扁豆花粉发育的超微结构

用透射电镜对扁豆ＤｏｌｉｃｈｏｓｌａｂｌａｂＬ．的小孢子发生和雄配子体形成过程进行了观察。首次观察到扁豆花粉发育过程中,其质体与线粒体去分化、再分化发生于整个花粉发育过程中,并经历了两个去分化和再分化的周期。     

花椒果实分泌囊发育过程的超微结构研究

电镜观察结果表明,花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)果实分泌囊是由裂生方式形成,由鞘细胞、上皮细胞和油腔构成。对分泌囊的原始细胞、油腔发生和扩大以及发育成熟3个时期的超微结构研究表明,其精油是在分泌囊油腔发生时开始积累,以油滴形态存在于上皮细胞的质体内及其周围的细胞质中。根据各细胞器的变化规律分析,质体是精油合成的主要场所,内质网参与精油的合成和转运,线粒体为上述活动提供能量。上皮细胞内积累的精油可能通过两种途径排出细胞,分泌至油腔内贮存。鞘细胞内也积累精油,其主要合成场所也与质体有关,以后转运至上皮细胞内。成熟分泌囊的质体由于功能改变,其内出现蛋白质结晶和淀粉粒。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MESOZOIC POLLEN: CLASSOPOLLIS

Because of its complexity one of the most unusual fossil pollen types is the genus Classopollis. Grains of this broadly defined Mesozoic taxon range from the late Triassic into the Cretaceous (Turonian), and include forms that are spherical with a subequatorial rimula. On the proximal pole is a trilete mark, and on the distal surface a thin area in the sporoderm termed the cryptopore. Ultrastructural studies of Classopollis have been completed on grains extracted from the pollen cone Classostrobus comptonensis collected from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight, England. The sporoderm consists of clearly defined nexine and sexine components, with the mature nexine composed of approximately 20 electron dense lamellae, each about 10 nm thick. The sexine consists of four (S_1–4) easily recognizable layers, with the most prominent zone formed of coarse, inwardly-tapering elements. The S₂ layer is uniformly thickened, except in specialized areas (e.g., trilete, rimula, cryptopore) where it becomes thin. The remaining wall layers include spinules that ornament the surface and a uniform series of small lacunae associated with the spinule bases. The presence of orbicules and a complex system of membranes associated with the grains extracted from less mature cones provides an opportunity to trace some developmental stages in Classopollis sporoderm ontogeny, and to compare these stages with those of selected extant pollen types. The functional significance of the infrastructure in Classopollis pollen is discussed.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE TRANSFER TISSUES DURING VIVIPAROUS SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT IN RHIZOPHORA MANGLE (RHIZOPHORACEAE)

All water and nutrients required for the growth of the huge viviparous seedlings of Rhizophora mangle must be transported from the inner surface of the integument (maternal tissue), across a layer of persistent endosperm cells (seedling tissue), and to the surface of the cylindrical cotyledonary body. We describe the ultrastructure of these tissues at two functionally different stages of embryo and seedling development (i.e., 2–3 wk and 2–3 mo postgermination, respectively). Integumentary cells adjacent to the endosperm have unique plastids and divide more frequently than cells further away from the endosperm/integument interface. Later, fibrillar inclusions develop in vacuoles of the integument cells. The outermost layer of endosperm cells differentiates into transfer cells with wall ingrowths on the external walls, and the remainder of the endosperm degenerates during the embryo to seedling transition. The wall ingrowths gradually occlude the lumena of the transfer cells, a process which is complete long before the seedling abscises; therefore, the seedling may be photosynthetically independent throughout most of its development. The outer surface of the seedling cotyledonary body is minimally papillate and exhibits several ultrastructural specializations: centripetal degeneration of external walls which are bounded by electron-dense deposits; numerous mitochondria; and plastids of unusual structure with many plastoglobuli, and which contain unique yellow pigments having absorption spectra characteristic of carotenoids. HPLC residence times of these pigments are unlike those of β-carotene or other common carotenoids. Transfer tissues of Rhizophora may have functions not found in other plants, such as salt exclusion and facilitating viviparous germination, but the ultrastuctural correlates of these functions remain uncertain.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CONIDIOGENESIS IN SPHAEROSTILBE OCHRACEA

