Some Effects of Amo-1618 on Growth, Peroxidase and α-Amylase Which Cannot Be Easily Explained by Inhibition of Gibberellin Biosynthesis

Growth and peroxidase activity of roots and stems of lentil seedlings were compared after treatment with Amo-1618, alone or in combination with gibberellic acid (GA) at varying concentrations. The peroxidase enhancement in Amo-1618 treated stems could not be attributed to a decrease in the gibberellin content since GA alone had no effect on this enzyme. In other experiments, AMO, at low concentrations, was able to induce α-amylase production in barley aleurone layers; the lag period needed for this induction, was longer than for GA. These facts seem to indicate that some growth retardants might act at least in some cases by mechanisms other than inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis and reversal of GA action.     

PP_(333)对离体苹果苗的生长及其生理的影响

在生根焙养基中加入0.5或2.0ppm PP_333,明显地减少了苹果离体新梢的鲜重和干重、叶片鲜重和叶面积,增加了比叶重、根的鲜重和干重及根梢鲜重和干重比,并促进了根的形成。PP_333对单位叶重量的叶绿素含最没有影响,而增加了单位叶面积的叶绿素含量。经PP_333处理后,叶片中的淀粉含量、过氧化物酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量均明显离于对照,可溶性糖与对照差异不明显。     

不同氮浓度和形态比例对水曲柳幼苗叶绿素合成、光合作用以及生物量分配的影响 (英文)

 水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）是我国东北林区重要的工业用材树种,在东北林区广泛种植,因而其培育近来日益得到高度重视。在水曲柳的种植区域内,尽管林地内凋落物丰富,但该地区气温低,冬季长,氮素矿化速度低,氮素供给显得不足。本研究采用沙培的方式,在为幼苗提供完     

Effect of certain dicarboxylic acid monoesters on growth,chlorophyll content,chlorophyllase and peroxidase activities,and gas-exchange of young maize plants

The effect of some dicarboxylic acid monoesters on growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyllase (EC 3.1.1.14), and total peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7.) activities was examined in detached and intact leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants grown in a greenhouse. The -monomethyl ester of itaconic acid (MEIA) at 1250 ppm had no effect on growth. However, application of the monoethyl ester of succinic (MESA) and monoethyl ester of adipic (MEAdA) acids (1250 ppm) resulted in an increased leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems. These compounds retarded chlorophyll degradation in both detached and intact leaves. Chlorophyllase activity of the control and treated leaves was measured and related to chlorophyll content. Delaying of senescence by treatment with monoesters resulted in greater chlorophyll and protein content, compared with the control. However, the chlorophyllase activity/chlorophylla ratio in the treated plants decreased. Total peroxidase activity was higher in senescent leaves, but all treatments inhibited the increase of this enzyme activity. Prolonged carbon assimilative activity and enhanced leaf water use efficiency in treated plants was noted.     

氯化胆碱对小麦光合性能及生长的影响

盆栽和田间试验结果表明：经喷施有效作用浓度范围（２００—５００ｐｐｍ）氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）后的小麦叶片叶绿素含量略有增加,希尔反应和光合速率增高：促进了游离叶绿体非环式光合电子传递活性;叶绿体片展的发育有所改善;Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｍａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性均有所提高;对正常呼吸代谢活力无影响．但降低了光呼吸的关键酶乙醇酸氧化酶活性,利于光合提高。对田间小麦株高无明显影响,但叶面积明显增加,功能叶寿命延长;千粒重和小区产量增加;对籽粒含氮量、蛋白质、粗脂肪等含量无明显影响,但总糖量明显增加。本文对ＣＣ促进小麦光合性能之原因和有效作用浓度作了讨论。     

大豆叶片发育中光合、结构及其与3种酶活性的关系

大豆叶片的光合速率、希尔反应活性、叶绿素含量、类囊体垛迭程度都随叶片扩展而增加、随老化而下降;希尔反应在老化时下降最早.次之为叶绿素含量和光合速率;类囊体膜随老化而解体.淀粉粒也减少以至消失,而脂质体球逐渐增加最后涨破叶绿体,叶片透性也增加.过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随老化下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在发育旱期和老化后期较高.过氧化物酶(POD)活性则随发育及老化而不断升高.讨论了光合活性与结构及三个酶活性之间的关系.     

烯效唑浸种对玉米苗期某些光合特性的影响

经烯效唑浸种后的玉米苗期叶片变厚,比叶重增加,叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b比值增加,PEP羧化酶活性增强,净光合速率提高;以40mg·kg-1烯效唑浸种的效果最好.     

