DISPLACEMENT OF ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS ON THE NEW JERSEY PIEDMONT BY THE SUCCESSIONAL SHRUB MYRICA PENSYLVANICA

Andropogon scoparius, a perennial grass found in old fields on the New Jersey Piedmont, can be invaded and displaced by a nitrogen-fixing shrub, Myrica pensylvanica. The progression of Andropogon displacement was followed over a season, and possible contributing mechanisms (shading, allelopathy, physical effects of Myrica litter) were tested through field and greenhouse experiments. In the field, Andropogon seedling growth was inhibited beneath Myrica clumps, and mature plant living crown area was reduced. In the greenhouse, Andropogon seedling growth was reduced significantly in pots with mature Myrica. Both seedling and mature growth of Andropogon were reduced under shaded conditions. No inhibitory physical effects of Myrica litter on Andropogon seed germination or mature plant growth were found; however, there may ba allelopathic effects of Myrica litter leachate on Andropogon seedlings growing under shade or within grass litter, and on mature Andropogon in shaded conditions. Andropogon displacement appears to be the result of a complex interaction of Myrica shade, allelochemic, and competitive effects, rather than being attributable to any single mechanism.     

西双版纳热带雨林次生演替中昆虫群落的动态研究

通过对西双版纳热带雨林,砍伐后４块处于次生性演替恢复阶段,不同年代林中,所设固定样地中昆虫群落的定时、定点和定量采集观测,对群落中昆虫的数量、种类、群落的多样性、优势度和稳定性进行了分析比较。从年度变化看：昆虫个体数和植食性昆虫数在雨季是最大的。优势度在演替阶段后期是雨季大于旱季,而在前期则是旱季大于雨季。多样性和均匀性在演替后期是旱季大于雨季,而演替前期则是雨季大于旱季。从演替年代变化看：随着演替年代的递增,昆虫群落的多样性、均匀性和稳定性有增加的趋势,而昆虫数量和植食性昆虫数量减少的趋势。对昆虫群落稳定性的讨论,试引入“变异系数”进行讨论。     

土壤因子对次生森林群落演替的影响

采用聚类分析、主分量分析和回归分析对紫金山次生森林群落的系列群落,演替途径和学业速率进行了研究,紫金山次生森林群落目前的演替趋势为马尾松群落－马尾松、落叶阔叶树嫩落－落叶阔叶树、马尾权群落－落叶阔叶树群落,但在不同的土壤条件下,阔叶树的侵入、生长状况不同,群落具体的发展途径和速度有差异。制约森林演蝗主要土壤因子为土壤 不分和土壤厚度,它们通过对马尾松、枫香、黄檀、栓皮栎等主要树种显著度,对树种竞争     

四川缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替及其物种多样性的研究

应用样带相邻格子法,分层测定缙云山常绿阔叶林破坏后的次生演替系列群落的物种多样性。多样性－面积曲线表明凡种丰富度（Ｓ）较大,则个体分布均匀度（Ｊ）较小：个体密度小的层或群落,多样性－最小面积较大。多度（Ａ）或个体数（Ｎ）和丰富度的信息量（Ｈ）－面积曲线波动较大。研究表明,以重要值为植物单位计算相应的信息量可以反映群落信息量的真实特征,均匀度高的群落,多样性变异小,反之则大。演替期间,各层Ｓ稳定增加     

针茅草原放牧衰退演替阶段的模糊聚类分析

本文利用模糊聚类分析的系统聚类法和ISODATA分类法,对短花针茅草原因过度放牧而形成的衰退演替系列的各阶段进行了分类;比较成功地在群落分类上联合使用了PCA排序与ISODATA分类。结果表明:这两种方法都将衰退演替系列分成4个阶段,它们是短花针茅群落、扁穗冰草群落、冷蓠群落和亚氏旋花群落。这与前人用其他方法分类的结果相似。本文为群落分类提供了两种合理、可行的数学分类方法。     

森林次生演替优势种苗木的光可塑性比较研究

本文从研究苗木的叶绿素含量和ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性随着光环境的变化而发生改变的规律出发,来探讨森林次生演替优势种苗木的光可塑性大小和对弱光环境的适应能力。各种苗木的叶绿素含量都随着光强度变弱而增加,但如果较长时间生长在弱光环境中,由于叶绿素的合成小于分解,其含量也会逐渐变小。不同的演替阶段优势种苗木的叶绿素含量的增加或减少在量上有一定的区别。以叶绿素含量随着光环境变化的测定值为指标,用模糊数学分析的结果表明,苗木的耐荫性大小顺序是演替后期种（黄果厚壳桂Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｃａｒｙａｃｏｎｃｉｎｎａ）＞演替过渡种（藜蒴Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆｉｓａ）＞演替过渡种（荷木Ｓｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａ）＞演替先锋树种（马尾松Ｐｉｎｕｓｍａｓｏｎｉａｎａ）;且藜蒴和荷木很接近,稍靠近黄果厚壳桂。马尾松和荷木的ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性随着生长环境的光强度的增加,其活性有所增加;但黄果厚壳桂的相应值是在每日直照光１ｈ的光环境中最高。除马尾松外,演替过渡种和后期种的苗木都是在每日直照光１ｈ的光环境中生长最好,这和每日短期照光提高ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性的（与没有直照光的环境相比较）同时又不分解叶绿素、不降低其含量有密切的关系。     