Conidium development in Sphaerostilbe ochracea is phialogenous. Mature synnemata are cup-shaped at the apex. The hyphal tips inside the apex are cut off by a septum to form elongated phialides that initially are not distinguishable from other hyphae. Numerous small vesicles aggregate in the tips of the incipient phialides, after which a second wall layer is deposited inside the original wall of the young phialides. As the conidium forms, the outer wall layer breaks, leaving a minute collarette at the apex of the phialide. Some wall material adheres to the first conidium as it matures. Subsequent conidia push out of the mouth of the phialide; as they do so they separate and are held together in a mucoid droplet. Conidia are one-celled when formed but soon become two-celled through formation of a median septum.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF SPERMATANGIAL DEVELOPMENT AND FERTILIZATION IN AGLAOTHAMNION OOSUMIENSE (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)

Freshwater dinoflagellates have not previously been reported from Belize, although there has been extensive work with marine dinoflagellates and some work with other freshwater groups. Freshwater dinoflagellates are more frequently observed in standing water and none have been observed in the several streams and rivers sampled since 1990. The goal in 1998 was to examine water samples from small ponds within hours of collection to improve the chance of observing swimming dinoflagellates. A plankton net was used and whole water samples also were collected. A small brown water pond on a peninsula and 30m from the Caribbean yielded a bloom of Thompsodinium intermedium. Dinoflagellates, including Peridinium centenniale , Katodinium sp., and Peridinium sp. in the Umbonatum Group, were observed within Crocodile pond and Lily pond on the mainland.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AUXILIARY AND GONIMOBLAST CELLS DURING CARPOSPOROPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN FAUCHEOCOLAX ATTENUATA (RHODOPHYTA)1

The ultra structure of post-fertilization development in Faucheocolax attenuata Setch. is described. Following fertilization and transfer of the diploid nucleus to the auxiliary cell, four gonimoblast initials usually are produced of the multinucleate auxiliary cell. Gonimoblast initials originally are uninucleate but undergo karyokinesis to form multinudeate gonimoblast cells. Terminal or generative gonimoblast cells cleave successively to form lobes of incipient carpospores, with each group of spores differentiating synchronously. Portions of the initial generative gonimoblast cells, however, remain to resume karyokinesis and repeat the process of cleavage into carpospores. Axial gonimoblast cells are transformed into secretory cells, which produce mucilage. Generative gonimoblast cells and auxiliary cells are similar in cellular structure. Both contain typical red algal proplastids, some dictyosomes, cytoplasmic concentric membranes, and numerous small vesicles. In addition, dark staining spherical masses, occurring in the cytoplasm of all cell types, may represent dehydrated haploid chromatin. Large septal plugs interconnect gonimoblast cells and the auxiliary cell. These plugs are small when first formed but increase dramatically in size during carposporophyte development.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF EARLY SPERMATANGIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANTITHAMNION NIPPONICUM (CERAMIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA)1

Spermatial development and differentiation of wall components were investigated by electron microscopy and cytochemical methods in Antithamnion nipponicum Yamada et Inagaki. The spermatium is composed of two parts, a globular head and two appendages projecting from near the basal portion. The appendages originate form spermatangial vesicles (SVs) and follow a developmental sequence beginning as amorphous material and ending as fully formed fibrous structures compressed with in the SVs. SV formation is due to contributions initially from endoplasmic reticulum and later form dictyosome-derived vesicles. Chemical differentiation of the spermatial wall occurs early in its development. Calcofluor white ST does not label spermatial walls, indicating an absence of cellulose polysaccharides, which are abundant in vegetative cell walls. Labeled lectins show that α-d -methyl manose and / or α-d -glucose as well as N-acetyl-glucosamine, β-d -galactose, and α-l -fucose moieties are present on the spermatial wall but not in the vegetative cell wall. The glyconjugate with α-d -methyl mannose and / or glucose residues, previously reported as a gamete recognition molecule in this species, is distributed along the surface of spermatia as well as in the SV during spermatangial development.     

