水曲柳大孢子发生及雌配子体发育的研究

水曲柳（ＦｒａｘｉｎｕｓｍａｎｄｓｈｕｉｃａＲｕｐｒ．）子房为二心皮;二室,中轴胎座,每室内具二个倒生胚珠,薄珠心,单珠被。单个孢原细胞分化于珠心顶端表皮之下,直接发育成为大孢子母细胞,大孢子四分体为直线形,通常为合点端第一大孢子具功能,胆囊发育为蓼型。     

喜树大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体的发育

喜树子房下位,一室,有1枚倒生胚珠,悬垂,具单珠被。假厚珠心胚珠类型,胚囊发育为蓼型。喜树小孢子母细胞减数分裂胞质分裂方式为同时型,四分体主要为四面体形和左右对称形,单核小孢子呈三角形,成熟花粉粒有三角形、四边形和圆形。本文主要研究喜树大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体的发育过程,并初步探讨了喜树部分雌蕊败育的原因。     

红花胚珠和雌配子体发育

用石蜡切片法研究了红花的大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程,得到以下结果：（１）胚珠发育为薄珠心类型,倒生胚珠,具单珠被。（２）胚囊发育蓼型。（３）有珠被绒毛层,珠被绒毡层起始于大孢子母细胞时期,单核胚囊阶段高度发育,受精后从合点端逐渐退化。珠孔塞细胞呈毛状。     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVULE AND FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE IN EUSTACHYS PETRAEA AND E. GLAUCA (POACEAE)

The unilocular pistil in Eustachys contains a single ovule with lateral placentation. In E. petraea and E. glauca, the mature ovule is bitegmic, tenuinucellate, and amphitropous with the endostomic micropyle oriented toward the base of the locule. A single hypodermal archesporial cell enlarges to form the megasporocyte. The chalazal dyad member is larger than the micropylar one, and meiosis II is nonsynchronized. Two-thirds of the tetrads are linear and one-third T-shaped. The chalazal megaspore is functional. Initially ovoid, the two-nucleate female gametophyte becomes curved as it enlarges. The four-nucleate stage becomes wider at its extremities and constricted in the center. Synchronous mitotic divisions establish the eight-nucleate stage with four nuclei at each pole separated by a large central vacuole. In E. petraea, the maturation sequence begins with antipodal differentiation, followed by differentiation of the egg apparatus, migration of the polar nuclei to the center, and division of the antipodals to produce twelve cells. The sequence in E. glauca begins with migration of the polar nuclei followed by differentiation of the antipodals, egg apparatus, and antipodal replication to six cells. The polar nuclei fuse to form a secondary nucleus appressed to the egg cell in E. glauca and separated from it by a vacuole in E. petraea. T-tests for length measurements for various stages of development indicate that the functional megaspore and two-nucleate female gametophyte are significantly larger in E. glauca than in E. petraea. There is no significant difference in gametophyte length at the four-nucleate stage, and at the eight-nucleate stage, length in E. petraea surpasses that in E. glauca. This gap widens significantly at the mature stage. Nuclear volumes are significantly greater in E. glauca than in E. petraea in the functional megaspore and two-nucleate stage, but the volumes are similar at the four-nucleate stage. Consideration of the differences in structural complexity between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations leads to the conclusion that the female gametophytes of these species are more distinctive than are the sporophytes.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN RYE

The development of male gametophyte and female gametophyte within a floret of rye (Secale cereale L.) was examined. Generally, meiosis in microsporocytes and in megasporocytes occurs simultaneously in most florets, but the period from zygotene to tetrad meiosis in the megasporocyte progresses more slowly than that in the microsporocyte. When the female gametophyte has one nucleus and no vacuoles, the male gametophyte has a single, eccentric nucleus. By the time the female gametophyte develops to the vacuolated one-, two-, four-, and eight-nucleate stages and to the growth and differentiation of the egg apparatus stage, the male gametophyte reaches the two-celled pollen stage. As the female gametophyte matures, the male gametophyte also reaches maturity. The duration of male gametophyte development from microspore mother cell and the duration of female gametophyte development from megaspore mother cell are the same in most florets. The relationship between sexual development of cross-pollinated rye is similar to that of self-pollinated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It seems that the relationship is not related to the breeding system.     