黑石顶森林中次生裸地上的群落演替进程研究

黑石顶人工林演变成的次生针阔混交林于1986年皆伐火烧成裸地,其恢复进程表明：次生裸地上群落恢复迅速,从由马尾松（Plnusm。）一木荷（Schimasuperba）一杉木（Cunninghamialanceolata）为主的针阔混交林开始,至1990年,森林群落已基本重建起来,其中乔木种类达42种,与样地原群落的相似系数为0．6250,物种多样性指数和均匀度指数略高于样地原群落。与1986年定位的其他样地上的群落按林龄由小到大视作一大于50年的演替系列进行比较,发现从裸地到针阀混交林,再到阔叶林的演替过程中,乔木种总数和个体密度趋于增加,物种多样性先迅速增加,然后呈现下降趋势,再缓慢增加。     

IMPORTANCE OF RESTING STAGES IN DIATOM SEASONAL SUCCESSION1

The role of environmental factors in seasonal succession of six clones of marine diatoms was examined by testing effects of various combinations of temperature (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°C) and photoperiod (10, 12, 14, 16 h) on time to germination of resting stages and subsequent vegetative cell division rates. Resting stages were induced in batch cultures using a low nutrient medium and a cold, dark period. A three-factor ANOVA showed that species, temperature, daylength, and their interactions signficantly (P =0.0001) injuenced germination time and division rate. Resting stages of Chaetoceros similis Cleve and Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh were most successful in producing populations of cells on warm, long days (20°C/16 h). Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg and C. cinctus Gran were most successful under more moderate conditions (15°C/14 h). Resting stages of Ditylum bright-wellii (West) Grunow germinated and cells divided rapidly under all conditions. No consistent pattern was evident with Thalassiosira rotula Meunier. We compared results of the laboratory study with environmental conditions prevailing during the presence of these species in a British Columbia fjord. Favorable growth conditions determined for C. didymus, D. brightwellii, and T. rotula were similar to conditions present when these species were commonly found in the fjord.     

DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI IN EARLY STAGES OF SUCCESSION IN INDIANA DUNE SAND

The most common pattern of succession in the most recently active dunes along the southern shore of Lake Michigan is the formation and stabilization of dunes by marram grass, Ammophila breviligulata, the decline of this population after stabilization and its eventual replacement by little bluestem grass, Andropogon scoparius var. septentrionalis. The previously reported distribution of fungi from the sand at 15 cm below the surface in two adjacent communities which represent these stages has been confirmed and the generality of the distribution established for other similar communities of this region and the Warren Dunes State Park in southwestern Michigan. A characteristic fungal flora was isolated from the sand of the Andropogon communities, and 5 fungal species were found to be part of the flora in every one of the communities investigated. No such characteristic flora could be detected in the Ammophila communities. Monthly samples indicated no seasonal variations in the numbers and composition of the fungal flora. The presence of a characteristic fungal flora in the Andropogon communities and its absence in the Ammophila communities indicates a successional trend from a harsh, unstable environment, low in available mineral and organic matter content, to one more stable and suitable for fungal growth.     

青杄林次生演替的生态位模型

青杆林被砍伐后若予以封禁保护,即开始较为迅速的恢复演替过程。此演替有似于苏卡乔夫所说的“群落发生演替”。本文中我们从演替参与种与群落环境之间的相互关系入手,研究青杆林的恢复演替;此处的“群落环境”是指随群落本身的形成而形成,随群落的解体(或变化)而消失(或变化)的内部环境。恢复演替过程的推移可看成是演替参与种与群落环境相互作用的结果。演替之初,随青杆(Picea wilsonii)、     

南亚热带森林不同演替阶段土壤种子库的初步研究

本文对鼎湖山不同演替阶段的森林（马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、季风常绿阔叶林）的土壤种子库进行了初步研究．分别从各个阶段的样地内抽取４或８个１×１ｍ的小样地,分三层（共１０ｃｍ厚）采集土样,带回实验室,通过萌发法观察记录其土壤种子库状况．通过统计分析,其结果如下：１．种子数量和物种多样性一般随演替发展而减少,种子数目以３—５ｃｍ厚土层为最多．２．各演替阶段土壤种子库的种类组成均以草本植物为主．３．在光照和湿度基本一致的情况下,萌发种子数与温度成正相关．４．雨季取的种子数目较旱季多,且种类组成有所不同．这是因为南亚热带森林内植物种子的休眠期短,在旱季采集土样时许多种的种子尚未下落．５．种子库组成与地上植物相关性不明显,但演替早期阶段的相关性比演替后期更密切。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替优势种群动态