兰花鼠尾草(Salvia farinacea Benth.)两类腺毛发育过程中超微结构的研究

电镜观察表明：兰花鼠尾草（Salvia farinacea Benth.）的头状腺毛（capitate trichomes）和盾状腺毛(peltate trichomes）在超微结构方面存在明显不同,盾状腺毛的分泌细胞中占优势的细胞器是质体,而头状腺毛中是内质网和质体;成熟的盾状腺毛角质层下间隙明显,而头状腺毛不明显;盾状腺毛的柄细胞的侧壁出现完全的角质化现象,而头状腺毛则无;头状腺毛的基细胞液化程度比盾状腺毛的高。     

海蜇胚胎发育和变态过程超微观察

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和蛋白银染色等方法研究了海蜇胚胎发育和变态过程中细胞超微结构变化。结果显示: (1)海蜇自受精卵至原肠期阶段细胞均等分裂, 细胞间存在大量连接, 细胞形态相近, 未出现显著分化; (2)海蜇自早期浮浪游虫阶段, 其外胚层细胞开始出现空泡化, 至4触手螅状体阶段外胚层细胞空泡体积逐渐增大, 而内胚层细胞仅在4触手螅状体阶段才出现空泡化。伴随着外胚层细胞空泡化比例的增大, 杯状体和4触手螅状体阶段出现疑似凋亡小体结构; (3)刺细胞分化于早期浮浪游虫期的外胚层近中胶层区域, 而后逐渐向外转移, 至4触手螅状体阶段发育成熟并转移至表面; (4)纤毛形成于早期浮浪幼虫, 在杯状体阶段逐渐退化, 并于4触手螅状体阶段完全消失; (5)在海蜇早期发育各个阶段, 其内部均发现大量着色较深的卵黄体, 且在浮浪游虫阶段首次发现了海蜇外层细胞主动吞噬细菌现象, 表明海蜇早期发育营养来自内源性和外源性两部分。研究结果可为阐明刺胞动物早期发育模式提供依据。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF FERTILIZATION IN A CRYPTOMONAD1

By means of various electron microscopic techniques, the ultrastructure of fusing gametes in a cryptomonad is described for the first time. The isolate used in this study is bisexual, and vegetative cells may act as isogametes. Plasmogamy usually is initiated at the posterior end of one gamete and the mild-ventral region of the other gamete. A posterior, pointed protuberance may be a specialized mating structure which initiates the fusion process. Fusion proceeds toward the anterior end, forming a quadriflagellate cell which becomes spherical and settles to the bottom of the culture flask. The quadriflagellate, spherical cell contains two nuclear-nucleomorph-chloroplast complexes which remain intact throughout karyogamy. During karyogamy the nuclei are positioned close to each other and become lobed on the sides where fusion takes place. At the points where the lobes touch, the nuclear membranes break down and direct karyogamy is initiated. Nuclear fusion continues and eventually a single zygotic nucleus is formed. The zygote nucleus and the two nucleomorphs and chloroplasts become enclosed in a common periplastidial compartment. The nucleomorphs, however, remain apart and do not fuse. Meiosis presumably is zygotic, but the stages of post-karyogamy remain to be elucidated.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF POLYSIPHONIA HARVEYI BAILEY (CERAMIALES,RHODOPHYTA)1

Prefertilization and immediate postfertilization development in the female reproductive branch of Polysiphonia harveyi (Bailey) was studied with the electron microscope. Results pertaining to prefertilization morphology and development are consistent with those established in earlier light microscopic studies, but several unexpected ultrastructural characteristics were discovered. The mature carpogonium was found to have double membrane-bound vacuoles of nuclear origin and the carpogonial nucleus contained a nucleolus with a distinctive crystalline lattice. Trichogynes lacked a nucleus. Of particular interest was the discovery of a highly structured channel of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) which extended uninterrupted, except for pit connections, through the carpogonial branch. It is suggested that the message of fertilization is conducted through the SER channel from the carpogonium to the support cell. Few observations were made on postfertilization branches, but evidence of direct fusion between the carpogonium and auxiliary cell was fairly conclusive. Pit plugs in the female branch were found to be of three morphological types differing by the presence and number of pit membranes. We have designated these plugs Type I–III since differential functioning was not fully ascertained. Our data suggest that pit membranes may serve to stabilize the plug and that those plugs without membranes are more readily dismantled to allow cytoplasmic continuity between cells.     

