ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS IN STEM RUST OF WHEAT

Ehrlich , H. G., and Mary A. Ehrlich . (Duquesne U., Pittsburgh, Pa.) Electron microscopy of the host-parasite relationships in stem rust of wheat.—Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(2): 123–130. Illus. 1963.—A series of micrographs showing intercellular dikaryotic mycelium, haustorial mother cells, stages in haustorial formation, and haustoria within host cells are presented in the present report. Of special interest and potential significance in a study of obligate parasitism is an encapsulation ranging from 800 to 3400 A in thickness which surrounds the haustorium, but which is not present around the intercellular hyphae. The encapsulation completely encases the haustorium proper; it is bounded on the inside by the cell wall of the haustorium, and its thin membranous outer margin abuts directly on the protoplast of the host cell. The nature of the material composing the encapsulation is uncertain, but it appears to originate from the haustorial protoplast, and at least a portion of it may be fungal cytoplasm. This newly described structure represents the actual interface between the host and pathogen. Small vesicles which seem to originate from the outer margin of the encapsulation are sometimes found in the host cytoplasm surrounding apparently vigorous haustoria. The vesicles are bounded by a membrane and contain particulate material.     

白三叶无性系植物种群整合作用格局的研究

利用酸性品红和＾１４Ｃ－标记光合同化物,分析了在维管系统上的资源运输。在木质部中染料的运输是向顶的,在韧皮部中标记的光合同化物的运输方式与木质部中酸性品红的移动是相反的,具有强烈的基性,定量分析表明,尽管有一些向顶的运输,但向基运输是占绝对优势的,但随着无性系生长时间的不同,运输将会发生改变。一个无性系的变化取决于复杂的整合作用,使它们成为许多半自发的整合生理单位（ＩＰＵｓ）,不同匍匐茎的分枝,就     

LIPID COMPOSITION IN GRAY AND WHITE MATTER OF THE BRAIN IN MENKES' DISEASE

Abstract— Lipid composition has been determined in brain frontal lobe gray and white matter from a 5-month-old patient who died from Menkes' disease, and from a normal control patient of the same age.
Total cholesterol and the amount of cholesterol esters were significantly increased in the case of Menkes' disease, whereas the values for free cholesterol were nearly unchanged.
In white matter a decrease in total galactolipids was observed in the pathological brain.
The values for total phospholipids were unchanged for the tissues, but the ratio between phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines (including ethanolamineplasmalogens) in white matter from the patient seemed increased. The fatty acid pattern of phosphatidylethanolamines (including ethanolamineplasmalogens), phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelin were similar to those of the normal control. Phosphatidylethanolamines from pathological tissues contained 25–30 per cent polyunsaturated fatty acids with four, five or six double bonds.     

HYBRID ZONES AND HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS: EFFECT ON THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITIC SPECIFICITY

In southern France, Diplozoon gracile (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea), parasitizes four sympatric cyprinids. One of these host species, Barbus meridionalis, naturally hybridizes with another species of barbel, Barbus barbus, which is never parasitized by D. gracile under natural conditions. This hybridization has previously been studied and described as an introgression of B. barbus by B. meridionalis. The hybrids are parasitized by D. gracile, and parasite prevalence increases in proportion to the introgression rate, i.e., the percentage of B. meridionalis genes. The causes for this preferential distribution of the parasite in the hybrid population are analysed on the basis of ecological and ethological differences between the two parent species.     

VARIATION IN ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AND FLOOD TOLERANCE IN WHITE CLOVER,TRIFOLIUM REPENS

Flooding results in induction of anaerobic metabolism in many higher plants. As an important component of anaerobic energy production, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity increases markedly in response to flooding in white clover, Trifolium repens. Significant inter-individual variation in flood-induced ADH activity exists in natural populations of T. repens. The genetic basis of this variation was analyzed by offspring-midparent regression of data from 75 greenhouse reared families; the estimated heritability of flood-induced ADH activity was 0.55 (±0.13). Genetic variation in flood-induced ADH activity has pronounced effects on physiological response and flood tolerance in this species. ADH activity is positively correlated with the rate of ethanol production, indicating that observed in vitro activity differences are manifested in in vivo physiological function. T. repens plants with higher ADH activities during flooding have greater flood tolerance (measured as growth rate when flooded/unflooded growth rate). Variation in ADH activity during flooding accounts for more than 79% of the variance in flood tolerance. On the basis of a limited field survey of populations occupying three sites differing in exposure to flooding conditions, individuals from site C, the most frequently flooded site, expressed significantly higher average ADH activity when flooded than individuals from site A, a site with no history of flooding. Since ADH activity levels are not correlated with electrophoretic mobility variation in T. repens, this work supports previous suggestions that regulatory variation in enzyme activity may play a central role in biochemical adaptations to environmental stress.     

SEEDLING RECRUITMENT LIMITATION IN WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LEGUMINOSAE)

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a stoloniferous clonal legume. Dynamics of white clover populations are controlled by the recruitment of both seedlings (genets) and node production (ramets). To understand the role of seedling dynamics in natural populations of white clover, the recruitment and mortality of seedlings in a lawn and pasture clover population were followed and the roles of biotic and abiotic factors in seedling recruitment and survival were assessed. Seedling recruitment was several orders of magnitude less than vegetative recruitment in both lawn and pasture populations. However, at least several new genets are added to these populations on a yearly basis. In both locations, physical disturbances may open sites for seed germination, as disturbed sites had higher seed germination rates than undisturbed sites. However, these sites were not favorable for long-term establishment due to such factors as frost upheaval. Therefore, there are trade-offs in safe site attributes for seed germination and establishment that strongly limit recruitment in natural populations of white clover.     

EVOLUTION OF HOST-PARASITE DIVERSITY

Hosts and parasites often have extensive genetic diversity for resistance and virulence (host range). Qualitative diversity occurs when the success of attack is an all-or-nothing response that varies according to the genotypes of the host and parasite. Quantitative diversity occurs when the success of attack is a graded response that depends on additive genetic variation in the host and parasite. Community diversity occurs when parasites vary in the success with which they can attack different host species, leading to a mixture of specialists and generalists. I developed a series of models that classify components of host-parasite interactions according to whether they cause stabilizing or disruptive selection for resistance and virulence. Stabilizing selection reduces diversity by favoring a single optimal phenotype. Disruptive selection creates diversity by favoring a mixture of widely separated phenotypes. The evolution of maximal resistance and virulence are opposed by one of three forces: metabolic costs, frequency dependence, or negative genetic correlations among beneficial traits. The models predict that qualitatively inherited resistance and virulence traits typically cause greater diversity than quantitatively inherited traits. However, each natural system is composed of many stabilizing factors that reduce diversity and disruptive factors that promote diversity. I advocate a style of modeling in which families of related assumptions are compared by their equilibrium properties, and general conclusions from equilibrium properties are tested by complete dynamical analysis. The comparison among models highlights the need for empirical studies that compare levels of diversity among related host-parasite systems.