EFFECTS OF BENLATE ON FERN GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT

The widely used fungicide, benlate, was tested for its effect(s) on gametophyte development in the fern Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. The active ingredient of benlate, benomyl, represents 50% of the fungicide by weight. Seven concentrations of benomyl were tested on C. thalictroides gametophytes: 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100 mg/l. Five developmental stages were observed for possible effects of benomyl. These were 1) germination, and the initiation of 2) antheridia, 3) notch meristems, 4) archegonia, and 5) sporophytes. Overall inhibition was greatest at 100 mg/l benomyl. At 10 mg/l and 100 mg/l, sporophyte initiation was completely blocked. This was probably the consequence of two characteristics found only on gametophytes growing on medium containing 10 mg/l and 100 mg/l benomyl. These characteristics were lack of sperm motility and production of callus growths in the areas proximal to the notch meristems, just proximal to the younger archegonia. Besides blocking the completion of sexual reproduction, the highest concentrations tested also produced smaller (cell number) and chlorotic gametophytes (especially at 100 mg/l). The bigametophyte population (made up of hermaphroditic and male gametophytes) was changed from 51% hermaphrodites (at 0 mg/l benomyl) to 26% hermaphrodites at 100 mg/l. This would, since only hermaphrodites possess archegonia, also decrease the potential for the production of sporophytes.     

凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的研究

凹叶厚朴花药四囊型,腺质绒毡层有1-2层细胞,小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为左右对称型．成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。四分体和小孢子在发生时有不规则变形。子房单心皮,心皮腹面壁上着生2个胚珠,胚珠倒生型,厚珠心,双珠被;孢原细胞一个,并且自表皮下第2层细胞处分化。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。凹叶厚朴的胚胎学特征与木兰科其它植物的胚胎学特征基本相同,属于较原始的被子植物胚胎类型。在凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育过程中存在部分败育现象。本文初步探讨了凹叶厚朴濒危的生殖生物学原因。     

凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的研究

凹叶厚朴花药四囊型,腺质绒毡层有1-2层细胞,小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型．小孢子四分体排列方式为左右对称型,成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。四分体和小孢子在发生时有不规则变形。子房单心皮。心皮腹面壁上着生2个胚珠,胚珠倒生型,厚珠心,双珠被;抱原细胞一个,并且自表皮下第2层细胞处分化。胚囊发育为单孢蓼型。凹叶厚朴的胚胎学特征与木兰科其它植物的胚胎学特征基本相同,属于较原始的被子植物胚胎类型。在凹叶厚朴大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育过程中存在部分败育现象。本文初步探讨了凹叶厚朴濒危的生殖生物学原因。     

短柄五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体发育的研究

短柄五加花药５枚,每个花药四个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体形的四分体。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层四层细胞组成,其发育类型为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层,其细胞为二核。三细胞型花粉。子房５室,每室两个胚珠,上胚珠败育,下胚珠可育。下胚珠倒生,具单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线性排列的四个大孢子,雌配子体发育属蓼型。开花当天,花粉散开,雌配子体尚未成熟,处     

除草剂苄嘧磺隆对粗梗水蕨配子体生长和性器官分化的影响

 稻田施用的除草剂可能会污染邻近水域,对非靶标水生植物产生影响。国家二级重点保护野生植物粗梗水蕨(Ceratopteris pteridoides)主要分布于稻田及其周围水域,其有性繁殖敏感阶段与除草剂施用时间一致,配子体易暴露在除草剂污染中。为了评价除草剂污染对水生态环境特别是对非靶标国家重点保护野生水生植物的影响,保护生物多样性和水生生态环境,该文研究了除草剂苄嘧磺隆(Bensulfuron-methyl)对粗梗水蕨配子体生长和性器官分化的影响。结果表明,苄嘧磺隆对粗梗水蕨孢子萌发没有影响,但对其配子体生长有抑制作用。苄嘧磺隆浓度和粗梗水蕨配子体面积呈明显的剂量效应关系,苄嘧磺隆对粗梗水蕨配子体生长抑制的EC₅₀(半数效应浓度)为0.086μg&;#8226;L^-1,低于已报道的环境背景浓度。随着苄嘧磺隆浓度升高,粗梗水蕨的雌雄同体配子体逐渐减少,且配子体上颈卵器形成时间推迟。在苄嘧磺隆为10μg&;#8226;L^-1时,粗梗水蕨没有雌雄同体配子体形成。以上研究结果表明,低浓度苄嘧磺隆可抑制粗梗水蕨配子体的生长并影响其性器官的分化,使粗梗水蕨有性繁殖能力减弱。     

