Phylogenetic relationships in Peniocereus (Cactaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data

The phylogenetic relationships of Peniocereus (Cactaceae) species were studied using parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data. The plastid rpl16 and trnL-F regions were sequenced for 98 taxa including 17 species of Peniocereus, representatives from all genera of tribe Pachycereeae, four genera of tribe Hylocereeae, as well as from three additional outgroup genera of tribes Calymmantheae, Notocacteae, and Trichocereeae. Phylogenetic analyses support neither the monophyly of Peniocereus as currently circumscribed, nor the monophyly of tribe Pachycereeae since species of Peniocereus subgenus Pseudoacanthocereus are embedded within tribe Hylocereeae. Furthermore, these results show that the eight species of Peniocereus subgenus Peniocereus (Peniocereus sensu stricto) form a well-supported clade within subtribe Pachycereinae; P. serpentinus is also a member of this subtribe, but is sister to Bergerocactus. Moreover, Nyctocereus should be resurrected as a monotypic genus. Species of Peniocereus subgenus Pseudoacanthocereus are positioned among species of Acanthocereus within tribe Hylocereeae, indicating that they may be better classified within that genus. A number of morphological and anatomical characters, especially related to the presence or absence of dimorphic branches, are discussed to support these relationships.     

A GENERIC CONSPECTUS OF THE SUBTRIBE PERITYLINAE (ASTERACEAE-HELENIEAE) AND REASSESSMENT OF ITS TRIBAL POSITION

The subtribe Peritylinae, long treated as an element of the polyphyletic, chaffless tribe Helenieae, is recognized as containing 7 or 8 genera (Perityle, Pericome, Correllia, Amauria, Eutetras, Oxypappus, Eatonella and possibly Hulsea). Using mainly morphological data and a phyletic perspective, we concluded that the Peritylinae is best treated as a subtribe within the Senecioneae, where it should be positioned with or near Crocidium and Bartlettia. Reasons for this disposition are discussed in some detail.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE VIII: HELIANTHEAE

One hundred and ninety-three new counts are reported for the tribe Heliantheae of Compositae, mostly based on determinations of meiotic material, including first counts for the genera Adenothamnus, Chrysogonum, Enceliopsis, Guardiola, Isocarpha, Lipochaeta, Otopappus, and Oyedaea, as well as first counts for 66 species. The original counts are discussed in relation to those previously reported for the tribe, by genera and subtribe. Two-thirds of the approximately 150 genera and more than a third of the roughly 1500 species have now been examined. The incomplete knowledge of generic relationships in the tribe often make the interpretation of these chromosome numbers difficult. Three observations are documented and discussed: (1) genera with low chromosome numbers are few; (2) genera with aneuploid series are abundant; and (3) the original basic chromosome number in the tribe is probably in the range of x = 8 to x = 12.     

基于ITS和matK序列的兰科沼兰族分子系统研究及二新种

沼兰族是兰科植物的大族之一,约2000种,除了极地和沙漠地区,全球均有分布.该族植物主要分布在热带地区,尤其在东南亚、热带美洲、非洲以及澳大利亚等地区种类非常丰富.目前,已有关于该族植物形态和分子系统的研究,但有关该族亚族和属间的系统关系尚不清楚,属的界定争议也较大.该文基于核基因片段 ITS 和叶绿体基因片段 mat K 序列,采用最大简约法、最大似然法贝叶斯推理分析法,对现有沼兰族主要属的123种植物和10个外类群植物进行了分子系统学研究.结果表明：沼兰族主要分为3个亚族分支,包括附生的鸢尾兰亚族(Oberoniinae)、地生的羊耳蒜亚族(Liparidinae)和沼兰亚族分支(Crepidium clade).鸢尾兰亚族包括6个属、羊耳蒜亚族分支包括5个属、沼兰亚族分支包括4个属;丫瓣兰亚族(Ypsilorchidinae)应归并为鸢尾兰亚族;Disticholiparis 属与 Stichorkis 属的模式标本相同,应并入 Stichorkis 属;沼兰属(Cre-pidium )和无耳沼兰属(Dienia )的唇瓣结构差异较大,但二者均为单系类群.此外,在收集野外实验材料过程中,发现了2种产自中国西南部和越南北部的沼兰族新种,分别命名为麻栗坡羊耳蒜(Platystyliparis mali-poensis G．D．Tang,X．Y．Zhuang & Z．J．Liu)和秉滔羊耳蒜(Cestichis pingtaoi G．D．Tang,X．Y．Zhuang &Z．J．Liu).     

