TRICHOBLASTS IN HYDROCHARIS. I. ORIGIN. DIFFERENTIATION,DIMENSIONS AND GROWTH

In the root epidermis of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. distinctive trichoblasts, which later grow out as root hairs, are formed by the unequal division of protodermal (immature epidermal) cells. The trichoblast is the more proximal product of this division. Trichoblasts differ from adjacent epidermal cells in manner of growth, in size, amount of cytoplasm, degree of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity, and in the structure of their plastids. Plastids in the trichoblasts gradually become colorless and of less complex structure with increasing distance from the root tip, in contrast to those in adjacent epidermal cells. The trichoblasts do not divide, but they elongate to a considerable extent in the most distal 3000 μ of the root tip and less extensively in the next 3000 μ. By contrast the sister cells and their products divide, but the individual products do not become markedly longer than the mother cell until situated more than 3000 μ from the root tip, when they undergo extensive elongation. The trichoblasts are thus characterized by delayed maturation and inhibition of cytokinesis; it is suggested that delayed maturation is a necessary prerequisite for differentiation of root hairs in this and other species.     

切除顶技对加拿大伊乐藻生长的影响

切除5cm顶枝使加拿大伊乐藻生物量立即下降28%,净光合作用速率(Pn)和植株光合作用产量(PhP)与对照相比立即下降50%以上,去顶也对各种生长指标造成不同程度的即时损伤。经过随后28d的生长试验后,处理组与对照相比,生物量和总枝长(主枝+侧枝)增长率分别下降45%和53%,主枝伸长几乎停止;侧枝(分枝)数增长略有下降;水分含量明显增加;试验期间Pn平均下降了40%,PhP平均下降了51%.表明去顶对生物量增长、主枝伸长和冠层的发育有明显的抑制,对分枝数没有明显的影响。光合产量较生物量增长幅度的下降明显要大,其恢复去顶前水平的时间也比后者要长一倍。根据结果,讨论了去顶对沉水植物生长的影响机制、沉水植物的恢复能力并和其它收获试验进行了比较。       

切除顶枝对加拿大伊乐藻生长的影响

切除５ｃｍ顶枝使加拿大伊乐藻生物量立即下降２８％,净光合作用速率（Ｐｎ）和植株光合作用产量（ＰｈＰ）与对照相比立即下降５０％以上,支顶也对各种生长指标造成不同程度的即时损伤。经过随后２８ｄ的生长试验后,处理组与对照相比,生物量和总枝长（主枝＋侧枝）增长率分别下降４５％和５３％,主枝伸长几乎停止;侧枝（分枝）娄增长略有下降;水分含量明显增加;试验期间Ｐｎ平均下降４０％,ＰｈＰ平均下降了５１％。表明去     

DIFFERENTIAL ENZYME ACTIVITY DURING TRICHOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN ELODEA CANADENSIS

Enzymes active in the developing root epidermis of Elodea canadensis Michx. were demonstrated by histochemical techniques. The future root-hair-forming cells (trichoblasts) showed a period of elevated activity more extensive than the one previously reported in trichoblasts of another species for dehydrogenases (glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, succinic, isocitrate, glutamate), phosphatases (acid, ATPase, 5-nucleotidase), cytochrome oxidase, and peroxidase. This elevated activity extended from the time of trichoblast formation up to the point of root hair outgrowth, even for enzymes not previously demonstrated in trichoblasts: alkaline phosphatase, NADH diaphorase, NADPH diaphorase, esterase, and leucine aminopeptidase. Glucose-6-phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were not detected. The single exception to this pattern was phosphorylase activity, which intensified only just prior to and during root hair outgrowth. The more generalized activity pattern is considered to indicate the so-called meristematic character of these cells in terms of both macromolecular synthesis and lack of specialization. It is suggested that specific root hair development begins just prior to initiation, at the point marked by elevated phosphorylase activity.     

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN GRANULES IN MAIZE ENDOSPERM

Protein granule development in the starchy endosperm of normal maize (inbred line, W46A) was studied with optical and electron microscopy. The granules were first observed 12 days after pollination as spherical deposits, usually single, within an enclosing membrane. They developed from vesicles produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and were formed both as small localized cisternal dilations and as enlargements at the ends of endoplasmic reticulum. Dictyosomes also appear to proliferate protein granule vesicles. The protein accumulated in the granules appears to be synthesized outside the membranes. Once initiated, the granules rapidly increase in size and number as the kernel develops; their final diameter ranges up to 2 μ. Immature granules stain with a variety of biological dyes in aqueous solution as well as with metal stains; mature granules stain lightly or not at all. At kernel maturity, the protein granules are embedded in a protein matrix.     

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL ROOTS IN TYPHA GLAUCA

Lateral roots of Typha glauca arose from the pericycle of the parent adventitious root. Periclinal divisions of the pericycle gave rise to two layers; the outermost initially produced the ground meristem and protoderm, and the innermost produced the procambium. The immature endodermis of the parent root contributed to the early stages of the root tip as an endodermal covering. Prior to emergence, the ground meristem/protoderm produced cells into the endodermal covering. After emergence, the endodermal covering was replaced by a calyptrogen, which was derived from the ground meristem/protoderm and which, in turn, formed the rootcap. A typical monocotyledonous three-tiered meristem was then produced. An outer ground meristem also arose before emergence to form a hypodermis in many lateral roots; in these, crystalliferous cell production began in midcortex cells before emergence, and a small aerenchyma developed in their cortices. The rootcap columella stored small amounts of starch shortly after emergence. Lateral roots of T. glauca were smaller than their parental adventitious roots; they normally had only two to six poles of xylem and phloem, and the cortex was less than six cells across. During 1–3-cm elongation, the lateral root apical meristem and mature regions narrowed, stored starch disappeared, fewer crystals formed, aerenchyma production ceased, and the roots stopped elongation.     

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUCED BRANCHES IN HELIANTHUS

The development of buds and their vascular connections are described for Helianthus annuus and H. bolanderi. Bud meristems of H. annuus usually become isolated by parenchymatization of the bud traces in the cortical zone. If the buds are induced to grow as a result of decapitation of the terminal meristem, a continuous range between typical primary connections and pseudo-adventitious connections are made between the main axis and the lateral buds. Considerable growth of the branches occurs within 48 hours after decapitation. Axillary buds of H. bolanderi grow continuously, and both the meristem and vascular system of the buds are derived directly from the apical meristem of the shoots.     

猪苓菌核结晶及厚壁细胞的起源与发育

猪苓菌核的含晶细胞发生于菌丝中间或顶端,该细胞具有体积大、细胞质丰富等特点;结晶是由细胞质中的微小颗粒沉积于液泡中逐渐发育而成,液泡周围常有数量较多的线粒体分布,结晶发育至一定大小时细胞壁破裂释放出结晶,单个结晶在菌核中可聚集成大的棱状晶体。厚壁细胞产生于菌丝中间,与两端细胞以横隔膜相隔,细胞质收缩的同时胞壁加厚,厚壁细胞发育至仅留很小胞腔或完全被加厚物质充满时,可与相邻菌丝细胞分离;猪苓菌核厚壁细胞与有些真菌无性厚壁孢子的形成类同,但其大小不等在5～30μm之间。