残缺类囊体膜与嵴膜小囊的融合膜结构观察

观察了菠菜叶绿体类囊体膜与残缺膜的表面结构及鼠肝线粒体嵴膜小囊在制备过程中的生成过程,证明了嵴膜小囊可有两种,F_1在膜外侧或膜内侧,它们都可与残缺膜组成镶嵌膜,进行光下磷酸化功能。而F_1在膜外侧的嵴膜小囊与残缺膜的嵌合膜活力更高。     

菠菜叶绿体类囊体膜磷酸酯酶的分离和性质

通过正丁醇抽提、离心和柱层析等方法,从菠菜（Ｓｐｉｎａｃｉａ ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ Ｌ．）叶绿体类囊体膜片分离出磷酸酯酶,此酶水解磷酸单酯类物质。酶活性的最适ｐＨ 在７．０ 以下,属酸性磷酸酯酶。反应温度增至６０℃时反应速度达最高,具有高温酶的特性。ＡＴＰ和无机磷盐均抑制此酶活性。经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明,此酶制剂出现两条主要的蛋白带     

低温锻炼对小麦类囊体膜脂膜蛋白的影响

比较两种不同抗寒性小麦品种在低温锻炼前后类囊体膜脂及其脂肪酸成分、光系统Ⅱ捕光叶绿素ａ／ｂ 蛋白复合体（ＬＨＣⅡ）及类囊体吸收光谱,低温荧光发射光谱,发现经低温锻炼后：（１）抗寒与不抗寒品种小麦类囊体磷脂酰甘油（ＰＧ）的反式十六碳－烯酸含量均明显降低;抗寒品种小麦的单半乳糖基甘油二酯（ＭＧＤＧ）／双半乳糖基甘油二酯（ＤＧＤＧ）比值明显降低,而不抗寒品种变化不明显。（２）抗寒品种小麦类脂／叶绿素比值明显增高。（３）两品种小麦类囊体膜ＬＨＣⅡ寡聚体含量均降低,而单体含量均增加。（４）两品种小麦类囊体膜吸收四阶导数光谱Ａ６８３／Ａ６５２比值均升高。（５）不抗寒品种小麦低温荧光发射光谱Ｆ６８５／Ｆ７３８比值上升,而抗寒品种没有变化。我们认为,在低温锻炼过程中膜流动性增大可能是植物抗寒性增强的重要原因,此外,ＭＧＤＧ 含量降低对低温下膜双层的稳定性可能起重要作用     

野生和黄化大麦类囊体膜色素蛋白的分离和比较

用混和去垢剂（ＳＤＳ、ＯＧ）增溶和温和电泳方法,对野生和黄化大麦的叶绿体类囊体膜进行了色素蛋白复合体组成的分离和比较,并结合ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对类囊体膜蛋白进行了鉴定。结果表明,黄化大麦类囊体膜色素蛋白组分中,ＬＨＣ Ⅱ和ＬＨＣ Ⅰ的含量都较野生型大麦明显减少;并讨论了黄化大麦类囊体膜色素蛋白含量的减少与其光合速率降低的关系。     

山莨菪碱对人红细胞膜蛋白及膜脂运动的影响

本文采用自旋标记顺磁共振波谱技术,研究了山茛菪碱对人红细胞膜蛋白和膜脂运动的影响.结果表明:用马来酰亚胺标记的人红细胞膜,加入山茛菪碱后,其顺磁共振波谱中强、弱固定化作用谱的峰值比增大,膜蛋白的运动受到限制.山茛菪碱对红细胞膜脂的作用部位主要在极性头部,并影响膜脂的流动性.本文还对山茛菪碱与红细胞膜作用的可能机制进行了讨论.     

大麦突变种Chlorina-f 2类囊体膜的叶绿素蛋白复合体

当突变种大麦Chlorina-f 2的类囊体膜在SDS/叶绿素的重量比为10:1,叶绿素的浓度为0.5mg/ml的条件下增溶,并在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中进行分离时,共出现4条含叶绿素的带。按电泳迁移率的增加,这些带分别是CP Ⅰ,CPa 1,CPa 2和FC。光谱测定表明CP Ⅰ为混有少量光系统Ⅱ??成分的光系统Ⅰ反应中心复合体,CPa 2为光系统Ⅱ反应中心复合体,CPa 2为光系统Ⅱ内周天线复合体。属于光系统Ⅰ的CP Ⅰ的叶绿素含量占总叶绿素的45.6%,而属于光系统Ⅱ的CPa Ⅰ和CPa 2的叶绿素之和则占总叶绿素的43.2%。可见在缺b大麦中,两个都失缺其外周天线的光系统的叶绿素含量是基本相等的。这和光合作用中两个光反应相互串联的理论是完全一致的。     

分离纯化后的烟草叶片液泡的显微观察

将分离纯化后的烟草叶片注佻 分别置于光镜和电镜下观察得到原生质体,原生质体释放液泡的过程,纯化后液泡的相应照片,结果说明我们选用的方法能得到完整的原生质体和液泡,且中央液泡是成熟植物细胞中体积最大的细胞器。     

PERMEABILITY OF MICROSOMAL MEMBRANES ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER

Water compartments, permeability, and the possible active translocation of various substances in rat liver microsomes were studied by using radioactive compounds and ultracentrifugation. The total water of the microsomal pellet, 3.4 µl/mg dry weight, is the sum of water in the extramicrosomal and intramicrosomal spaces, or 56 and 44%, respectively. Sucrose space accounts for 77% of the intramicrosomal water and the hydration water ~ 14%, leaving almost no sucrose-impermeable space when using the ultracentrifugation approach. With increasing sucrose concentration, microsomes do not show an osmotic response. The intramicrosomal water decreases greatly in the presence of Cs⁺ and Mg⁺⁺ in rough but not in smooth microsomes. Uncharged substances of molecular weight of up to at least 600 freely penetrate microsomal membranes, which already become impermeable to charged substances at a molecular weight of 90. These substances also induce an osmotic response. The vesicles can be made permeable to charged substances after water treatment and cooling, which, however, does not increase glucose-6-phosphatase and inosine diphosphatase (IDPase) activities, and these enzymes can still be activated by deoxycholate. IDPase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytochrome c reductase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent hydroxylation reactions, performed in vitro, also disproved the hypothesis of an accumulation of charged substances inside of vesicles of being a major pathway. The products of the enzymic reactions as well as the glucuronidated form of a hydroxylated product can be recovered on the cytoplasmic side of membranes, and little accumulation occurs in the intravesicular compartment.     

DIVISION AND GROWTH OF SINGLE MESOPHYLL CELLS ISOLATED ENZYMATICALLY FROM TOBACCO LEAVES

Single mesophyll cells isolated enzymatically from tobacco leaves divided and grew into aggregates of several cells in defined media. Morphological changes accompanying the division and the growth suggested that these cells are in the course of dedifferentiation. Some of the potentialities of these cells as an experimental material for developmental and genetical studies are discussed.     

从超声波破碎的蓝藻类囊体膜中分离的叶绿素蛋白复合物

当蓝藻的类囊体膜用超声波进行破碎,并在4℃下用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行分离,有6条叶绿素带被分离出来,它们分别是 CPIa,CPIb,CP1,CPa1 CPa2,FC。CP1 在红区和蓝区的吸收峰分别位于674和435 nm 处。在液氮甲该组分在725和680 nm 处有两个荧光发射带。CPa1和 CPa2的吸收光谱相似,其红峰和蓝峰的位置分别位于667和431.5nm 处。它们在77 K 的荧光发射峰都位于684 nm 处。用超声破碎法分离的叶绿素蛋白复合物的光谱特性,除 CPa1和 CPa2在红峰和蓝峰的吸收位置蓝移了3—5 nm 之外,其余与用 SDS 增溶法分离的相应复合物相似。属于光系统Ⅰ的 CPIa-CPI 的叶绿素含量占总叶绿素的40.93%,而属于光系统Ⅱ的 CPa1和 CPa2的叶绿素则占总叶绿素的38.78%,二者之差仅有2.15%。     

STUDIES ON ISOLATED MEMBRANES OF AZUROPHIL AND SPECIFIC GRANULES FROM RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES

Membranes were prepared from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte azurophil and specific granules separated by zonal differential centrifugation. The two types of granule membranes were quite similar in ultrastructural appearance, but they showed distinct differences in cholesterol-phospholipid ratios and in protein components demonstrable in polyacrylamide gels.     

LIPIDS AND LIGHT-DEPENDENT SWELLING OF ISOLATED SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

The light-dependent high-amplitude swelling of spinach chloroplastssuspended in 175 mM NaCl buffered with 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.9)was investigated by a packed weight technique and by electronmicroscopy. Endogenous neutral and charged lipids were releasedby the thylakoid membrane to about the same extent during chloroplastincubation in both the light and the dark. The addition of laurate,oleate, stearate, lecithin and lysolecithin increased chloroplastswelling in the dark, but inhibited swelling in the light. Acetoneincreased chloroplast swelling at low concentrations and inhibitedat high concentrations in both the light and the dark. For 20%acetone, the grana stacks disappeared and a newly formed membranesystem appeared which was similar to a myelin structure. Therole of lipid components in the conformation of the membranestructure is discussed and a mechanism for lightinduced chloroplastswelling based on a hydrogen-sodium exchange is proposed. ¹ Present address: Department of Botanical Sciences, Universityof California, Los Angeles, California 90024.     