Gaertnera and Pagamea: Genera Within the Psychotrieae or Constituting the Tribe Gaertnereae? A Wood Anatomical and Palynological Approach

The possible alliance between Gaertnera and Pagamea (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae), two genera from the Old and New World, respectively, is investigated on the basis of wood anatomy and pollen morphology. Nowadays, the main point of discussion about the taxonomic position of these genera is whether they belong to the Psychotrieae or constitute a tribe Gaertnereae characterised by their secondarily superior ovary and sheathing stipules. Both the wood and pollen of the genus pair are found to show specific features absent in other genera of the Psychotrieae, e.g. parenchyma bands in the xylem and endexine thickenings on the polar sites of the pollen apertures. Nevertheless Gaertnera and Pagamea share many other characters with the Psychotrieae. Wood and pollen convincingly demonstrate the very close affinity of the two genera. The sister pair differs in so many features from other Psychotrieae, that Gaertnera and Pagamea should constitute at least a subtribe Gaertnerinae, formally recognized here. The general lack of profound studies on the affinities within the very large tribe Psychotrieae makes further comments on the taxonomic relationships of the Gaertnerinae difficult.     

Polyphyly of the grass tribe Hainardieae (Poaceae: Pooideae): identification of its different lineages based on molecular phylogenetics, including morphological and cytogenetic characteristics

The small pooid grass tribe Hainardieae comprises six genera with approximately ten species; however, this tribe was not accepted by all previous taxonomic treatments. To study the relationships among these genera and to infer the phylogeny and evolutionary patterns, we used sequence variation of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast (cp) matK DNA and morphology. Many genera of the Aveneae/Poeae tribe complex additionally were included. Both molecular datasets showed Hainardieae to be highly polyphyletic, and its genera to branch with different groups of the Aveneae/Poeae. Parapholis and Hainardia are corroborated as being closely related, and belonging to a firmly supported Eurasian clade together with Catapodium incl. Scleropoa, Cutandia, Desmazeria, Sphenopus, Vulpiella (subtribe Parapholiinae) and with Cynosurus as sister to this assemblage. The other genera of traditionally recognised Hainardieae are positioned phylogenetically distant: Mediterranean Narduroides is verified as more or less related to Festuca and relatives (subtribe Loliinae), whereas the west Eurasian Pholiurus is close to the lineage of Poa and relatives (subtribe Poinae). North American Scribneria is sister to Deschampsia and both genera should be unified under a common subtribe (Aristaveninae or Holcinae). The phylogenetic position of the Algerian genus Agropyropsis (close to Narduroides and within the Loliinae) is suggested on morphology only, because no molecular data was obtained for it. Considering classification, we support the abandonment of tribe Hainardieae and argue to abandon Poeae subtribe Scribneriinae. Poeae subtribe Parapholiinae is redefined with a novel genus content, due to the exclusion of Agropyropsis and Pholiurus and the inclusion of Vulpiella.     

Phylogeny of xanthopygine rove beetles (Coleoptera) based on six molecular loci

The rove beetle subtribe Xanthopygina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae: Staphylinini) is a species‐rich group of 27 neotropical genera that contains some of the largest and most brightly coloured of all staphylinid beetles. The monophyly of the subtribe has never been tested before, using a large dataset of taxa and genes. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses are used on individual genes (COI, 28S rDNA, wingless, arginine kinase, CAD and topoisomerase I) and the partitioned concatenated dataset to test for monophyly and examine the relationships among Xanthopygina genera. Xanthopygina (excluding Philothalpus) are shown to be a monophyletic group with strong support values. The genus Philothalpus is removed from Xanthopygina and placed in the tribe Staphylinini as incertae sedis. Four distinct clades of Xanthopygina genera are recognized. The origin of Xanthopygina is hypothesized to be in the Late Cretaceous or later and the origin of myrmecophilous adaptations is discussed.     