大麦根中禾谷多粘菌休眠孢子堆的超微结构

通过扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了禾谷多粘菌PolymyxagraminisLed．休眠孢子堆的超微结构。休眠孢子堆仅分布于寄主根表皮细胞中。休眠孢子堆形状不一,有的呈球状,有的呈律状,少则由几十个,多则由数百个紧密排列的休眠孢子组成。休眠孢子彼此通过刺突连接,细胞壁分4层,第三层局部区域结构松散,可能与初生游动孢子萌发孔有关。成熟休眠孢子细胞质丰富,细胞质膜内侧含有大量脂质粒,细胞质中央含一个细胞核,围围分布线粒体、内质网、高尔基体、液泡等细胞器。成熟的休眠孢子在越夏前大多数已释放初生游动孢子,只剩下空壳。表面凹陷是已释放游动孢子的休眠孢子一个特征。本文还讨论了禾谷多粘菌休眠孢子在病害流行学中的作用。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF DNA-CONTAINING AREAS IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF CHLAMYDOMONAS

The chloroplast of Chlamydomonas moewusii was examined by electron microscopic and cytochemical methods for the possible presence of DNA. Both the Feulgen reaction and acridine orange indicated the presence within the chloroplast of one or more irregularly shaped DNA-containing bodies generally in the vicinity of the pyrenoid. Electron micrographs revealed 25 A microfibrils in these areas which correspond to DNA macromolecules with respect to their location, morphology, and sensitivity to deoxyribonuclease digestion. The possibility that this material is the genetic system of the chloroplast and the hypothesis that the chloroplast represents an evolved endosymbiont are discussed.     

七星瓢虫精子鞭毛的超微结构(英文)

应用细胞整装制备和超薄切片技术,在透射电子显微镜下检查了七星瓢虫成熟精子鞭毛的超微结构。精子鞭毛是由一个典型的9＋9＋2轴丝,两个同形结晶的线粒体衍生物,两个附体（每个附体具有两部分,一个嗜锇致密月牙体和一个海绵月牙体）和一个非结晶体组成,在鞭毛终端部,仅存的轴丝失去了两个中央微管保留了9个具有动力蛋白臂的双微管和9个附微管。     

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GLIOSOMES IN THE BRAINS OF AMPHIBIA

Small fragments of superficial neuropil and fragments of deeper layers from various regions of the brains of Xenopus laevis Daud. and Rana esculenta L. were fixed in buffered osmium tetroxide, embedded in Vestopal W or methacrylate, and studied with the electron microscope. The glial fibers and their meningeal end-feet contain numerous large mitochondrion-like dense bodies for which the term "gliosome" has been adopted. Gliosomes have a specific and constant structure characterized by the presence of a row of peripheral and circular canaliculi and an electron-opaque fibrous or finely granular matrix. Also, another less frequently found type of gliosome is present which contains regular lamellar structures. The gliosomes vary considerably in size and may be very large, up to 9 µ in length. Numerous and various intermediate forms between mitochondria and gliosomes can be seen. Gliosomes are largest and most numerous in the distal portions of the glial fibers and in the meningeal end-feet.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLUM IN SPERM OF CKCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA

Abstract  Using cell whole mount preparation and ultrathin section technique, the ultrastructure of the flagellum in the sperm of Coccinella septempunctata L. was examined with transmission electron microscope. The flagellum is made up of a classic 9+9+2 axoneme containing two similar crystallized mitochondria1 derivatives, two accessory bodies, which are divided in to two portions, an osmiophilic dense crescent and a spongy one, and a non-crystalline body. At the end of the flagellum, only the axoneme is present, it loses the two central microtubules but retains the nine doublets with dynein arms and the nine accessory microtubules.