ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOME DEVONIAN PROGYMNOSPERMS FROM NEW YORK

New specimens of Triloboxylon ashlandicum Matten and Banks (1966) show additional features of the anatomy and morphology of the plant. The primary xylem has strands of parenchyma associated with trace formation. Secondary xylem and phloem are described for the first time. The outer cortex, previously unknown, contains hypodermal fiber strands. The ultimate appendages are much divided and planated. Specimens of Aneurophyton hallii (Arnold, 1940) were reexamined and newly prepared. They are transferred to the genus Triloboxylon as T. hallii. Triloboxylon is transferred from Pteropsida-Incertae Sedis to the Aneurophytales. New information on the morphology and anatomy of Telraxylopteris is presented and its identity to Sphenoxylon is supported.     

TRIPLOCHITIOXYLON (STERCULIACEAE): A NEW GENUS OF WOOD FROM THE EOCENE OF OREGON AND ITS BEARING ON XYLEM EVOLUTION IN THE EXTANT GENUS TRIPLOCHITON

A new sterculiaceous wood, Triplochitioxylon oregonensis gen. et sp. n., was collected from a Middle Eocene locality in the Clarno Formation of Oregon. Anatomical data indicate a close natural relationship between T. oregonensis and the living species of Triplochiton, a genus endemic to tropical Africa. The fossil is believed to represent a population of the group or complex from which Triplochiton evolved. The basic differences in the xylem organizations of the two genera are explained by a significant reduction of fusiform initial length and by a complete suppression of post-cambial parenchyma strand elongation in the extant genus. Paleobotanical and biogeographical evidence suggest that the xylem evolution has been strongly influenced by the increasing aridity of the African continent.     

CRENATICAULIS,A NEW GENUS OF DEVONIAN PLANTS ALLIED TO ZOSTEROPHYLLUM,AND ITS BEARING ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EARLY LAND PLANTS

The name Crenaticaulis verruculosus is proposed for slender, pseudomonopodially and dichoto-mously branching plants that bore opposite to subopposite sporangia along the stem and two rows of prominent, multicellular teeth on opposite sides of the terete axis. Epidermal cells were either narrow and elongate parallel to the stem or short with a papillate outer tangential wall. Axillary tubercles were present on one side of the stem near lateral branches. Some tubercles bore remnants of branches. Sporangia dehisced along their distal margins into two unequal halves. No spores were found. Occasional short lengths of stem were petrified by iron pyrite. Sections revealed a cortex consisting of four to six rows of thick-walled cells and a xylem strand. The strand was elliptical in transverse section and maturation was exarch. Tracheids were chiefly scalariform. It is suggested that the so-called axillary tubercles, known in several plants of Devonian age, were scars of rhizophores like those in the modern genus Selaginella. The plant is referred to the subdivision Zosterophyllophytina.     

STENOKOLEOS BIFIDUS SP. N. IN THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE

Stenokoleos is a genus for petrified axes from the Mississippian New Albany Shale to which an Upper Devonian occurrence in New York is added. Two orders of branching were known and the plant was thought to be related to coenopterid ferns. The new petrified axes from New York reveal three orders of branching. A pair of rachides emerges from one side of the stem at each node. Their position alternates at successive nodes (distichous). Each rachis bears alternately arranged pinnae. The shape of the xylem strand and the number of protoxylem areas are variable. Traces to the pairs of rachides arise either as two separate strands or as a single strand that is presumed to divide while still within the cortex of the stem. Traces to pinnae are ellipsoid or clepsydroid. Tracheids are scalariform and uni- or biseriate, circular-bordered pitted. Peripheral loops are present in all orders of branches. Protoxylem strands are numerous and maturation is mesarch. Cortex is parenchymatous where it is preserved but outer cortex is missing. Stenokoleos and Reimanniopsis are placed in a new family, Stenokoleaceae. This is classified as Incertae Sedis among Pterophytina in Tracheophyta. It is suggested that the plant is related more closely to the Mississippian pteridosperms Tristichia and Tetrastichia than to the coenopterid ferns.     