A phylogenetic analysis of the palm subtribe Oncospermatinae (Arecaceae) based on morphological characters

Subtribe Oncospermatinae (Arecaceae: Arecoideae: Areceae) is a diverse group of spiny Old World palms. The subtribe includesOncosperma, a widespread Asian genus of five species, along with seven monotypic genera, all endemic to the Seychelles and Mascarene Islands of the western Indian Ocean. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted in order to test the monophyly of subtribe Oncospermatinae with respect to other Old World genera of tribe Areceae. A matrix of 38 morphological characters was scored for 29 taxa, including 11 species of the Oncospermatinae. A single most parsimonious tree was found, resolving the subtribe as a polyphyletic group of two distinct clades. One clade containingAcanthophoenix, Deckenia, Oncosperma, andTectiphiala was placed as sister to a large group that includes members of subtribes Archontophoenicinae, Arecinae, Iguanurinae, and Ptychospermatinae. The other clade of Oncospermatinae, including the Seychelles endemic generaNephrosperma, Phoenicophorium, Roscheria, andVerschaffeltia, was resolved as sister to the Madagascar endemic subtribe Masoalinae, and may have arisen in the western Indian Ocean region.     

Molecular phylogeny of the mega‐diverse rove beetle tribe Staphylinini (Insecta,Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

Chatzimanolis, S., Cohen, I. M., Schomann, A. & Solodovnikov, A. (2010). Molecular phylogeny of the mega‐diverse rove beetle tribe Staphylinini (Insecta, Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 39, 436–449. Phylogeny of the rove beetle tribe Staphylinini is explored by parsimony and Bayesian analyses of sequences of four genes (COI, wingless, Topoisomerase I, and 28S) for 43 ingroup (various genera of Staphylinini) and eight outgroup (two genera of Paederinae, six genera of other tribes of Staphylininae) taxa. Analyses were conducted for each gene independently and for the concatenated data set. Results of the most robust combined analyses were compared with the morphology‐based phylogenies of Staphylinini (‘test phylogeny’), and with the conventional classification of this tribe. Molecular results were congruent with the ‘test phylogeny’ in the following: ancestors of Staphylinini were ‘Quediina‐like’ lineages; formal subtribe Quediina mixes at least two relatively basal groups, ‘Quediina propria’ and ‘southern Quediina’; specialized subtribe Amblyopinina is an internal clade within ‘southern Quediina’; a relatively deeply nested ‘Staphylinini propria’ that unites current subtribes Staphylinina, Eucibdelina, Anisolinina, Xanthopygina and Philonthina is well supported as a monophyletic group. In strong contrast with morphology, molecular data place the tribes Othiini and Xantholinini nested within Staphylinini. Molecular results strongly conflict with morphology by uniting morphologically very different genera Holisus and Atanygnathus in one clade that has uncertain position within Staphylinini. Consistently with the most congruent areas of the morphology‐ and molecular‐based phylogenies, taxonomic changes are implemented for the formal subtribes Quediina and Amblyopinina.     

Pollen morphology and systematics of Burseraceae

The Burseraceae are a medium‐sized family in which 18 genera are currently recognised. They are the subject of a long‐term project to describe the pollen morphology from light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen morphology of tribe Protieae has been published, as well as an account of the pollen of the African taxa in the family. Pollen data for the other two tribes, Bursereae and Canarieae, are more or less complete. The pollen of all the genera have been examined, with the exception of the recently described Pseudodacryodes Pierlot for which, currently, there is no pollen material available. This paper summarises the results.

There is considerable variation in exine and aperture features between, and occasionally within, the genera and 14 major pollen types are defined, including two previously undescribed types: ‘Canarium oleiferum’ and ‘Canarium gracile’. The distribution of pollen characteristics throughout the family is compared with previously published tribal and subtribal groupings, as well as with current ideas of generic relationships from molecular analyses. Comparisons show notable congruence of pollen data with molecular data. To some extent pollen morphology is different for each of the subtribes. Nevertheless, there are some notable exceptions, for example, the pollen of Garuga and Boswellia are remarkably similar, although Garuga has been included, somewhat tenuously, in tribe Protieae, and Boswellia is included in tribe Bursereae, subtribe Boswelliinae. In a recent molecular tree Garuga and Boswellia appear to be closely related, and this supports the conclusion, based on several macromorphological characters as well as pollen, that Garuga should be transferred to tribe Bursereae.     