本文用林木大小级分析了缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替系列群落优势乔木种群密度动态。通过方差分析,用均方—区组图探讨优势种群分布格局动态,研究了种群增长、分布格局与群落演替的关系。通过对演替期间优势种群大小级密度、结构、存活曲线的分析,估计优势种群在演替系列群落中出现的顺序,从而分为演替森林先锋种、顶极先锋种和顶极种。大小级结构分析结果表明,白茅群丛只有Ⅰ、Ⅱ级苗木;马尾松林除V级大树外,为一倒金字塔形;针阔混交林与银木荷林具完整等级的典型金字塔形,栲树林的金字塔不规则。种群分布格局随演替进程而变化,但主要表现为集群分布。以K值判断,顶极群落优势种群集聚度低于混交林。演替期间,种群个体格局规模增大。环境格局变化相应于分布格局而变化,如马尾松种群,规模增加强度下降,如银木荷,或规模强度都增加,如白毛新木姜子。     

NEW TAXODIACEOUS SEED CONES FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF NEW JERSEY

Nephrostrobus cliffwoodensis gen. et sp. nov., Nephrostrobus bifurcatus sp. nov., and Rhombostrobus cliffwoodensis gen. et sp. nov. are described based on anatomical studies of seed cone fragments from the Upper Cretaceous Magothy Formation of New Jersey. These species belong to the Taxodiaceae. As in Sequoia, Sequoiadendron. and Metasequoia, the vascular strands supplying the scale and bract in Nephrostrobus are about equal. These vascular strands are arranged in a reniform pattern resembling that found in Metasequoia, but the orientation differs by 180 degress. Nephrostrobus cliffwoodensis and Nephrostrobus bifurcatus differ from each other in the branching of the complex trace and associated resin canals. Rhombostrobus cliffwoodensis resembles Cunninghamia in the arrangement of vascular strands and associated resin canals in its bract-scale complexes. However, the relative amount of bract and ovuliferous scale making up the complex is more like that in Sequoia. This combination of cone features does not occur in any of the extant genera. Nephrostrobus and Rhombostrobus are not considered to be ancestral to any of the extant taxodiaceous genera, but are extinct members of an ancestral complex from which the extant genera were derived.     

缙云山森林次生演替中优势种群的特性与生态因子的关联度分析

 本文用灰色系统理论的关联度分析对缙云山森林群落次生演替系列优势种群的生长、分布、显著度及其生态因子的相关性进行了尝试性研究。基本方法采取空间差异代替时间变化,利用相邻格子法每木实测取样。结果表明缙云山森林群落次生演替系列8个优势种群对应9个生态因子的关系。马尾松受限于较差的环境条件,如土层薄、坡度大等;亚热带演替顶极群落常绿阔叶林第一层树种,如大头茶、小叶栲等受控于土壤条件最大。9个生态因子对优势种群作用由强到弱的潜在序列为土壤有机质>土壤厚度>种丰富度>土壤pH>土壤水分>干扰度>海拔高度>坡度>群落透光度。8个优势种群受9个因子综合作用的反应由强到弱的可能序列是栲树>银木荷>大头茶>小叶栲>马尾松>白毛新木姜子>川山矾>光叶山矾。     

CHLORANTHUS-LIKE STAMENS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF NEW JERSEY

Fossil angiospermous stamens with in situ pollen from the Turonian (ca. 90 million years before present, Late Cretaceous) of New Jersey are described and assigned to the Chloranthaceae. The fossil stamens, which are three-parted and bear two bisporangiate thecae on the central lobe and one bisporangiate theca on each lateral lobe, are indistinguishable from stamens of several extant species of Chloranthus. The pollen is spheroidal, 13–18 μm in diameter, with a reticulate exine and apparently elongate/elliptical apertures. The pollen is similar to that in extant Chloranthus in grain size, shape, exine sculpture, and aperture structure. Like pollen of some extant species of Chloranthus, aperture number in the fossil pollen appears to be variable. Because fossil pistillate chloranthoid reproductive structures have not been found at this locality it is unknown whether the fossil stamens described here were borne on the side of the ovary, as in extant Chloranthus, or in another arrangement. The three-parted stamen of Chloranthus is unique in angiosperms and there has been considerable debate concerning the origin and evolutionary significance of the structure. Uncertainty as to whether the three-parted stamen represents a synapomorphy for the genus or a retained plesiomorphy in angiosperms is the primary reason why these fossil stamens are not assigned to the extant genus Chloranthus.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌对三角褐指藻的化感作用研究

实验研究不同剂量(100、500和1000μL)的解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌液、解淀粉芽孢杆菌代谢产物和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)及代谢产物混合液3种组合对三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)生长的影响.结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌、其代谢产物和两种的混合液对三...