早泥盆世始叶蕨（新属）及叶子起源的讨论

本文报道了滇东南文山地区下泥盆统坡松冲组（西根阶）地层中一陆生植物新属,种－纤细始叶蕨（Eophyllophyton bellum gen.et sp.nov),植物体矮小,多次二叉分枝,远端枝二列互生长出次一级二叉分枝为主的末级枝,枝系起源叶顶生成侧生,多次分叉,缩合,扁化,蹼化并部分并合,生殖单位可下垂,由二枚顶端内卷的孢子叶组成,孢子囊圆至肾形,沿远,端加厚带开裂,成列侧生在孢子叶相对面的叶轴上,上述特征表明新植物远比同期的莱尼类,三枝蕨类和工蕨类复杂和进化,并显示出和工蕨类的某些亲缘关系,文内还探讨了枝系起源叶（大型叶）的发生和演化。     

SVALBARDIA BANKSII SP. NOV. FROM THE UPPER DEVONIAN (FRASNIAN) OF NEW YORK STATE

Svalbardia banksii sp. nov., is described from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Fish Cabin Creek locality near Pond Eddy, New York. The compression consists of ultimate branches bearing spirally arranged, unwebbed leaves. The unwebbed leaves are up to 3.2 cm long, are somewhat flexuous, and dichotomize in more than one plane. The new species is similar to the reconstruction of Actinoxylon banksii from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of New York and strengthens the supposed relationship between Svalbardia polymorpha and Actinopodium nathorstii from Mimerdalen, Spitzbergen.     

THE CUTICLE OF DREPANOPHYCUS SPINAEFORMIS,A LONG-RANGING DEVONIAN LYCOPOD FROM NEW YORK AND EASTERN CANADA

The presence of paracytic stomata and paired guard cells on specimens presumed to be Drepanophycus spinaeformis Göppert from eastern Canada and New York State supports the conclusion of Banks and Grierson that the species is not a reliable index of Lower Devonian strata. The interpretation of stomatal morphology demonstrates that the species lived in Early, Middle, and Late Devonian time and that slender specimens are distinct from zosterophylls such as Sawdonia that had anomocytic stomata and a single guard cell. Knowledge of the stomata also permits a reinterpretation of the stomatal apparatus as first described by Lang. Siegenian specimens of the genus apparently represent the oldest occurrence of paired guard cells and of paracytic stomata.     

LEAVES OF ARCHAEOSIGILLARIA VANUXEMII,A DEVONIAN LYCOPOD FROM NEW YORK

The leaf of mid Devonian Archaeosigillaria vanuxemii from Gilboa, N.Y. is known to have a thick conical base. This study demonstrates by the uncovering technique the attachment of leaves to the stem, the flattened lamina that is deltoid in outline with a toothed margin, and an apex prolonged into a hair. Comparisons are made with specimens from Kazakhstan. The morphology of leaves of other species of Archaeosigillaria and the slowly accumulating data on leaves of Devonian lycopods are discussed.     

A FERTILE AXIS OF TRILOBOXYLON ASHLANDICUM,A PROGYMNOSPERM FROM THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

A partially petrified impression of Triloboxylon ashlandicum (Aneurophytales) is the first recognized fertile axis of the genus. Identification of the fertile axis rests on the similarity of its anatomy with that of previously described vegetative specimens. Fertile organs replace some vegetative branches along part of the main axis. Fertile organs are twice dichotomized in one plane and bear elongate sporangia arranged pinnately. Vegetative branches differ in that they bear the ultimate appendages of the plant helically. The latter organs dichotomize many times in one plane. Although similar in size and morphology to the ultimate appendages, the fertile organs are homologous by position and vascular supply to the vegetative branches which they replace. Sporangia of T. ashlandicum dehisce longitudinally and terminate in an apiculate tip. Spores are unknown. Fertile organs of T. ashlandicum resemble those of other Aneurophytales and support the earlier placement of Triloboxylon in the order on anatomical grounds. T. ashlandicum differs from other Aneurophytales, however, by bearing vegetative organs at the distal end of its fertile axis.     

IBYKA AMPHIKOMA,GEN. ET SP. N., A NEW PROTOARTICULATE PRECURSOR FROM THE LATE MIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK STATE

Ibyka gen. n. is described from late Middle Devonian compressions and petrifactions collected in eastern New York State. It is a robust plant of which three orders of branching and ultimate appendages (leaves) are known. The latter dichotomize up to five times, are arranged spirally on all orders of branching, are three-dimensional, and all orders are terete in cross section. Fertile appendages, homologous with the sterile, are terminated by sporangia. The protostele has five or six arms, the maturation is mesarch, and the protoxylem disintegrates leaving lacunae at the tips of the arms. Traces to appendages are terete and arise spirally from the tips of the arms. The primary xylem consists of tracheids only, the phloem of thin-walled cells and probable tanniniferous cells. The cortex consists of parenchyma and groups of sclereids. Secondary xylem is lacking. Ibyka is placed in a new order, Ibykales, close to the Hyeniales (protoarticulates) and to the Pseudosporochnales all three of which probably evolved from Trimerophytina.     

