauropteris biseriata is detailed from Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian coal ball specimens from eastern Kentucky. Axes exhibit a cruciate-shaped xylem trace in transverse section. Phloem tissue completely surrounds the xylem, but is more extensively developed in the embayments between the xylem arms. Phloem is composed of elongate conducting elements with a few scattered parenchyma cells. Large and small sieve cells are present, with larger ones occurring in the embayments within the primary plane of symmetry of the axes. Large elements are approximately twice the diameter of the smaller sieve elements. Oval sieve areas and pores have been observed on lateral and oblique end walls of both large and small elements. The structure and composition of Stauropteris phloem is discussed in relationship to the available information on phloem anatomy in other fossil cryptogams.     

NATURE OF THE PLANT COMMUNITY. VI. TEXAS GRASSLAND COMMUNITIES UNDER TRANSPLANTED CONDITIONS

Mc Millan , Calvin . (U. Texas, Austin.) Nature of the plant community. VI. Texas grassland communities under transplanted conditions. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(9): 778–785. Illus. 1961.—Clones of 7 grass taxa, Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag., B. eriopoda (Torr.) Torr., B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr., Panicum virgatum L., the Andropogon scoparius Michx. complex, the Andropogon gerardi Vitman-hallii Hack. complex, and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, were transplanted from throughout their distribution in Texas and studied in an experimental garden at Austin. Restricted to western Texas and Panhandle areas, Bouteloua gracilis and B. eriopoda contained similar early-flowering clones throughout their distribution. Less restricted to western sites, B. curtipendula contained later-flowering types from eastern and central areas. In the 4 remaining, widespread taxa, early-flowering potential characterized clones from western sites. These 4 widespread taxa contain the latest-flowering clones from the coast of southern Texas. Clones of Stipa leucotricha Trin. and Rupr. from a broad area in Texas lacked a flowering gradient. Grassland communities of western Texas and the Panhandle, attuned to short growing seasons and low rainfall, were composed of opportunists, the Bouteloua species, and early-flowering variants within the widespread species. Communities of central Texas in habitats of highly unpredictable moisture pattern and a relatively long growing season contained later-flowering variants. Coastal communities attuned to a long growing season contained the latest-flowering variants.     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TOLYPELLA(CHARACEAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA1,2

Two new species of the genus Tolypella (Characeae)–T. boldii Sawa sp. nov. and T. canadensis Sawa sp. nov.–were discovered in Texas, U.S.A., and Ontario, Canada, respectively. The species are recognized as additional members to the section Acutifolia because of the small and conical branchlet end cell and the oospore with a single basal impression. However, they differ from all the members previously described in the genus by the frequent and unique development of a terminal antheridium at the fertile branchlet node. A new and unexpected chromosome number of n = 8 for the genus was determined in both species, which, renders additional support to the conclusion that they represent a new taxonomic group in the section. The plants are described in detail in order to clarify some important morphological features which have been loosely interpreted by previous workers. Relationships between the new species and other members of the section are analyzed.     

黄海中北部不同断面鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构特征

为了解黄海中北部近岸海域不同断面的鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构特征,基于2017年5月、6月和7月对黄海中北部近岸海域内不同断面表层水平拖网的调查数据,对该海域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布、多样性等进行分析。结果表明:3个航次共采获鱼卵5493粒,仔稚鱼43尾,经鉴定共20种,隶属于7目16科20属,种类以鲈形目为主要类群。采获鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量在不同月份和不同断面间有所差异,总体来看数量分布不均匀。采获鱼卵、仔稚鱼对应成鱼的适温类型主要由暖温种和暖水种组成,仅有少量冷温种,各生态类型种类数随断面不同有所变化,暖温种在调查海域内由北向南呈递减的趋势,暖水种则呈递增的趋势。鱼卵、仔稚鱼优势种和重要种组成在不同月份和不同断面间均有所差异,鳀(Engraulis japonicus)为5月航次调查海域及T1和T2断面的鱼卵优势种,仔稚鱼没有出现优势种。3个航次采集的鱼卵、仔稚鱼对应成鱼平均营养级分别为3.58、3.51和3.41,呈现逐渐降低的趋势。调查海域内鱼卵、仔稚鱼的丰富度指数(D)、多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)均以5月航次最高, 6月航次最低。此外,两个断面各站位之间的丰富度指...     

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF MARINE MACROALGAL FUNCTIONAL-FORM GROUPS FROM SOUTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA1

New productivity data are given for 62 macroalgal species from 6 intertidal habitats spanning a latitudinal range of nearly twelve degrees on the Pacific Coast of south-western North America. Our data, utilizing a functional-form group approach, support an hypothesis relating morphological forms to photosynthetic performances. Specifically, the Sheet-Group showed the highest productivity (mean apparent net photo synthetic performance = 5.16 mg C · g^?1· h^?1) with a reduction of ca. two-fold between each of the following four groups: Filamentous-Group (2.47), Coarsely Branched-Group (1.30), Thick Leathery-Group (0.76) and Jointed Calcareous-Group (0.45). The Crustose-Group had by far the lowest mean net productivity being only 0.07 mg C · g^?1· h^?1. The-functional-form group approach is a promising tool for predicting the outcome of productivity-related ecological and evolutionary processes without being restricted temporally, geographically or taxonomically.