PHYLOGENY OF THE RUBIACEAE AND THE LOGANIACEAE: CONGRUENCE OR CONFLICT BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA?

Phylogenetic analyses of 33 genera of Rubiaceae were performed using morphological and a few chemical characters. Parsimony analysis based on 29 characters resulted in eight equally parsimonious trees, with a consistency index of 0.40 and a retention index of 0.69. These results were compared to a phylogenetic analysis of the same genera based on chloroplast DNA restriction site data. There are discrepancies between the two analyses, but if we consider groupings reflected in the present classification there is much congruency. With the exception of four genera, all the genera are positioned in the same group of taxa in the two analyses. Clades of taxa representing three of the four subfamilies (~the Antirheoideae, ~the Rubioideae, and the ~Ixoroideae) are monophyletic, while the fourth subfamily Cinchonoideae is shown to be paraphyletic. Both analyses support a widened tribe Chiococceae, including the former subtribe Portlandiinae (Condamineeae). Furthermore, in both analyses the tribe Hamelieae is placed outside the subfamily Rubioideae where it is now housed. In search for the most plausible sister group to the Rubiaceae, the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae) was analyzed together with 13 genera of the Loganiaceae, Nerium (Apocynaceae), and Exacum (Gentianaceae). Cornus (Comaceae), Olea (Oleaceae), and these two genera together were used as outgroups. The analysis, including 25 characters, 16 taxa, and with Cornus and Olea together as an outgroup, resulted in four equally parsimonious trees, with a consistency index of 0.53 and a retention index of 0.62. The non-Loganiaceae taxa Cinchona (Rubiaceae), Nerium (Apocynaceae), and Exacum (Gentianaceae) were all found to have their closest relatives within the Loganiaceae indicating that the Loganiaceae are paraphyletic and ought to be reclassified. As a result of the morphological data the most plausible sister group to the Rubiaceae is the tribe Gelsemieae of the Loganiaceae.     

Rhagodiinae: A new subtribe in the Chenopodiaceae

A new subtribe, Rhagodiinae, is described in the tribe Chenopodieae of the Chenopodiaceae. Three genera are included in this new subtribe: Rhagodia with 8 species, Einadia with 3 species, and Holmbergia with a single species. All the species are fully described and keys to the genera and species are given. Four new combinations are proposed: Rhagodia deltophylla, Einadia nutans, Einadia hastata and Einadia triandra.     

The systematic position of Placusa Erichson and Euvira Sharp: the tribe Placusini described (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

Abstract. The genera Placusa Mannerheim and Euvira Sharp share the 4, 4, 5 tarsal segmentation with other members of the aleocharine tribe Bolitocharini. Placusa has usually been placed together with other subcortical members of this tribe into the subtribe Homalotina or its taxonomic equivalent. Members of the very distinctive genus Euvira are not subcortical. The systematic position of this latter genus has been uncertain though it has been most often placed in the tribe (or subtribe) Autaliini. Because of the striking differences in habitus and habits of members of these two genera, they have always been considered to be, at most, distantly related within the Bolitocharini. Study of the larvae and adults of both genera has revealed that they share a diverse set of derived features (eight in adults; ten in larvae). Many of these are unique to the Aleocharinae. These features are described and illustrated and a discussion of their systematic importance is provided. Four conclusions are drawn: (1) Placusa and Euvira form a monophyletic group; (2) these two genera are misplaced in the tribe Bolitocharini; (3) these two genera do not share derived features with members of any other described tribe of aleocharines; and (4) Placusa and Euvira must be grouped into a redefined tribal level taxon, the Placusini. The tribe Placusini is defined and its composition and systematic placement discussed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Welwitschiella</Emphasis> is a member of the African subtribe Grangeinae (Asteraceae Astereae): a new phylogenetic position based on <Emphasis Type="Italic">ndh</Emphasis>F and ITS sequence data