TRILOBOXYLON ASHLANDICUM GEN. AND SP. N. FROM THE UPPER DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

A new taxon is described from the Upper Devonian, Oneonta formation in the northern Cats-kills of New York. Triloboxylon gen. n. is represented by petrifactions showing two orders of branching. The main axis bears branches spirally and the latter bear the ultimate appendages spirally. Ultimate appendages branch dichotomously twice, in one plane. Primary xylem of the main axis and branches is three-armed with mesarch protoxylem extending in a continuous band within each arm. Primary xylem of the ultimate appendage is terete and dichotomizes twice. Metaxylem elements are characterized by scalariform and circular-bordered pitting on all walls. The cortex is composed entirely of isodiametrical parenchyma cells. Triloboxylon is compared with other genera with three-lobed protosteles. Its possible affinity with the Aneurophytales is shown. The morphological nature of the “frond” of the Aneurophytales and the possibility that the group possesses the morphological equivalent of simple leaves are discussed.     

柴达木盆地陆相第四系中具刺介形类新属Qaidamocypris的发现及意义

一个壳面布有许多细刺的玻璃介亚科新成员──Ｑａｉｄａｍｏｃｙｐｒｉｓｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．在青藏高原北部的柴达木盆地陆相更新统中产出。这一新属的发现又一次表明,与海洋里有复杂壳饰介形类一样,在一定的条件下,内陆湖泊同样也能有多刺种类生存。     

PERTICA,A NEW GENUS OF DEVONIAN PLANTS FROM NORTHERN MAINE

A new genus of Devonian age fossil plants is described from the Trout Valley Formation of northern Maine. Abundant compression material permits a rather complete understanding of its morphology. Pertica quadrifaria Kasper and Andrews, gen. et sp. nov., was an erect plant, perhaps a meter tall, with a pseudomonopodial main axis and dichotomous side branches. The side branches were arranged in a clockwise spiral (from base to apex) and were tetrastichous. They dichotomized numerous times, with the intervals between dichotomies decreasing distally. The ultimate branchlets bore numerous sporangia in dense clusters. Other side branches were completely sterile. Pertica quadrifaria is classified in the Subdivision Trimerophytina of Banks. Its evolutionary significance rests in the fact that it is a link in the chain of increasingly complex early vascular land plants.     

根瘤菌新类群代表菌株的16SrDNA全序列测定及其系统发育地位

用双脱氧法测定了一个根瘤菌新类群代表菌株SH2672的16S rDNA全序列,将此全序列与根瘤菌各已知种及相关种的16S rDNA全序列进行了比较及聚类分析,得到系统发育树状图。在系统发育树状图中,菌株SH2672与百脉根中慢生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium loti),华癸中慢生根瘤菌(M. huakuii)、天山中慢生根瘤菌(M. tianshanense)、地中海中慢生根瘤菌(M. mediterraneum)、鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌(M. ciceri)共同构成一个分支,与各已知种的模式菌株16S rDNA相似性分别为:96.3％,96.4％,97.2％,95.1％,95.6％,均在95％以上,它们应归属于同一属。且分支内各种间DNA同源性低于70％,表明它们分别为不同的种,菌株SH2672代表着一个新的根瘤菌种。     

陕北延长群一新古鳕类及其生物地层意义

本文记述了在陕西北部耀县铜川组发现的古鳕科一新属、种——延长三叠鳕(Triassodusyanchangensis,gen.et sp.nov.)。在对其形态特征作较详细描述的基础上,认为它既与美国晚三叠世的吐鲁瑟欧鳕(Turseodus)很接近,又与我国四川须家河组(晚三叠世)的蜀鳕(Sh-uniscus)相似。基于上述的理由,认为铜川组的时代是晚三叠世。根据迄今在我国晓三叠世发现的鱼类,探讨了我国晚三叠世的鱼群与北美的关系。     

广西早泥盆世一新型胴甲鱼化石并初步探讨其系统分类位置

本文描述的胴甲鱼化石标本,采自广西象州大乐早泥盆世地层.化石系内、外模,但保存非常完整,包括自然连接的头部、躯干、胸鳍及躯甲后的尾部.头甲、躯甲的特征较为接近星鳞鱼 (Asterolepis) 的特征,而某些特征又与云南鱼 (Yunnanolepis) 类似.胸鳍分为近节和远节,鳍片排列近似欧洲的翼甲鱼 (Pterichthyodes) 型的胸鳍.根据头甲、躯甲及胸鳍的特征,笔者建立了一新属、新种——Liujiangolepis suni gen. et sp. nov.,代表胴甲鱼类中—新科——Liujiangolepidae fam. nov..文中对新属种的胸鳍结构和新属种在胴甲鱼类中的分类位置做了初步探讨.