双氯雷公藤内酯四醇的分离与结构研究

从雷公藤（Ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍ ｗ ｉｌｆｏｒｄｉｉＨｏｏｋ．ｆ．）的叶中分离出１个新的含氯环氧二萜内酯化合物。据其理化数据和光谱分析,并结合分子图形学和分子力学计算,确定了它的化学结构,命名为双氯雷公藤内酯四醇（ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｔｒｉｐｔｅｔｒａｏｌｉｄｅ）。     

FATTY ACID AND FATTY ALDEHYDE COMPOSITION OF GLIAL CELL LIPIDS ISOLATED FROM BOVINE WHITE MATTER

Abstract— Glial cells were isolated from bovine white matter by differential centrifugation. The fatty aldehyde and fatty acid compositions of ethanolamine glycerophosphatides (EGP), serine glycerophosphatides (SGP) and choline glycerophosphatides (CGP) were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acid compositions of the sphingo-lipids including sphingomyelin, cerebroside and cerebroside sulphate, and of minor lipid components including cholesterol esters and triglycerides, were also determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The relative proportions correlated closely with the results obtained by O'B rien and S ampson (1965 b ) for adult human brain. The fatty aldehyde compositions of the glycerophosphatides were more closely related to the corresponding fatty acid compositions of the plasma membrane than of the mitochondria. Long-chain fatty acids (19–26 carbon atoms) were detected in sphingomyelin, cerebroside and cerebroside sulphate; this indicates that chain-elongation beyond C₁₈ occurs in the glial cells.     

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF POLYTENE NUCLEI ISOLATED FROM SALIVARY GLANDS OF DROSOPHILA HYDEI

Salivary gland nuclei of Drosophila hydei, isolated by a modification of the procedure described by Boyd et al. (9), retain their normal morphology during the isolation and subsequent incubation procedure. RNA synthesis was studied in isolated nuclei by biochemical and cytological techniques. In radioautographs 70% of the nuclei displayed a distribution of labeled RNA over the nuclear constituents similar to the distribution obtained after in vivo incorporation of radioactive precursor. Chromosome puffs and the nucleoli were specifically labeled. The remaining 30% of the nuclei showed a weak to very weak incorporation of radioactive precursor. In these nuclei most of the radioautographic grains were concentrated over the nucleolus, and a few grains were randomly distributed over the chromosomes. Actinomycin D and the absence of ATP, GTP, and CTP in the medium inhibited incorporation of radioactive precursor. The radioactive product was sensitive to combined pronase and RNase digestion. Addition of E. coli RNA polymerase to the incubation medium enhanced the specific labeling over the puffed regions. The sedimentation behavior of the RNA synthesized in isolated nuclei was different from that of RNA synthesized during a 20 min pulse of radioactive precursor administered to whole glands in vivo and in vitro. Neither the steroid ecdysterone nor a temperature treatment was effective in inducing new puffs in isolated nuclei.     

ON THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF PROTEINS IN MICROSOMAL MEMBRANES FROM RAT LIVER

Rat liver rough microsomes were labeled enzymatically with ¹²⁵I using lactoperoxidase and glucose oxidase. In intact microsomes only proteins exposed on the outside face of the microsomal membrane were iodinated. Low concentrations of detergent (0.049% deoxycholate) were used to allow entrance of the iodination system into the vesicles without disassembling the membranes. This led to iodination of the soluble content proteins and to an increased labeling of the membrane proteins. The distribution of radioactivity in microsomal proteins was analyzed after separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most membrane proteins were labeled when intact microsomes were iodinated. No major membrane proteins were exclusively labeled in the presence of low detergent concentrations or after complete membrane disassembly. Therefore it is unlikely that there are major membrane proteins, other than glycoproteins, present only on the inner membrane face or completely embedded within the microsomal membrane. Microsomal proteins were also labeled by incubating rough microsomes with [³H]-NaBH₄ after reaction with pyridoxal phosphate. Microsomal membranes were permeable to these small molecular weight reagents as shown by the fact that proteins in the vesicular cavity as well as membrane proteins were labeled with this system.     

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MICROSOMES AND ISOLATED SUBCELLULAR MEMBRANES FROM RAT LIVER : I. Biochemical Methods

The series introduced by this paper reports the results of a detailed analysis of the microsomal fraction from rat liver by density gradient centrifugation. The biochemical methods used throughout this work for the determination of monoamine oxidase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome oxidase, catalase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochromes b₅ and P 450, glucuronyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, esterase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, 5'-nucleotidase, glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, β-glucuronidase, nucleoside diphosphatase, aldolase, fumarase, glutamine synthetase, protein, phospholipid, cholesterol, and RNA are described and justified when necessary.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLS ISOLATED FROM ADULT MOUSE LIVER

Suspensions of isolated cells in various media were prepared from mouse liver which had been perfused via the portal vein with a buffered medium containing 0.40 M sucrose, and the cells were fixed with osmium tetroxide. Their fine structure was compared with that of cells from perfused and unperfused intact liver. Perfusion brought about some separation of the cells with little or no damage to cell membranes. When cells were dispersed in 0.40 M sucrose medium the plasma membranes partially broke down, and this disintegration was increased by transfer of the cells to media of lower osmolarity. This is presumed to account for the loss of permeability barriers which occurs in isolated liver cells. The mitochondria in cells of perfused liver and in isolated cells remained elongated, but the layers of many mitochondrial cristae became separated by clear spaces. When cells were transferred to a medium containing 0.20 M sucrose, the mitochondria swelled and became spherical, often with displacement of the swollen cristae to the periphery. In a medium containing 0.06 M sucrose and 0.08 M potassium chloride the outer chamber of many mitochondria became swollen with displacement of the mitochondrial body to one side to give a crescent-shaped appearance. These changes in mitochondrial morphology are discussed in relation to the metabolic activity of isolated liver cells.