PP333对离体苹果苗的生长及其生理的影响

在生根培养基中加入0.5或2.0PPm PP333, 明显地减少了苹果离体新梢的鲜重和干重、叶片鲜重和叶面积,增加了比叶重、根的鲜重和干重及根梢鲜重和干重比,并促进了根的形成。PP333对单位叶重量的叶绿素含量没有影响,而增加了单位叶面积的叶绿素含量。经PP333处理后,叶片中的淀粉含量、过氧化物酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量均明显高于对照,可溶性糖与对照差异不明显。     

Effects of Gibberellin and Growth-retarding Chemicals on Respiration and Catalase Activity in Various Organs of Cucumber Seedlings

Cucumber seedlings were grown in darkness on filter paper saturatedwith water, gibberellin (GA), growth-retarding chemicals (mainlyAmo-1618) or both GA and Amo-1618. The effects on oxygen consumptionand catalase activity were studied on cotyledons, radicles,and hypocotyl tips. GA increased respiration and catalase activity of hypocotyland cotyledons, decreased radicle respiration, and had no significanteffect on its catalase activity. Amo-1618 decreased respirationof hypocotyl and cotyledons and increased that of the radicles.It stimulated catalase activity in all three organs. The inverse effects of GA and Amo-1618 on oxygen uptake andcatalase activity were mutually antagonized when both compoundswere applied at concentrations counteracting their oppositeeffects on hypocotyl elongation. No stimulating effect on catalase activity was found with mostother growth-retarding chemicals. Some of them had no significanteffect on the enzyme, and one even decreased its activity.     

Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Growth, Gibberellin Content, and Chlorophyll Content of Leaves of Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Spraying potato plants with a solution of gibberellic acid (GA)when the 15th leaf was emerging increased the area of this leafand its total gibberellin content, assayed by dwarf French beanleaf disks. GA, assayed by lettuce hypocotyls, was not detectedin leaves from untreated plants. The GA content of leaves fromGA-treated plants decreased after 2 weeks and none was detectableafter 5 weeks; apparently it was converted to another gibberellin,possibly the same as the natural gibberellin. GA increased chlorophyllcontent per leaf but increased leaf area more so that the chlorophyllper unit area decreased, and the leaves were paler than untreatedleaves.     

Leaf gas exchange,water relations,nutrient content and growth in citrus and olive seedlings under salinity

The effects of salinity on growth, leaf nutrient content, water relations, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence were studied in six-month-old seedlings of citrus (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and rooted cuttings of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina). Citrus and olive were grown in a greenhouse and watered with half strength Hoagland’s solution plus 0 or 50 mM NaCl for citrus, or plus 0 or 100 mM NaCl for olive. Salinity increased Cl⁻ and Na⁺ content in leaves and roots in both species and reduced total plant dry mass, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Decreased growth and gas exchange was apparently due to a toxic effect of Cl⁻ and/or Na⁺ and not due to osmotic stress since both species were able to osmotically adjust to maintain pressure potential higher than in non-salinized leaves. Internal CO₂ concentration in the mesophyll was not reduced in either species. Salinity decreased leaf chlorophyll a content only in citrus.     

光强对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

通过白纱布遮荫模拟不同光生境条件(透光率分别为100%、68.2%、35.4%和16.7%),研究了光强因子对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随相对光强的减弱,幼苗高度增加,茎粗、干鲜比、叶片厚度和单位叶面积质量均呈降低趋势,幼苗干物质积累减少,但其对叶数的影响不大.弱光条件下,叶片自由水、叶绿素、总氮和蛋白质含量增加,束缚水含量降低,叶绿素a/b值减小,转化酶活性降低;烟草幼苗根系相对不发达,根冠比和根生物量减小,根系活力降低.表明弱光条件不利于培育烟草壮苗,生产中应尽可能改善苗床的光照条件.     

CONTROL OF FLOWER FORMATION BY GROWTH RETARDANTS AND GIBBERELLIN IN SAMOLUS PARVIFLORUS,A LONG-DAY PLANT

The growth retardants AMO–1618 and CCC inhibited flower formation and stem elongation in Samolus parviflorus, a long-day rosette plant, under inductive conditions. The vegetative growth of the plants, as measured by leaf formation, was affected only slightly, or not affected at all. Application of gibberellic acid (GA₃) reversed completely the inhibition both of flower formation and of stem elongation caused by AMO, but relatively larger amounts of GA were required to reverse the CCC inhibition of stem elongation than that of flower formation. When applied under short-day conditions, AMO had no effect on the level of applied GA required for flower induction. When applied following long-day treatment the retardant caused some reduction of flower formation after marginal numbers of long days, but had no effect when enough long days to cause 100% flower formation were given. Other evidence indicates that the growth retardants act by inhibiting the synthesis of endogenous gibberellin. In LD plants, at least part of the action of inductive environmental conditions consists in causing an increase of gibberellin synthesis, supporting the hypothesis that relatively high GA levels are necessary for the production of the floral stimulus in this group of plants, as in long-short-day plants. The experiments with CCC indicate that stem elongation and flower formation in Samolus can be separated, and that the effect of GA on flower formation is not necessarily dependent on its effect on stem elongation.     