The African genus Welwitschiella has traditionally been placed in tribe Heliantheae. Our phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA ndhF sequence data, however, reveals that it is part of tribe Astereae. In order to assess the relationships of this genus within the tribe, we produced a phylogeny based on ITS (nrDNA) sequence data of a sample including Amellus, African Conyza, Chrysocoma, Felicia spp., Mairia, Poeciliopsis, Printzia, Welwitschiella and Zyrphelis. Both parsimony and Bayesian analyses were done. The Bayesian analysis showed that African genera form a basal grade in tribe Astereae along with the Chinese Nannoglottis and South American and New Zealand genera, with Printzia being the earliest diverging member of the tribe. Mairia occupies an isolated position. Amellus, Chrysocoma, Felicia, Poecilolepis and Zyrphelis belong to subtribe Homochrominae, a South African radiation that also includes the St Helena endemics Commidendron and Melanodendron. Pteronia appears isolated, though it might be close to the Homochrominae. Welwitschiella is placed in the latest diverging African clade, subtribe Grangeinae, which also includes Grangea, Psiadia, Nidorella, and the African Conyza species except C. gouani. This subtribe is sister to the Eurasiatic subtribe Bellidinae, and together they are sister to the Astereae crown lineages of Australasia-Asia and South and North America.     

Two new taxa of subtribe Rhaconotina (Hymenoptera: Braconidae,Doryctinae, Doryctini) from Africa,with a key to subtribe genera

A new genus, Grangerdoryctes gen. n. (with type species Aivalykus niger Granger), from Madagascar and a new subgenus Pararhacon subgen. n. of the genus Rhaconotus Ruthe (type species R. (P.) haeselbarthi sp. n.) from South Africa are described and illustrated. A discussion of genera without a second radiomedial vein of the fore wing in the tribe Doryctini is presented. The position and content of the subtribe Rhaconotina are discussed and a key for determination of the genera of this subtribe is proposed.     

Molecular phylogeny of the beetle tribe Oxypodini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

This is the first study to comprehensively address the phylogeny of the tribe Oxypodini Thomson and its phylogenetic relationships to other tribes within the staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae. Using the hitherto largest molecular dataset of Aleocharinae comprising of 4599 bp for representatives of 22 tribes, the Oxypodini are recovered as non‐monophyletic. Members of the tribe belong to three distantly related lineages within the Aleocharinae: (i) the Amarochara group as sister clade to the tribe Aleocharini, (ii) the subtribe Tachyusina within a clade that also includes the tribes Athetini and Hygronomini, (iii) all other Oxypodini in a clade that also includes the tribes Placusini, Hoplandriini and Liparocephalini. Based on the inferred phylogeny, five subtribes of the Oxypodini are recognized: Dinardina Mulsant & Rey, Meoticina Seevers, Microglottina Fenyes, Oxypodina Thomson and Phloeoporina Thomson. The following changes in the classification of the Aleocharinae are proposed: (i) Amarochara Thomson is removed from the Oxypodini and placed in the tribe Aleocharini; (ii) the subtribe Taxicerina Lohse of the Athetini is reinstated as tribe Taxicerini to include Discerota Mulsant & Rey, Halobrecta Thomson (both removed from the Oxypodini) and Taxicera Mulsant & Rey; (iii) the subtribe Tachyusina Thomson is excluded from the Oxypodini and provisionally treated as tribe Tachyusini; (iv) the oxypodine subtribe name Blepharhymenina Klimaszewski & Peck is placed in synonymy with the subtribe name Dinardina Mulsant & Rey.     

