REPRODUCTIVE PROFICIENCY IN PAEONIA CALIFORNICA (PAEONIACEAE)

Study of three populations of geophytic Paeonia californica in southern California revealed considerable variation, within and between populations, in both potential and in realized seed output. Plants are weakly self-compatible, but natural seed set (x = 4.2 seeds per carpel) is closer to seed set produced in hand cross-pollinations (x = 4.5) than in self pollinations (x = 1.4). Flowers are protogynous, nectariferous, and scented; 17 species of bees in four families, and one species of melyrid beetle were found in them and probably account for pollinations at these sites. Counts of reproductive parts show greatest inter-population variation in mean numbers per plant, of flowers (population means ranged from 16.2 to 21.2), ovules (744 to 1142), pollen grains (23 million to 38 million), and % viable pollen (26.6 to 81.4). Seed set also varied significantly, with only 11.4 to 26.8 % of the ovules maturing into seeds. This low reproductive success is probably correlated with the genetic anomalies studied by others—particularly the translocation heterozygosity that causes lowered production of viable gametes. The relatively few seeds produced are heavy (x = 0.184 g per seed), and germination percentages are high (x = 80%). The elongation of cotyledon bases during hypogeal germination seems to permit optimal germination at soil depths of only 2–3 cm, but environmental factors such as drought stress and herbivore pressure promote high seedling mortality.     

水曲柳大孢子发生及雌配子体发育的研究

水曲柳（ＦｒａｘｉｎｕｓｍａｎｄｓｈｕｉｃａＲｕｐｒ．）子房为二心皮;二室,中轴胎座,每室内具二个倒生胚珠,薄珠心,单珠被。单个孢原细胞分化于珠心顶端表皮之下,直接发育成为大孢子母细胞,大孢子四分体为直线形,通常为合点端第一大孢子具功能,胆囊发育为蓼型。     

烟草单倍体植株的大孢子发生和雌配子体败育

单倍体植株小孢子母细胞减数分裂现象,一些作者曾作过大量观察,但有关大孢子发生过程中减数分裂和胚囊发育情况,工作和报道较少。本文较为系统地观察了花药培养得到的再生单倍体植株大孢子母细胞减数分裂和胚囊发育过程,从大孢子角度为单倍体植物增添了具体的细胞学和胚胎学内容。供试材料烟草(Nicotiana tabacum c.)“金星”品种(2n=48)花药接种于附加KT 2毫克/升,IAA 0.5毫克/升的H固体培养基上。约40天形成愈伤组织后转移到NAA 0.15毫克/升,IAA 0.375毫克/升的MS固体培养基上,待分化出小苗后经盆栽适应,再定植于大田中。用FAA和纳瓦兴液固定单倍体植株不同长度花     

喜树大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体的发育

喜树子房下位,一室,有1枚倒生胚珠,悬垂,具单珠被。假厚珠心胚珠类型,胚囊发育为蓼型。喜树小孢子母细胞减数分裂胞质分裂方式为同时型,四分体主要为四面体形和左右对称形,单核小孢子呈三角形,成熟花粉粒有三角形、四边形和圆形。本文主要研究喜树大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体的发育过程,并初步探讨了喜树部分雌蕊败育的原因。     

马蹄香大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体形成

马蹄香（Ｓａｒｕｍａｈｅｎｒｙｉ,Ｏｌｉｖ．）花药壁的发育属双子叶型。花粉母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体主要为四面体形,少数为左右对称式排列。腺质绒毡层,其细胞可排列为不规则的两层,双核或多核。到单细胞花粉阶段,绒毡层细胞内切向壁上出现许多乌氏体。成熟花粉为２细胞型,圆球状,具单萌发沟。雌蕊６心皮,上部彼此分离、下部联合。倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚球心。胚囊发育蓼型。成熟胚囊为七细胞结构,但两个助细胞退化较早。     

短柄五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体发育的研究

短柄五加花药５枚,每个花药四个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体形的四分体。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层四层细胞组成,其发育类型为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层,其细胞为二核。三细胞型花粉。子房５室,每室两个胚珠,上胚珠败育,下胚珠可育。下胚珠倒生,具单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线性排列的四个大孢子,雌配子体发育属蓼型。开花当天,花粉散开,雌配子体尚未成熟,处     

藠头大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体败育的细胞学研究

对栽培Ｊｉａｏ头４个品种大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的细胞学观察表明,Ｊｉａｏ头小孢子细胞减数分裂过程基本正常,四分体左右对称或四面体体型,部分单核小孢子解体。散粉时,多数花粉粒空瘪,无萌发沟;部分花粉粒人单核或二核;极少数花粉粒具有生殖核和营养核。共 粒生活力低或无,无花粉管萌发。囊发育属葱型,部分能发育形成四核胚囊,大部分发育异常,出现二 核至五核胚囊,未观察到正常七细胞八核胚囊的形成。结果表     

凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的研究

凹叶厚朴花药四囊型,腺质绒毡层有1-2层细胞,小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型．小孢子四分体排列方式为左右对称型,成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。四分体和小孢子在发生时有不规则变形。子房单心皮。心皮腹面壁上着生2个胚珠,胚珠倒生型,厚珠心,双珠被;抱原细胞一个,并且自表皮下第2层细胞处分化。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。凹叶厚朴的胚胎学特征与木兰科其它植物的胚胎学特征基本相同,属于较原始的被子植物胚胎类型。在凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育过程中存在部分败育现象。本文初步探讨了凹叶厚朴濒危的生殖生物学原因。     

凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的研究

凹叶厚朴花药四囊型,腺质绒毡层有1-2层细胞,小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为左右对称型．成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。四分体和小孢子在发生时有不规则变形。子房单心皮,心皮腹面壁上着生2个胚珠,胚珠倒生型,厚珠心,双珠被;孢原细胞一个,并且自表皮下第2层细胞处分化。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。凹叶厚朴的胚胎学特征与木兰科其它植物的胚胎学特征基本相同,属于较原始的被子植物胚胎类型。在凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育过程中存在部分败育现象。本文初步探讨了凹叶厚朴濒危的生殖生物学原因。     

藠头大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体败育的细胞学研究

对栽培头4个品种大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的细胞学观察表明,头小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程基本正常,四分体左右对称或四面体型,部分单核小孢子解体。散粉时,多数花粉粒空瘪,无萌发沟;部分花粉粒具单核或二核;极少数花粉粒具生殖核和营养核。花粉粒生活力低或无,无花粉管萌发。胚囊发育属葱型,部分能发育形成四核胚囊,大部分发育异常,出现二核至五核胚囊,未观察到正常七细胞八核胚囊的形成。结果表明,雌雄配子体败育导致头不结实。     

宁夏枸杞的大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育

在幼小花药横切面上,每个角隅处可见一层拱形孢原细胞,其经过平周分裂形成初生造孢细胞、次生造孢细胞,发育为小孢子母细胞。减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型。四分体为四面体型。成熟花粉粒含二细胞,具三孔沟型萌发孔。花药绒毡层由二部分组成:药壁区的绒毡层由初生壁细胞所产生,药隔区的由药隔细胞直接转化成,为双重起源,呈二型性,属分泌型。雌蕊由二个心皮构成二室子房,中轴胎座。倒生胚珠具单珠被、薄珠心,珠被绒毡层。胚囊发育为蓼型。在胚囊细胞分化后,组成胚囊的四种细胞继续发育,表现出各自的形态学变化。     

ROLE OF SETTLEMENT DENSITY ON GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE KELPS PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA AND MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Laboratory studies were used to examine how variation in the density of spore settlement influences gametophyte growth, reproduction, and subsequent sporophyte production in the kelps Pterygophora californica Ruprecht and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. In still (non-aerated) cultures, egg maturation in both species was delayed when spores were seeded at densities 300 · mm^?2. Although the density at which this inhibition was first observed was similar for both species, the age at which their eggs matured was not. P. californica females reached sexual maturity an average of 4 days (or ～ 30%) sooner than did M, pyrifera. As observed previously in field experiments, per capita sporophyte production was negatively density dependent for both species when seeded at spore densities of 10 · mm^?2. Total sporophyte production (i.e. number · cm^?2) for both species, however, was greatest at intermediate densities of spore settlement (～ 50 spores · mm^?2). In contrast, total sporophyte production by P. californica steadily increased with increasing spore density in aerated cultures; highest sporophyte density was observed on slides seeded at a density of 1000 spores · mm^?2. Preliminary experiments with P. californica involving manipulation of aeration and nutrients indicate that inhibition of gametophyte growth and reproduction at higher densities of spore settlement in non-aerated cultures was probably caused by nutrient limitation.     

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTION IN THE GAMETOPHYTE STAGE ON MUTATIONAL LOAD

We have studied a multilocus selection model of a plant population in which mutations to deleterious alleles occur that may affect not only the diploid sporophyte stage, but also the haploid pollen stage before zygote formation. We investigated the reduction in inbreeding depression (as measured in the sporophyte) caused by the lowering of mutant allele frequencies due to selection in the pollen. This is important for a full understanding of the role of inbreeding depression in the maintenance of outcrossing in seed plants. We also studied the theoretically expected relationship between the pollen fitnesses of different pollen donor genotypes and the fitnesses of the diploid progeny that they sire. This relationship can be compared with the results of experiments in which pollen was subjected to selection, and improved progeny quality was observed. We found that on the mutational load model there is, as expected intuitively, a positive covariance between the pollen and zygote fitnesses, but that it is likely to be small. Subjecting pollen to an episode of strong selection is usually expected to increase sporophyte fitness only slightly.     

MEGASPOROGENESIS AND MEGAGAMETOGENESIS IN SOYBEAN,GLYCINE MAX

Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis were examined in Glycine max with light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Megasporogenesis results in a linear tetrad of four megaspores. Megagametophyte development is of the Polygonum type, with the functional chalazal megaspore undergoing three successive mitotic divisions to produce an eight-nucleate, seven-celled mature megagametophyte. The central cell becomes packed with starch. At fertilization, the antipodals are degenerate, the polar nuclei have fused, starch is diminished, and the egg occupies most of the micropylar portion of the megagametophyte. Several pollen tubes were occasionally observed at each micropyle, yet only one was involved in fertilization. Pollen tube entry occurs through a slightly reduced, viable synergid cell. Endosperm development precedes embryo growth. These results describing normal development allow important comparison with genetic mutants of soybean that affect female fertility.