沙漠结皮中藻类生态的研究

笔者对宁夏中卫沙坡头干旱区沙漠表面结皮中藻类进行了为时１０个月（１９９１年５月－１９９２年２月）的定量和定性研究、结果表明：共出现１３个属的藻类,其中蓝藻５属,绿藻６属（包括１个未鉴定出的属）,硅藻２属。运用稀释平板法得到藻类生物量平均为８．１１７×１０￣４ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ　Ｄ．Ｓ．根据结皮土壤的理化性质（包括ｐＨ、含水量、电导率、水溶性Ｋ￣＋、Ｎａ￣＋、Ｃａ￣（２＋）和Ｍｇ￣（２＋）的量、交换性盐基总量、全磷量、有机质和凯氏氮）及气候条件（气温、降雨量和土壤温度）分别与藻类生物量的简单相关系数可知影响生物量比较显著的因子有交换性盐基总量（ｒ＝０．６８３）、降雨量（ｒ＝０．７１２）、有机质含量（ｒ＝０．５８４）和水溶性Ｎａ￣＋（ｒ＝０．５８６）。进一步运用逐步回归分析的方法,结果表明影响藻类生物量最显著的相关因子是水溶性Ｍｇ￣（２＋）和降雨量（Ｒ￣２＝７８．７４％）。     

哈萨克斯坦北部轮藻植物的分布与生态学研究

哈萨克斯坦北部已发现26种轮藻植物,其中以Kockchetav丘陵地区最为丰富。轮藻植物生长的盐度范围为0．2—44．9g／L,一般生长于盐度不超过1—5(8)g／L的淡水或微咸水环境。在盐度高达41．1—44．9g／L的水体中,仅发现Lamprothamnium papulosum。轮藻植物生长的最大水深为7m,多数种生长的水深不超过1m。轮藻生长的主要底质类型为砂及粉砂质。一些种类如Chara kirghisorum,C．glopbularis,C．tomentosa和Nitellopsis obtusa构成稳定的植被,而其它种类构成湖区周期性干涸环境中短时间生长的水生大型植物群落的一部分。     

中国腐霉属的生态和分布

腐霉属PytMum真菌全世界已报道约100种。本文记载我国的腐霉45种,以及它们的生态及地理分布。腐霉喜栖息于富含有机质的潮湿土壤里,以菜园土中为最多,其次是大田土、水畔土和陵园土,干旱的沙质土、森林土和含盐碱的沼泽土一般均较少,最贫乏的是草丘土,如草原、牧场、山坡、荒丘及道旁等土壤。在我国的土壤中,以绚丽腐霉P．Pulchrum和瓜果腐霉P. aphanidermatum最为常见,其次是刺腐霉Spinosum、中国腐霉P．Sinense和卡地腐霉P. carolinianum,而顶生腐霉P．Acrogenum、色孢腐霉P．Coloratum、壁台腐霉P connatura等10个种却较罕见,仅出现过一次。腐霉在土壤中的垂直分布以5—10㈨深处为最多。腐霉在土壤中的活动有着明显的季节性变化：春季最多,秋季次之,夏季最少。在我国的30个省市自治区中,北京发现的腐霉最多,已报道22种;河北、广东、云南省次之,各有13种;台湾省已记录12个种;山西省、甘肃省和新疆维吾尔自治区均仅发现一个种;而青海省、宁夏回族自治区和西藏自治区迄今尚未见有腐霉报道。     

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LICHENS ON GRANITIC MONUMENTS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA

The phytosociology of lichens colonizing granitic churches and dolmens in Galicia (N.W. Spain) and Alentejo (central Portugal) was studied so as to identify (a) a group of species whose frequency on these structures would make them potentially useful as test species for the evaluation of biocides used for conservation, (b) environmental factors likely to control species distribution, and (c) species that may be useful as bioindicators of environmental factors in this kind of construction in the region studied. Chief among the factors correlating with species distribution is the class of structure (church or dolmen), which is attributed to the probable influence of this factor on environmental parameters affected by structural complexity, the presence of non-granitic materials and the influence of man in the immediate surroundings. The bioindicator species most sensitive to this complex of parameters appear to be three species found only on churches (Caloplaca citrina , Sarcogyne clavus and Verrucaria macrostoma) and the most widespread of the species found only on dolmens (Lasallia pustulata). Other important factors, probably affecting the influence of class of structure, are pH and the availability of nitrogen and moisture.     

