A COMPARISON OF MERISTEMS AND UNEQUAL GROWTH OF INTERNODES IN VINY MONOCOTYLEDONS AND DICOTYLEDONS

The distribution of meristematic activity and cell length in the growing internodes of seven species of dicotyledonous vines and three species of monocotyledonous vines is described. In Schlegelia, Ipomoea, Mucuna, Passiflora, Ficus, Thunbergia alata, Dioscorea, Smilax, and Vanilla the loss of meristematic activity proceeded from the base to the top of the internode. The absence of isolated meristematic regions is typical of the uninterrupted meristem. In Thunbergia grandiflora a small peak of residual meristematic activity is located at the base of the internode, which is typical of the intercalary meristem. The same region of the internode is swollen and functions as a pulvinus. The young internodes of the seven dicotyledonous vines and an additional eight species of monocotyledonous vines with uninterrupted meristems were marked into three segments for growth studies. The upper part of the internode grew more rapidly and for a longer time than the basal part of the internode, except in T. grandiflora. The relative amounts of unequal growth in various species differed widely. Greater growth of the upper region was not correlated with comparable increases in final cell length in the upper region. It is concluded that the uninterrupted meristem is a common feature of shoot extension in many monocotyledons and dicotyledons.     

DISTRIBUTION OF TARTARIC ACID IN THE LEAVES OF CERTAIN ANGIOSPERMS

Stafford , Helen A. (Reed Coll., Portland, Oregon.) Distribution of tartaric acid in the leaves of certain angiosperms. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 347–352. 1959.—An optically active isomer of tartaric acid has been definitely identified and quantitatively analyzed in the leaves of 9 species of angiosperms, and trace amounts have been tentatively identified in about 22 others out of 49 species examined. In species where identification was positive, the quantity of tartrate varied from 5 to 200 μmoles/g. fresh wt. of leaf tissue; identification was based on paper chromatography and on the metavanadate colorimetric test. The 9 species include Vitis vinifera, V. labruscana, V. californica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, P. quinquefolio, Pelargonium hortorum, Bauhinia malabarica, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Coleus blumei. Optical rotation data of the isolated acid indicate that the tartrate in Pelargonium and Parthenocissus quinquefolio is the (+) -isomer similar to that reported for Vitis vinifera, but the opposite to that reported for Bauhinia reticulata. The relationship of tartrate to other organic acids is discussed.     

不同生育期水分胁迫对水稻根叶渗透调节物质变化的影响

 干旱是限制水稻(Oryza sativa)作物产量的主要生态因子之一,渗透调节是作物适应干旱逆境的生理机制之一。在人为控制水分的盆栽条件下, 对水稻生长的分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗期、结实期分别进行水分胁迫,研究水稻根系及叶片渗透调节物质的变化规律。结果表明, 不同生育期 干旱胁迫后叶片水势均显著下降,根系和叶片的有机渗透调节物质如可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和无机渗透调节物质包括K⁺、Mg²⁺等含量 均大幅度上升,而且幼穗分化期和抽穗期这两个对水分胁迫最敏感的时期上升幅度最大,其中又以有机渗透调节物质变化最显著。不同生育期渗 透调节大小的顺序为：抽穗期>幼穗分化期>结实期>分蘖期,反映了不同生育时期渗透调节能力的差异。同时幼穗分化期和抽穗期水分胁迫结束 后再复水后根系和叶片的有机渗透调节物质含量仍长期明显高于对照,而无机离子则变化规律比较复杂,有的升高有的则降低。叶片的渗透调 节能力大于根系,无论是叶片或根系都是K⁺对渗透调节的贡献最大;其次是Ca²⁺, 6 种渗透调节物质含量大小排列顺序为K⁺ > Ca²⁺ >可溶性糖 > Mg²⁺ > 游离氨基酸 > 脯氨酸。     