Effect of NaCl concentrations in irrigation water on growth and polyamine metabolism in two citrus rootstocks with different levels of salinity tolerance

Six-months-old, uniform sized seedlings of two citrus rootstocks; Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) and Troyer citrange (Poncirus trifoliata × Citrus sinensis) were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0, 40 or 80 mM NaCl for 12 weeks. Shoot height, leaf number and fresh weights of the seedlings, and relative chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence yields (Fv/Fm), net photosynthetic and respiration rates in the leaves decreased with the increase in salinity level in the irrigation water. The decrease was greater in Troyer citrange as compared to Cleopatra mandarin. The concentrations of sugars i.e. fructose, glucose and sucrose in the leaves of Cleopatra mandarin and both leaves and roots of Troyer citrange decreased with the increase in salinity level. However, the concentrations in the roots of Cleopatra mandarin increased with the increase in salinity level. Free proline content in the leaves of Troyer citrange and root tissue of Cleopatra mandarin also increased with the increased salinity level. Among the polyamines, spermine titer increased in the leaves of both rootstocks as a response to salinity treatments. Na⁺ concentrations were higher in leaf and root tissue of Cleopatra mandarin, while that of Cl⁻ were higher in Troyer citrange.     

Effetti Morfologici,Anatomici Ed Ultrastrutturali Indotti Dai Ritardanti Di Crescita Su Plantule Di Pisum Sativum L. Var. « Gloria Di Quimper » Cultivate in Soluzione Nutritizia

Abstract

The effect of the growth retardants on the structure of Pea seedlings coltured in nutritive solution. – The addition of CCC (2-Chloro-ethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) and AMO 1618 (4-Hydroxyl-5-isopropyl-2 methyl-phenyl-trimethylammonium chloride. 1-piperidine carboxylate) to Pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. var. Gloria di Quimper) promotes the usual modifications induced by growth retardants on higher plants. CCC appears less effective than AMO 1618; CCC inhibits growth only at 10²-M. concentration, on the contrary 5×10-⁵M. AMO 1618 inhibits strongly the growth of the seedlings both in the light and in darkness. CCC and AMO 1618 operate similarly as far as the inhibition of expansion growth, the increase of the stem diameter, and the decrease of the apical dominance are concerned. 10-²M. CCC stimulates both the growth of roots and the secondary roots formation, on the contrary 2,5×10-⁴M. AMO 1618 inhibits strongly the growth of the roots. AMO 1618 affects more strongly than CCC the expantion growth of the leaves. Leaves of the AMO 1618 treated plants are greener than the control plants. Plants treated with CCC and AMO 1618 are smaller because these chemicals inhibit the expantion growth of the cells. The increase of the stem diameter induced by CCC and AMO 1618 is due to the stimulation of the mitotic activity of the cambium. AMO and CCC induce a decrease of the size of the vessels and the sieve tubes. In the sieve tubes of the treated plants and slime plugs appear near to the sieve plates many slime bodies. AMO and CCC did not affect the mitotic activity of the apical meristems; in fact the plants grown in the presence of the growth retardants, show a normal primary body. AMO and CCC delay the lignification process. Chloroplasts of this Pisum sativum variety show prolamellary bodies associated to a good lamellar system. Starch granules are always present. Starch was never found in the chloroplasts of the treated plants. The general picture of the effects induced by growth retardants in Pea seedlings show so many modifications that it is very difficult to believe, like some Authors suggest, that all the effects produced by growth retardants are due to the inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.     