墨兰雌配子体和胚胎发生

墨兰的胚珠倒生型,具薄珠心和二层珠被。胚囊发育为葱型,成熟胚囊为８核,从传粉型受精约１００ｄ,正常双受精。初生胚乳细胞分裂为具２－６个核的胚乳。胚具５－６细胞的胚柄。传粉到种子成熟约８个月,成熟种子只具单层细胞的种皮和一个未分化的球形胚,胚柄及胚乳都消失。     

A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN FIELD- AND GREENHOUSE-GROWN PLANTS OF GLYCINE MAX AND PHASEOLUS AUREUS (PAPILIONACEAE)

A statistical analysis of size for the megasporocyte, functional megaspore, and 2-, 4-, 8-nucleate, and mature female gametophytes for Glycine max and Phaseolus aureus grown in the field and greenhouse was accomplished from measurements of the length, width, and length and width intercepts for each stage. The greatest increase in mean length for Phaseolus in the greenhouse and Glycine in the field takes place between the 2- and 4-nucleate stages. In alternate environments, the two genera show the greatest increase between the functional megaspore and 2-nucleate stage. Greater similarity between the genera than shown by each genus in the two environments was also found for other features, viz., the largest mean length and width attained by each stage, the least increase in mean length and width and the overlap in confidence intervals for length and length intercepts between successive stages, and changes in the width intercept as a percent of total width as the ovule becomes campylotropous. T tests at the 0.05 level reveal significant differences between greenhouse and field plants in Phaseolus for length of the megasporocyte and 8-nucleate stage and length and length intercept of the 2- and 4-nucleate stages. In Glycine, differences appear for the length and both intercepts of the megasporocyte and the length intercepts of the mature stage. The similarity of Glycine in one environment to Phaseolus in the other coupled with the differences of statistical significance for each genus in the two conditions suggest that environment does have a pronounced effect on female gametophyte development. Statements to the contrary in previous reports to include one on these genera are correct for the qualitative aspects of development investigated, but they cannot be extended in all respects to the quantitative analysis of growth reported here. The differences recorded suggest caution in the choice of material for comparative studies. For embryological data, especially those of a quantitative nature, to be fully useful in taxonomic assessments, material for all taxa should be collected from natural habitats.     

PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS ON SEED DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDETERMINATE GAMETOPHYTE GENE IN MAIZE

Not more than half the seeds borne by maize plants of the W23 inbred strain, homozygous for a mutant gene termed “indeterminate gametophyte” (ig), develop normally. The remainder exhibit polyembryony (6 %), heterofertilization (7 %), elevated ploidy level of the endosperm (45 %), or other less frequent anomalies. The ig effects were identified and characterized by chromosome counts and genetic tests. Twins were regularly found to be diploid and concordant for heterozygous marker genes introduced maternally. When the marker genes were introduced paternally, twins frequently were non-concordant, or the embryo and endosperm phenotypes did not correspond. The proportion of the various types and the absence of conjoined embryos indicated that, although identical in their maternal inheritance, the twins were regularly dizygotic. Those twins identical in paternal inheritance probably originate from the fertilization of two genetically identical eggs by the two sperm of one male gametophyte. When ig ig compared to normal diploid plants were pollinated by tetraploids, the proportion of plump seed formed was markedly increased. Evidently this result is the consequence of elevation of the endosperm ploidy level by the ig gene. The ig gene thus appears to interfere with differentiation of the components of the female gametophyte so that the number of eggs and polar nuclei, instead of being one and two, is indeterminate.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE OF EPIPACTIS (ORCHIDACEAE) AND ITS INFERENCE FOR REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY

The development of the female gametophytes of Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine, and E. palustris have been investigated using confocal scanning laser microscopy. These species have T-tetrads and eight-nucleate female gametophytes in common. The development of the female gametophyte is monosporic in accordance with the Polygonum type. Furthermore, the outer integument grows slowly and reaches to the middle of the inner integument, when the female gametophyte is mature. In the first two species, T-tetrads develop prior to anthesis, which may be correlated with autogamy. The development of the female gametophyte of E. palustris appears to be similar in plants from different localities.