THE EFFECT OF PHOTON IRRADIANCE ON THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND POTENTIAL NICHE SEPARATION OF FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTONIC FLAGELLATES1

Photoresponsive behavior in phytoplanktonic flagellates potentially controls depth regulation, vertical migration, and the accumulation of cells in preferred conditions and hence has major implications for photosynthesis, growth, and species competition. This study used microscale laboratory chambers with cell track analysis and mesoscale lake studies to investigate the responses of five phylogenetically contrasting freshwater flagellates to gradients of light. Laboratory results demonstrated that these species differed in their light preferences despite being grown at the same photon irradiance. Preferred photon irradiances were 20–120, 20, 65–120, 4–20, and>200 μmol photons·m^?2·s^?1, respectively, for Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans, Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff, Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg, Euglena gracilis Klebs, and Plagioselmis nannoplanctica (Skuja) Novarino. Analysis of the response of individual cells showed that in all species, photoresponsive preference was the result of positive and negative phototaxis combined with step‐up and step‐down photophobic reactions. There was no evidence for photokinesis or cell memory. Only in C. furcoides did the preferred photon irradiance alter with growth conditions. In C. furcoides, D. sertularia, and P. nannoplanctica, irradiance preference matched the optimal irradiance for growth, whereas in the two remaining species a lower than optimal irradiance was preferred, suggesting that light may be used as an indicator of other ecological conditions. Mesoscale experiments in a lake demonstrated that the laboratory microscale measurements provide information relevant to understanding ecological distributions. Behavioral responses to light contribute to the delineation of vertical niche separation and provide a method for predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of flagellates.     

GROWTH INDUCTION IN CULTURES OF HAPLOPAPPUS GRACILIS. I. THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CULTURED CELLS

Blakely , L. M., and F. C. Steward . (Cornell U., Ithaca, New York.) Growth induction in cultures of Haplopappus gracilis. I. The behavior of the cultured cells. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(5): 351–358. Illus. 1961.—Because of the unusual cytology of Haplopappus gracilis (2n = 4), a study has been made of the growth of its stem tissue in culture. Although growth may occur on a basal medium supplemented in various ways, it was stimulated for present purposes by the use of a basal medium containing casein hydrolysate, coconut milk (2–10% by volume) and naphthaleneacetic acid (0.5 p.p.m.). A definite synergism between coconut milk and naphthaleneacetic acid was demonstrated. The general form of the colonies so obtained responds to the composition of the medium, and certain effects of pigmentation indicate that the biochemistry of the cultured tissue is also a function of the conditions. The Haplopappus cultures were maintained in liquid culture either in the form of free cells or of the small cell clusters to which they readily gave rise. The form of typical cells and cell clusters is described, and stress is laid upon the range of growth forms that are encountered. Variations in suspensions of cells, or small cell clusters, may be investigated by the application of simple microbiological techniques. Haplopappus gracilis is thus a useful material for the further study of growth and morphogenesis by tissue culture techniques.     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠旗尾更格卢鼠(DIPODOMYS SPECTABILIS)的种群生态学

本文提供了1978—1985年美国亚利桑那州Chihuahuan荒漠旗尾更格卢鼠(Dipodomys spectabilis)种群的密度、体重、繁殖、扩散和寿命的标志重捕资料。较长的寿命、较重的体重、低繁殖力和喜巢行为标志着它的灵活的生活史,这种生活史使该鼠的种群密度适应荒漠环境的变化而变化。本文还比较了与旗尾更格卢鼠共同生活于同一地区的同属物种麦利阿姆更格卢鼠(Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami)的生活史性状的差异,这些差异使这两个同属物种能利用不同资源或以不同方式利用相同资源,从而保证了它们的共同生存。     

格氏栲群落生态学研究——格氏栲林主要种群生态位的研究

采用定量分析方法,对格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata)自然保护区格氏栲林群落中11个主要种群进行了生态位研究.以群落组成类型:①格氏栲+马尾松+木荷+黄瑞木(Castanopsis kawakamii+Pinus massoniana+Schima superba+Adinandra millettii);②格氏栲+虎皮楠+木荷(Castanopsis kawakamii+Daphniphyllum oldhamii+Schima superba);③马尾松+木荷+格氏栲+石栎(Pinus massoniana+Schima superba+Castanopsis kawakamii+Lithocarpus glaber);④格氏栲+木荷+青冈(Castanopsis kawakamii+Schima superba+Cyclobalanopsis glauca);⑤格氏栲+马尾松+木荷(Castanopsis kawakamii+Pinus massoniana+Schima superba);⑥甜槠+格氏栲+木荷+米槠+乌饭(Castanopsis eyrei+Castanopsis kawakamii+Schima superba+Castanopsis carlesii+Vaccinium bracteatum),及海拔梯度(180～340m)综合为一维资源位,调查6个资源位,定量测定格氏栲林群落主要种群生态位宽度、生态位相似比例、生态位重叠,并分析各种群生态位的生态学意义.研究结果为进一步研究格氏栲林群落稳定性、演替、空间分布格局提供理论基础.     