几种化学药物对柑桔裂皮病类病毒感染和复制的影响

经柑桔裂皮病类病毒(Citrus exocortis viroid,简称CEV)感染后的指示植物爪哇三七(Cynura aurantiaca),分别施用不同浓度的赤霉素(5ppm,10ppm,50ppm,100ppm,200ppm)、萘(100ppm,300ppm)、5-氟尿嘧啶(0.5mg/L,1mg/L,2mg/L)溶液,其相对感染指数(Relative infectivity index)均有程度不同的改变。抽提叶片核酸,经5％双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)-银染色法结合凝胶扫描技术确定CEV浓度,辅以点杂交方法定性,观察到施用赤霉素组CEV浓度增高,施用萘组和5-氟尿嘧啶组CEV浓度均降低。用无性繁殖的柑桔苗作材料,CEV感染后分别施用50ppm赤霉素、300ppm萘、1mg/L 5-氟尿嘧啶溶液,用相同的分析方法,得到了与爪哇三七一致的结果。讨论了这三种药物影响CEV复制的意义。     

土壤结构与光照水平对秋茄某些生长和生理参数的影响

在香港的３个红树森样地即黄竹湾（沙土）、西径（沙壤土）和米埔（粘壤土）进行了土壤结构对秋茄（Kandelia candel(L.)Durce)生长和生理影响的研究,并在米埔比较了林内和林外秋茄幼苗的生长和生理参数以观察光照水平的效应。在沙土和沙壤土生长的１．５年秋茄幼苗比粘壤土具有较粗的基径的较高的总生物量,说明秋茄幼苗在沙土和沙壤土中比在粘壤土中生长更好。沙土１．５ 茄幼苗的叶片厚度分别为沙壤土和粘壤土的１．７５和２．０５倍,表明沙土中的秋茄幼苗具有旱生结构以维持体内水分。然而,沙土和沙壤土４．５年秋茄幼树的叶片厚度无显著差异,沙土和沙壤土中１．５年秋茄幼苗分配于根系的生物量比例约为５０％,高于粘壤土的值（约４０％）。沙土和沙壤土中１．５年的秋茄比粘壤土具有较低的叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝酸盐还原酶活性、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及较高的丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量。米埔１．５年秋茄幼苗在红树林外比林内有更好的长势,具有更大的叶面积、特殊叶面积、叶片数量及生物量。林内幼苗具有较高叶绿素含量,较低叶绿素a/b比值,较高硝酸盐还原酶活性和较强的根系活力,林外幼苗的叶片ＰＯＸ和ＳＯＤ活性比林内的值稍高,ＭＤＡ含量比林内显著要高。     

盐胁迫对裸果木幼苗生长和叶片相关生理指标的影响

裸果木起源于古地中海,为亚洲中部荒漠区分布的第三纪孑遗植物种,对研究旱生植物演化过程具有重要的科学价值。以一年生裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)实生苗为材料,在盆栽条件下用质量浓度为0.4%、0.8%、1.2%和1.6%的NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫处理,测定各NaCl处理下裸果木幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及株高、基径,根、茎、叶、总干重,根冠比变化,探讨裸果木幼苗对盐胁迫的生理耐受性。结果显示,(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加重,裸果木幼苗株高、基径,以及根、茎、叶干重和总干重整体呈下降趋势,而根冠比呈上升趋势;裸果木幼苗株高、基径和根干重在0.4%NaCl处理下较对照变化不显著,但其茎干重、叶干重和总干重在各NaCl处理下均显著低于对照。(2)随着盐胁迫程度的加重,裸果木幼苗叶片的可溶性糖(SS)含量、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均先升高后降低,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、REC、MDA含量均呈持续升高趋势;在0.8%NaCl处理...     

铜胁迫对玉米幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文研究了铜(Cu)胁迫下玉米(Zea mays)幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的变化。研究结果表明, 5~20 μmol.L-1 Cu处理10天明显抑制玉米幼苗根系生长, 并减少玉米幼苗的干物重, 以及增加玉米幼苗地上部和根系含Cu量; 玉米幼苗吸收的Cu大部分积累在根系, 在地上部分布较少。Cu处理还降低玉米叶片的叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm、ETR、qP和qy值。在10天的Cu处理期间, 根系中SOD、POD、CAT和GR活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。而叶片中的SOD、POD、CAT和GR活性在处理前期不受Cu胁迫的显著影响, 处理后期则因Cu胁迫而增强。实验表明抗氧化酶在抵御过量Cu引起的氧化胁迫中发挥了一定的作用。     

骆驼蓬提取物浸种对小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以不同浓度骆驼蓬提取液浸种处理小麦。研究对幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬提取液浸种后小麦幼苗的根长、株高和干重增加,根冠比增大;幼苗根系活力增强,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性提高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先升后降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,过氧化物酶同工酶表达受抑;叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,叶片SOD、POD活性提高,过氧化物酶同工酶表达增强,CAT活性降低。根系和叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量下降。