薇甘菊叶和茎的光合特性

薇甘菊(Mikania micranth)是世界性的入侵有害植物,对其入侵特性的理解将有助于我们更进一步揭示入侵机理和开展植物入侵的防治工作。叶片的光合作用是入侵植物薇甘菊入侵特性的研究内容之一,但到目前为止,仍没有开展对薇甘菊非同化器官茎的同化特性的研究。该文采取对比的研究方法,使用LICOR-6400气体交换系统和荧光系统对其幼嫩的绿色茎和成熟叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性进行测定,并对测定结果进行了对比分析,同时应用激光共聚焦显微镜对薇甘菊茎中叶绿体分布进行观察。使用叶绿素荧光系统测量瞬时叶绿素荧光特性表明,茎和叶的电子传输速率(Electron transport rate, ETR)和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)存在较好的正比例关系,相关系数达到0.97,说明茎中存在和叶中类似的光合结构。但在应用LICOR-6400气体交换系统测量稳定状态下的CO₂的气体交换速率时,观察到叶的气体交换速率稳定性较好,而茎的气体交换速率出现较大的波动,这可能是由于茎的气孔因素引起。综合来看,在相同面积和饱合光强下(光通量密度(Photosynthetic photo flux density, PPFD)=2 000 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1),叶的ETR为42.44 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,茎的ETR为30.32 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1。在相同面积和低光强(PPFD=10 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1)下,叶的Φ_PSⅡ为0.69;茎的Φ_PSⅡ为0.57。在单位SPAD下,茎中ETR是每单位SPAD 4.24 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,是叶的2.3倍,实际光化学量子产量是每单位SPAD 0.08,是叶的3倍。在比较茎和叶ETR中观察到茎比叶有更强的强光适应能力。激光共聚焦图像观察到薇甘菊茎的叶绿体主要分布在两个区域:皮层区和维管束周围。对照以往关于茎中叶绿体功能的研究表明,可能分布在两个区域中的叶绿体功能上存在差别。如上,薇甘菊茎中存在一定的光合作用能力,且在叶绿体的光能利用瞬时效率上茎明显强于叶,但在茎中这些光合作用的具体作用仍不清楚。     

不同CO_2浓度与温度条件下马铃薯叶片的淀粉浓度与比叶重和矿质元素浓度的关系(英文)

三个马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)品种在500、1000、1500、2000μmol·mol~(-1)CO_2浓度与16、20℃空气温度下生长35d,测定了植株叶片的比叶重(g·m~(-2))、淀粉浓度及主要养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg的浓度。在16℃和20℃下,叶片淀粉浓度随CO_2浓度的增加而增加,且16℃下的测定值高于20℃下的测定值。比叶重与以叶面积或干重为基础的叶片淀粉浓度成正相关。叶片N、P、Ca、Mg浓度与14％范围内的淀粉浓度成负相关,但与高于14％的淀粉浓度无明显关系。去除淀粉效应后的比叶重及叶片养分浓度呈现类似的变化趋势。然而,不同CO_2浓度下的叶片K浓度相对稳定,因此受淀粉浓度影响较小。研究结果表明,不同CO_2浓度与温度条件下马铃薯叶片的比叶重及N、P、Ca、Mg浓度的变化不完全是叶片淀粉浓度的变化所致。     

COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIPS OF OENOTHERA SPECIES WITH DIFFERENT RECOMBINATION SYSTEMS

The hypothesis that outcrossers are competitively superior to close relatives with specialized genetic systems was tested. Interspecific competition between three closely related Oenothera species was examined in common garden environments. Oenothera grandis, an obligate outcrosser, is competitively superior to its derivative, O. laciniata, an obligate chromosomal heterozygote. Both of these species are superior to O. mexicana, a closely related facultative selfer. These relationships were consistent over two levels of density stress. Therefore, in this species triad, the outcrosser has a competitive advantage over its close relatives with derived breeding systems.     

REGULATION OF GROWTH AND CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN DEVELOPING AVENA INTERNODES BY GIBBERELLIC ACID AND INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID

Auxin (IAA) at physiological concentrations causes significant reduction of GA₃-promoted growth in excised Avena stem segments. IAA is thus considered to be a gibberellin antagonist in this system. It was found to act non-competitively in repressing GA₃-augmented growth in these segments. In intercalary meristem cells at the base of the elongating internode, GA₃ blocks cell division activity and causes a marked increase in cell lengthening. IAA substantially promotes lateral expansion in comparable intercalary meristem cells, particularly in the vicinity of vascular bundles underlying the epidermis. It also alters the plane of cell division in differentiating stomata. IAA at high concentrations (10⁻³, 10⁻⁴ m ), in combination with GA₃, overrides the effects of GA₃ on cell lengthening, while with low concentrations of IAA (10⁻⁹, 10⁻¹⁰m ), the effects of GA₃ are clearly dominant. At intermediate concentrations of IAA (10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁷m ), in the presence of GA₃, the effects of this treatment on cell differentiation closely parallel the pattern of differentiation in untreated tissue. It is postulated that a lateral gradient of auxin and gibberellin could control cell expansion in long epidermal cells during intercalary growth of the internode.     