荒漠植物根际AM真菌的空间分布和定殖

 通过分析以色列荒漠地区Zygophyllum dumosum, Hammada scoparia, Artemisia herba-alba 和 Atriplex halimus 等4种灌木根际AM真菌的空间分布和定殖程度,研究了AM真菌分布和定殖与植物种类和土壤因子间的相关性。样品分别从0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm,30～40 cm和40～50 cm等5个土层中采取,土样过2 mm筛。收集的根样切成1 cm根段,经染色后,根据感染长度确定AM真菌不同结构的定殖率;用湿筛倾析法和蔗     

ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS ERICACEOUS SHRUBS ON NORTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST SLOPES OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. I. IRRADIANCE TOLERANCE

Deciduous and evergreen species are segregated on northeast and southwest slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains. The segregated distributions of three ericaceous shrubs (Rhododendron maximum valley positions; Rhododendron periclymenoides on northeast slopes; Kalmia latifolia on southwest slopes) were compared to the respective irradiance environments. Growth patterns of field plants, and photosynthetic acclimation of each species to three irradiance treatments in a phytotron were studied. Rhododendron maximum, an evergreen species, was found to be most sensitive to high radiation. In phytotron experiments, quantum yield, light saturated photosynthetic capacity, photosynthesis per chlorophyll, and water use efficiency decreased at high ambient irradiance for R. maximum. These characteristics limit the growth of R. maximum on high irradiance southwestern slopes. Both K. latifolia and R. periclymenoides were able to improve their photosynthetic performance at high ambient irradiance. Rhododendron periclymenoides, a deciduous species, was found to continue increasing leaf conductance at high irradiance without an increase in photosynthesis indicating a possible limitation by water in high light environments such as southwest slopes. Kalmia latifolia, an evergreen species, had reduced photosynthetic capacity and reduced water use efficiency when grown in low irradiance conditions which coincides with the higher K. latifolia abundance on high light, southwestern slopes.     

不同生境条件下沙冬青种群分布格局与特征的初步研究

对阿拉善荒漠区不同生境出现的3种沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)种群的生态格局、密度特征、形态格局和动态特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:1)沙冬青种群因生境异质性而形成了各自的生态格局。在流动和半固定风沙地上,种群呈均匀分布,在半固定及砾质沙地、冲积洪积坡地和古河床上,种群呈集群分布。2)单株生长状况因种群密度和区域环境特点而形成了不同的形态格局。种群密度按流动沙地→半固定沙地和砾质沙地交错带→冲积洪积砾质坡地的次序依次减小,不同生境条件下种群密度与个体高度、幅度间、个体高度与幅度间的相关性不同。3)种群年龄结构因生境异质性形成了各自的年龄格局。在流动沙地上,种群内中、老龄个体数分布较均匀,但缺少幼龄个体,种群走向老龄化。半固定和砾质沙地交错带的种群内不但幼龄个体极少,而且种群内不同龄级个体数的分布不均匀,种群趋于衰退。砾质坡地上的种群内不同高度级和幅度级的个体数分布极不均匀,种群严重退化。4)3种生境中以沙冬青为优势种组成单优群落,种群内均出现严重断代现象,表现为老龄个体多,幼龄、中龄个体极少,种群缺乏后备资源的势态。     

关于生态位定义的探讨及生态位重叠计测公式改进的研究

本文分析了有关生态位的种种定义,总结了它们之间本质上的共同点,并应用集合映射的理论,提出了一个既包括种与环境因子之间的关系,又包括种群动态模型的生态位定义。将生态位重叠定义为两个种在生态学上的相似性,继而推导出计测生态位重叠的改进公式。利用实例将改进公式与目前通用的相似百分数公式、Levins公式、Pianka公式等进行了比较,指出改进公式优于通用公式的两个特点,     

