泡桐属(Paulownia)受精作用及子实发育的研究

①泡桐属植物以虫媒传粉,在柱头室内萌发为花粉管。②从传粉至受精需时11—20天。花冠脱落后受精,受精后花柱呈现紫色。③为有胚乳种子,胚乳发育为细胞型,第一次分裂为横分裂并具有两个吸器。④胚的发育为十字花型,胚柄将胚推移到胚囊深处,当胚开始分化时,胚柄即消失。⑤种皮扩展为扁而薄的翅状,由栓化细胞构成。⑥果实为蒴果,发育期约半年,可划分为迅速增长期、缓慢增长期、充实成熟期三期。     

吴茱萸果实中分泌囊的发生和发育研究

吴茱萸果皮内分布有许多分泌囊。我们作了发育解剖学方面的研究。在花蕾期,雌蕊的子房中分泌囊原始细胞即开始发生,它起源于单个表皮细胞和其内的1—4层薄壁细胞。分泌囊最初为裂生,后期由于上皮细胞的破毁,其腔隙逐渐扩大,因此,腔隙发生方式应属裂溶生型。成熟分泌囊是由多层鞘细胞和上皮细胞包围圆形腔隙构成。     

GIBBERELLIN-LIKE SUBSTANCES OCCURRING IN THE SEED OF PHARBITIS NIL CHOIS. AND THEIR CHANGE IN CONTENTS DURING THE SEED DEVELOPMENT

The amount of gibberellin-like substances in the seed of Pharbitisnil increased in parallel with the growth of the seed, and attained20 days after anthesis to a maximum of 0.115 µg gibberellinA₃ eqivalent per seed, when the seed reached its maximum freshweight or four-fifths of its final dry weight. At this maximumlevel, 0.03 µg and 0.1 µg gibberellin A₃ equivalentswere localized in the embryo and in the "endosperm", respectively.Three gibberellin-like substances (Factors I, II and III) wereseparated upon paper chromatography. In view of the changesin amount of the factors with respect to the seed maturation,these factors, especially Factor II, in the "endosperm" andembryo were assumed to participate in the initial or the mainpart of growth of the embryo. Dwarf rice seedling and maizedwarfs 1, 3 and 5 responded to the three factors nearly in thesame way. Pharbitis dwarf, however, responded only to FactorI, but not to Factors II and III. (Received February 21, 1963; )     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED IN ANDROGRAPHIS SERPYLLIFOLIA

Mohan Ram , H. Y. (U. Delhi, India.) The development of the seed in Andrographis serpyllifolia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 215—219. Illus. 1960.–Andrographis serpyllifolia, a member of the Acanthaceae, has an embryo sac with a bifurcated chalazal part. At the time of fertilization both synergids and antipodal cells disintegrate. Early in its development the endosperm is composed of 3 distinct parts: (1) a binucleate densely cytoplasmic chalazal haustorium; (2) a large binucleate micropylar haustorium; and (3) a central chamber which develops into the endosperm proper. The divisions in the central endosperm chamber are ab initio cellular. A few of the endosperm cells elongate enormously, ramify into the integument and destroy the surrounding cells. These cells have been termed secondary haustoria. Due to the unequal destruction of the integument, the endosperm assumes a ruminate condition. The mature seed is nearly naked because the seed coat is almost completely digested. The embryo has a long suspensor. The micropylar cells of the suspensor are hypertrophied and multinucleate. Contrary to Mauritzon's (1934) belief, the course of endosperm development is markedly different from that observed in Thunbergia. So far, albuminous seeds have been reported only in the subfamily Nelsonioideae. The present investigation provides a case of its occurrence in the Acanthoideae also.     

甘薯胚胎及果实发育的研究

本文研究甘薯的胚胎发育及果实的形成。授粉后10—30分钟花粉粒在柱头上萌发,2小时花粉管抵达珠孔,5—12小时左右完成双受精。授粉后12小时胚乳核开始第一次有丝分裂;15小时合子开始第一次有丝分裂,18小时形成顶细胞和基细胞;尔后分化成原胚,球形胚,心形胚,鱼雷形胚,成熟胚。在适宜温度下21天左右胚胎发育完成。果为蒴果,其内含有1—4粒种子。授粉后3—4天子房开始膨大形成果实,21—30天蒴果与种子成熟。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED OF ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI. II. SEED COAT