不同营养方式对小球藻FACHB 484生长的影响及其非自养生长机理研究

系统研究了小球藻FACHB 484在含有葡萄糖的不同营养方式下的生长情况,并通过抑制试验探讨葡萄糖在小球藻FACHB 484光异养和兼养生长条件下所起的作用以及小球藻FACHB 484是否存在氧化呼吸系统的关键酶类。结果表明:小球藻FACHB 484可利用葡萄糖进行化能异养、光激活异养、光异养及兼养生长,其生长速率大小为:兼养光异养光激活异养化能异养光合自养。兼养培养的最大生物量和比生长速率分别是自养培养的8.6和3.4倍,其比生长速率接近于光合自养和光异养培养下的比生长速率之和。葡萄糖主要作为小球藻FACHB 484兼养和光异养培养的碳源,而能量主要源自光。小球藻FACHB 484存在氧化呼吸链代谢途径,其细胞中有琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶。       

SEASONAL SECONDARY GROWTH IN NEEDLE LEAVES OF PINUS STROBUS AND PINUS BRUTIA

Mature needles and elongating current year's needles of Pinus strobus growing in Massachusetts and P. brutia growing in Israel were collected monthly or bimonthly for seasonal analysis of leaf cambial activity. Mature needles produced secondary phloem but no xylem, and, regardless of the season, had a cambial zone from 2 to 3 cell layers wide. In the current year's needles maturation was basipetal and the procambium differentiated into primary xylem, primary phloem, and the phloem-producing vascular cambium before needle maturity. One- and 2-year-old needles of Pinus strobus produced slightly over 4 cell layers of phloem between April 15 and September 1 of 1983, with a peak production rate of about 2 cell layers per month in May and early June. One-year-old needles of P. brutia produced about 6 phloem cell layers in 1983, with phloem being produced throughout the year except in midsummer. This was contrasted by fall and winter dormancy in needles of P. strobus.     

玉米不同叶位叶片叶绿体超微结构与光合性能的研究

对玉米植株基部（第3叶）,中部（果穗叶）和上部（倒2叶）叶位叶片,进行叶绿体超微结构的观察,并测定了叶绿素含量和光合强度,结果表明,不同叶位叶片叶肉细胞中叶绿体的超微结构,随叶位上升而渐趋复杂化,果穗叶最为显著,向上又趋简单,具体表现为基粒片层的数目随叶位上升而增多基质片层和基质也随之增加,果穗叶最多,向上又趋减少,不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合强度,果穗叶高于其它叶位。     

THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF POLARIZED GROWTH IN BEAN INTERNODES

First internodes of light-grown bean seedlings exposed to supplementary red and far-red light and those of dark-grown seedlings were sectioned and studied to determine the effects of irradiation on the cellular components of polarized growth. Cell counts and measurements of epidermis, cortex, and pith are given. Increased length of internodes of far-red-treated plants was caused by both increased rate and increased duration of cell elongation. The effect of far-red light is interpreted as a reversal of the accelerating effect of light upon cell maturation. It is suggested that investigations of the mechanism of the red, far-red response of stems be concerned with the processes involved in cell elongation. In darkness, rate and duration of cell division as well as rate and duration of cell elongation were greater than in any of the irradiated plants, indicating that only part of the photocontrol of stem elongation is mediated through the red, far-red system.     

INVESTIGATION OF URINARY EXCRETION OF HYDROXYETHYL STARCH AND DEXTRAN BY UHPLC-HRMS IN DIFFERENT ACQUISITION MODES

Plasma volume expanders (PVEs) such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and dextran are misused in sports because they can prevent dehydration and reduce haematocrit values to mask erythropoietin abuse. Endogenous hydrolysis generates multiple HES and dextran oligosaccharides which are excreted in urine. Composition of the urinary metabolic profiles of PVEs varies depending on post-administration time and can have an impact on their detectability. In this work, different mass spectrometry data acquisition modes (full scan with and without in-source collision-induced dissociation) were used to study urinary excretion profiles of HES and dextran, particularly by investigating time-dependent detectability of HES and dextran urinary oligosaccharide metabolites in post-administration samples. In-source fragmentation yielded the best results in terms of limit of detection (LOD) and detection times, whereas detection of HES and dextran metabolites in full scan mode with no in-source fragmentation is related to recent administration (< 24 hours). Urinary excretion studies showed detection windows for HES and dextran respectively of 72 and 48 hours after administration. Dextran concentrations were above the previously proposed threshold of 500 µg · mL⁻¹ for 12 hours. A “dilute-and-shoot” method for the detection of HES and dextran in human urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-high resolution Orbitrap™ mass spectrometry was developed for this study. Validation of the method showed an LOD in the range of 10-500 µg · mL⁻¹ for the most significant HES and dextran metabolites in the different modes. The method allows retrospective data analysis and can be implemented in existing high-resolution mass spectrometry-based doping control screening analysis.