棉田蜘蛛群落的组成及生态位分析

1997年对山西太谷棉田的蜘蛛群落进行了调查研究,共发现蜘蛛7科、17种、群落主要成分是星豹蛛和草间小黑蛛;对7种棉田主要蜘蛛的时间、空间及时空二维生态位进行了分析,结果表明星豹蛛和草间小黑蛛的时空二维生态位宽度值和重叠值均较大,说明这2种蜘蛛不但发生时间长,而且分布范围广,是棉田蜘蛛的优势种;根据生态位重叠值,利用模糊聚类法将7种棉田主要蜘蛛划分为4个类群。     

中国C4植物的地理分布与生态学研究 Ⅰ.中国C4植物及其与气候环境的关系

通过调查记录了中国５３３种４０变种和３亚种具有Ｃ４光合作用的植物和８种Ｃ３～Ｃ４中间植物。它们隶属于１６０属２４科,其中４６属９７种、８变种和１亚种隶属于双子叶植物,１１４属４３６种、３２变种和２亚种隶属于单子叶植物。Ｃ４植物主要属于禾本科（９６属３２４种、３２变种和２亚种）,莎草科（１４属１０８种）,藜科（１３属３７种、７变种和１亚种）和苋科（３属１６种１亚种）。根据中国的温度气候（寒温带,冷温带,中温带,暖温带,亚热带和边缘热带）和大气水分状况（极干旱,干旱,半干旱,半湿润,季节性干旱和湿润）将中国除了南海诸岛以外的地理区域划为７个区和１２个亚区,并总结出中国Ｃ４种的地理与气候分布区。Ｃ４植物种数（尤其是禾本科和莎草科）随着大气温度与水分增高而增加。然而,藜科的Ｃ４植物种数随着大气温度与水分增高而减少。调查结果表明中国Ｃ４植物具有广阔的地理分布特点,在寒温带也有一定数量的分布。     

中国多孔菌类群真菌生态、分布与资源

本文概述了中国多孔菌类群真菌的生态、分布与资源,它是在编著＜＜中国的多孔菌＞＞一书基础上总结的,多孔菌的生态习性对它们的分布与资源利用有十分重要的关系,但是,过去的研究有所忽视,特别对于木材腐配类型多无记载,本文系统地描述了中国多孔菌的概况。     

四川宝兴雉类生态和垂直分布的调查研究

宝兴位于四川盆地西缘山地,境内纵贯世界闻名的大雪山——即夹金山。 自19世纪30年代至20世纪30年代,先后有Verreaux(1838—1871),Geoffroy(1866),David(1871),Seinhoe(1871),Sharpe(1875),David et Oustalet(1877),Oustaler (1891—92),Styan(1899),Laubmann(1920),La Touch(1925—30),Smith(1931—34),Bangs(1932),Seys(1934)等对宝兴进行过调查和采集,而我     

非O-I群弧菌的繁殖生态学研究

作者等于1964—1966年和1978—1984年,应用水中弧菌的常规试验分离鉴定法,对非O-I群弧茵在芜湖地区自然水系中的分布进行了调查。结果看到,非O-I群弧菌在河流、湖泊和沟塘中广泛存在。同时发现在捕获得黑斑泥鳅231条中检出有9条胆囊里生存有大量非O-I群弧菌(自然阳性率为3.9％,可信限为1—6％),泥鳅胆囊里生存的非O-I群弧菌数平均为149,500(63,000—236,000)/毫升胆汁。 相继,作者等将非O-I群弧菌加入缸水中(每毫升缸水中含弧菌约100个)喂养泥鳅,进行了实验感染试验。在喂养的鱼种中有黑斑泥鳅和鲫鱼,在自然气温25.5—29℃下,饲养3—4周。然后,采用无菌术解剖鱼类摘取胆囊,收集胆汁用生理盐水稀释后进行弧菌培养和鉴定计数。结果,在喂养试验的黑斑泥鳅91条中,检出有23条胆囊里生存有大量非O-I群弧菌(喂养试验阳性率为25.2％,可信限为16—34％),泥鳅胆囊里生存的弧菌数平均为146,000(73,000—219,000)/毫升胆汁。可看出,泥鳅胆囊里生存的弧茁数比喂养时加入缸水中的弧菌数约高700—2000倍。但鲫鱼胆囊里未检出弧菌。由此看来,非O—Ⅰ群弧菌的繁殖生态学与水生动物有关,黑斑泥鳅可能是其中之一。作者等倾向相信非O-I群弧菌侵入泥鳅体内进入胆囊栖居繁殖,黑斑泥鳅有成为弧菌属菌群贮菌寄主和弧菌性腹泻传染源的可能性。