Chromosome evolution in ground beetles: localization of the rDNA loci in the tribe Harpalini (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

The pattern of localization of the ribosomal genes was studied by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization in 39 species of the tribe Harpalini. Most of them show one pair of autosomes carrying the ribosomal genes in a distal position of a single chromosome arm. This pattern is hypothesized to be ancestral for the whole tribe. Both, chromosome number and the number and localization of rDNA loci, show little variation and are therefore of little phylogenetic value. Only in the subtribe Ditomina is there enough variation to characterize phyletic relationships. The stability of rDNA loci is even higher than the constancy of chromosome number, as most species of Ditomina (genera Dixus, Eocarterus, Carterus, Odontocarus and Ditomus) have the usual pair of autosomes with rDNA loci, in spite of remarkable differences in the diploid number. Only Dixus sphaerocephalus and Dixus clypeatus have two autosomal pairs with a fluorescent signal. These results do not support the hypothesis that the high chromosome numbers found within Ditomina are the result of polyploid change from the ancestral 2n = 37 karyotype of the tribe Harpalini. Chromosomal translocations or the presence of mobile genetic elements are plausible sources of the few cases of intraspecific polymorphism in the rDNA loci found in species of Harpalus.     

Cytotaxonomy of the apocynaceae

At present there is karyological information on ca 10% of the species and ca 30% of the genera of the Apocynaceae. Basic numbers of x = 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 21 and 23 have been assessed. Of these x = 11 is primitive, occurring in ca 60% of the genera. Those of x = 6, 8, 9 and 10 have evolved by reduction, and x = 12 by increase from x = 11. In the subtribe Secondatiinae however, x = 12 is most likely the result of doubling x = 6. The numbers x = 16, 18 and 20 are likewise doubles of x = 8, 9 and 10 respectively. Those of x = 21, 23, and in one case, x = 20 are probably aneuploid products of doubles of x = 11. The two larger subfamilies, Plumerioideae and Apocynoideae have the basic numbers x = 8, 9, 10 and 11 in common and are not separable on the basis of chromosomal evidence. The third small subfamily Cerberoideae is more homogeneous according to basic number, i.e. x = 10 and 20. Most genera are characterized by a constant basic number, but some have two basic numbers; these clearly are cases of infrageneric aneuploidy. Based on records in the literature two closely related generaApocynum andTrachomitum appear to be characterized by a basic number of x = 8 as well as x = 11. This conflicting situation should be clarified by further karyological research. From the level of subtribe onwards some taxa have one basic number, but others are characterized by two or more numbers. The occurrence of similar basic numbers in different phylads of the family is considered to be the result of similar chromosomal evolution mechanisms. Approximately 22% of the investigated species are polyploid. Intrageneric polyploidy occurs with a frequency of about 12.5% and infraspecific polyploidy with less than 4%. The karyotypes observed are symmetrical: the chromosomes within a karyotype are similar in length with primary constrictions usually in a median position. In the Tabernaemontaneae however, it was observed that the karyotypes comprise one pair of distinctly heterobrachial chromosomes in addition to the metacentric ones. This tribe is also characterized by chromosomes which are relatively long. Most genera of the African continent, which are well known regarding their chromosome number, are characterized by x = 11. Exceptions areStrophantus (x = 9) with a mainly tropical African distribution. Two other genera with derived numbers, i.e.Gonioma with x = 10 andPachypodium with x = 9, occur in southern Africa and Madagascar. The genera with a non-African distribution are less known for their chromosome number. However, the available evidence suggests that evolution of derived numbers has occurred more frequently outside Africa than on this continent.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae)

Pericarp structure is investigated in 143 specimens belonging to 59 out of ca. 65 genera and 134 out of ca. 2,000 species of Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae tribe Mentheae. Some of the data presented by earlier authors are believed to be incorrect. The variation in pericarp structure has been found to be strongly correlated to the variations in DNA and gross morphological characters. The groups of two-staminate genera (Salvia, etc.) and four-staminate genera of Salviinae (Lepechinia and Chaunostoma) can be distinguished from each other and from other labiates by differences in pericarp structure. The other two subtribes, Menthinae and Nepetinae, differ considerably, but their variations strongly overlap. The differences in pericarp structure also suggest that Menthinae can be divided into three main monophyletic groups based on other data: (1) the main bulk of the tribe, (2) a group of Prunella and Cleonia and perhaps also Horminum, and (3) the characteristic genus Lycopus. Pericarp data disagree with a suggestion that the genus Melissa should be included in the subtribe Salviinae. Modifications of the subtribal classification of Mentheae are discussed.