Winter , Dorothy M. (Iowa State U., Ames.) The development of the seed of Abutilon theophrasti. II. Seat coat. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 157—162. Illus. 1960.–The integuments of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. undergo a rapid increase in size, predominantly by anticlinal cell divisions during the first 3 days after fertilization. Within 7 days, the outer epidermis of the inner integument becomes thick walled. At maturity this compact, lignified, and cutinized palisade layer accounts for more than half the thickness of the seed coat. During early growth, the palisade cells form a continuous layer in the micropylar region. In the chalazal region the palisade layer is discontinuous in a slit-shaped region, 60 × 740 microns. The shape of this discontinuity constitutes a major difference between dormant-seeded Abutilon and non-dormant Gossypium seeds. Exterior to the palisade layer is the outer integument which consists of a small-celled layer and a large-celled layer sparsely covered with unicellular, lignified hairs. Interior to the palisade is the thick mesophyll of the inner integument which is largely digested during seed growth and leaves only 2 pigmented cell layers in most regions at maturity. The inner epidermis is small-celled, pigmented and cutinized and adheres tightly to the endosperm. Seed coat impermeability increases with seed maturity. Even immature seeds will germinate, if scarified, indicating a lack of embryo dormancy.     

BIRD-DISPERSAL OF PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. AND THE INFLUENCE OF FRUIT REMOVAL ON SUBSEQUENT FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Characteristics of fruits, seeds, and ripening of Phytolacca americana were studied in New Jersey, USA to assess their importance in the dispersal strategy of this species. Removal by birds was directly related to the percent of ripe fruits available on a raceme. Fruit removal from a raceme resulted in lower fruit pulp and seed weights for fruits developing on the same raceme, but these differences probably do not influence probability for dispersal by birds. We demonstrate that characteristics of the fruit pulp may decrease seed availability for the primary seed predator, Peromyscus leucopus, and increase the time fruits are available for dispersal. We speculate on the significance of the sequential fruiting in Phytolacca and the relationship to availability of dispersal agents and high-lipid fruits. Sequential ripening and protection from predation result in seed dispersal from late August to early December.     

STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF PERESKIA DIAZ-ROMEROANA

Pereskia diaz-romeroana and its putative relatives are scandent plants with vigorously growing long shoots, small flowers and fruits, and tuberous root systems. Except for size, floral development parallels that in other pereskias. The gynoecium has three to six carpels, is basically superior with axlie placentation, and is partially divided into locules by the connate carpel margins. The closest relative of these Andean forms appears to be P. aculeata.     

山楂和山楂叶中25种元素的含量

本文报导了用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定山楂和山楂叶中25种元素的含量,并讨论其中某些元素与山楂、山楂叶的药效之间的关系。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED OF ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI I. OVULE AND EMBRYO

Winter , Dorothy M. (Iowa State U., Ames.) The development of the seed of Abutilon theophrasti. I. Ovule and embryo. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(1): 8–14. Illus. 1960.—Abutilon theophrasti Medic, is a widespread annual weed which produces an abundance of seed in capsules which mature within 20 days after pollination. Ovule differentiation may be observed at least 8 days before anthesis when a sporogenous cell becomes evident and 2 integuments are initiated. An 8-nucleate embryo sac is produced from the chalazal megaspore approximately 2 days before anthesis. The outer integument of the mature campylotropous ovule consists of 2 cell layers, the inner integument has 6 to 15 cell layers. The initially free-nucleate endosperm becomes cellular betwen 3 and 7 days after pollination. At maturity a thin layer of gelatinous endosperm encases the embryo. The Asterad-type proembryo of Abutilon has a stout suspensor and develops rapidly. Four days after pollination cotyledons are initiated; 4 days later a leaf primordium is evident. Fifteen days after pollination the embryo, which has essentially completed its growth, consists of a large hypocotyl with root promeristem and root cap at its basal end, and 2 flat, folded, leaflike cotyledons enclosing a small epicotyl at its upper end. The epicotyl consists of an embryonic leaf and a stem apex.     

ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF PERESKIA PITITACHE

Boke, Norman H. (U. Oklahoma, Norman.) Anatomy and development of the flower and fruit of Pereskia pititache. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50 (8): 843–858. Illus. 1963.—Flowers of P. pititache are about 6 cm in diameter and perigynous. The receptacle bears numerous broad bracts; the inner perianth segments are orange and deeply cleft; the numerous stamens develop centrifugally. The fundamentally superior gynoecium is broad and flat and consists of 10–18 connate carpels, the fertile portions of which are involute and adnate to the conical floral axis. The 8–16 ovules in each of the pocket-like locules are borne in 2 rows along the zone of adnation; placentation is axile. The short style and the style branches are lined with stigmatic tissue, which extends downward among the ovules. There is no definite stigma. The tip of the floral axis retains its meristematic characteristics beyond anthesis. In early fruit development, the rim of the floral cup grows in height, while the residual floral axis becomes a conspicuous peg-like columella. Concomitantly, the formation of numerous mucilage cells and cavities causes the ovary partitions and parts of the ovary roof to disintegrate. As a result, the seeds are contained in a single, moat-like cavity, which appears inferior. Late fruit development is characterized by the differentiation of numerous fiber sclereids in association with the extensive and complex vascular system.