STUDY OF THE ESSENTIAL LEAF OILS OF THE GENUS MONARDA (LABIATAE)

Vapor-phase chromatographic patterns obtained from the distilled essential oils of 20 taxa in the genus Monarda (Labiatae) are discussed. The influence of leaf tissue maturity, plant habitat, and oil storage upon the composition of the essential oils was investigated, as well as similarities of leaf and flower oils in the same plant. The taxa of the subgenus Cheilyctis have very similar chromatographic “fingerprints” which confirm their homogeneity. On the other hand, the polyploid subgenus Monarda has heterogeneous patterns of essential oil composition among its species. A population of M. fistulosa gave evidence of being a chemical race.     

VARIATIONS IN THE LEAF OILS OF THREE SPECIES OF JUNIPERUS

Leaf oils from Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, and J. califomica were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for characteristic chemical composition. Seasonal, diurnal, and local microcline variation was quantified. Neither microcline nor seasonal variation appeared to have a significant effect on the leaf oil composition, although some variation was observed. A definite trend toward diurnal cycling was detected and tentatively linked to air temperature fluctuation from dawn to dark.     

DIURNAL VARIATION IN THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF VALENCIA ORANGE LEAVES

Diurnal variations in the leaf oils of Valencia oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were studied over a period of 4 years. Depending on the season of harvest, a twofold diurnal change in amount of oil can be observed. A quiescent period between flushes was observed in June. The amount of the main individual components varies with the total oil so that the composition of oil shows only small variations. One suggested function for the oil could be as a precursor for higher isoprenoid biosynthesis.     

罗汉果营养器官的结构

1.罗汉果根、茎、叶的结构与葫芦科其它植物大致相似;不同之处有三方面：(1)叶子主脉中维管束为5个：(2)叶子中有硅质细胞成群分布;(3)块根具异常次生生长;在次生木质部中围绕导管形成形成层,由之分化出多个具韧皮部与木质部的小维管束。2.叶中的硅质细胞分布于表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织中,多个细胞集合在一起。其细胞壁加厚并硅质化,细胞内容物消失。推测与增加叶子的支持力量有关。3.罗汉果雌株叶子上、下表皮气也数之比为0.04,雄株为0.03,比值均很低,同时根据叶的解剖结构推测罗汉果为C3植物。4.雌株叶子下表皮单位面积气孔数比雄株的多26%,差异很显著,值得进一步研究简化观察统计方法,以用于鉴别幼苗的性别。     

不同季节银木叶精油化学成分的研究

用毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术、毛细管气相色谱双柱保留指数法和双柱标准品叠加法分析了不同季节银木叶精油化学成分。从分离出来的207—250个色谱峰中,初步鉴定出59个成分,被鉴定成分的总量占精油总组成的94.45—98.92%,其主要成分随采油季节不同而有所不同。     

ESSENTIAL OILS AS TAXONOMIC AIDS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF DICHANTHIUM PARVIFLORUM

Essential oil components and gross morphological characters are closely correlated in Dichanthium parviflorum (R. Br.) de Wet et Harlan (Gramineae) and related species. Different species, varieties, and geographical races, as well as hybrids between them, can be identified on the basis of absence or presence and quantity of essential oil components. The morphologically variable D. parviflorum was subdivided into four varieties: var. parviflorum, var. capilliflorum (Steud.) de Wet et Harlan comb. nov., var. mutispiculum (Ohwi) de Wet et Harlan comb. nov., and var. spicigerum (S. T. Blake) de Wet et Harlan comb. nov. These varieties differ from each other morphologically in having respectively racemes with 1-4 and awned, 3-5 and awned, 1-2 and awnlass, and 4-10 and awned spikelet pairs per raceme.     

川芎叶精油的化学成分

用毛细管气相色谱和色谱-质谱-计算机联用系统对不同时期采摘的川芎叶精油化学成分进行了研究。从50m×0.25mm键合甲基硅酮弹性石英毛细管柱分离出来的202个和200个色谱峰中,初步鉴定出44个组分。其主要成分随采摘季节不同而有所不同。川芎有效成分之一——藁本内酯在早期(1986、3)采摘的叶精油中含量只有0.36％,而在较晚(1986、4)采摘的叶精油中达16.92％。     

金耳环精油镇痛成分的研究

从金耳环(Asarum gracilipes C S Yang,)全草中提取精油,并经柱层析分为A_1,A_2,A_3.A_4四部分。与辽细辛(A.heteropoides)精油对照。经药理实验证明。金耳环和辽细辛都有较好的中枢抑制作用,金耳环精油的A_2.A_3部分镇痛作用较好。经GC/MS/DC联用仪分析检索,在金耳环精油中鉴定出28个已知化学成分,A_2部分主要成分为:2,3-二甲基-5-甲氧基苯酚,黄樟醚和细辛醚。A_3部分主要成分为龙脑,甲基丁香酚,橙花叔醇,2,3,4.5-四甲氧基苯丙烯,茴香酸丙酯,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。     

中国芸香科植物的花粉形态

本文用光学显微镜对我国21属52种2变种芸香科(Rutaceae)植物的花粉形态进行了详细地观察研究,其中对6属6种进行了扫描电镜观察。本科花粉具沟孔,是花粉单类型的科之一。根据萌发孔的数目和外壁纹饰特点,本文将芸香科的花粉分为具3孔沟和4-6孔沟两个花粉类型,并根据各属花粉形态特征,作出了花粉形态分属检索表。此外,本文还对花椒(Zanthoxylum L.)和Fagara两属的合并问题及花椒与吴茱萸(Evodia Scop.)两属之间的亲缘关系等问题进行了讨论。     

植物精油在害虫防治上的应用

本文就应用植物精油防治害虫的研究集中在下列四方面进行了综述:1.精油对昆虫的吸引作用;2.精油对昆虫的忌避、拒食和生长发育抑制作用;3.精油对昆虫的毒杀作用;4.不同精油或精油与化学农药的混用及其产生的增效作用。     

地枫皮精油化学成分的研究

从广西的地枫皮制备精油,并用毛细管色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析,鉴定了25种成分,占精油的81.50％。主要芳香成分为黄樟醚(21.74％)、芳樟醇(15.81％)、1,2-二甲氧基-4-(2-丙烯基)苯(6.30％)、α-松油醇(5.89％)。     

植物精油对几种害虫的毒杀活性

对 11科 15属 2 7种植物精油的杀虫活性做了测定。八角茴香果实、柠檬果实、细叶桉叶和留兰香叶精油对粘虫、小菜蛾、棉铃虫和玉米象有较强的熏蒸活性 ;精油稀释 10 0倍后 ,甜橙果实、玳玳花和砂地柏精油对粘虫的拒食活性最高 ;在 0 4% (w/w)剂量下 ,肉桂皮和八角茴香果实等 7种精油对玉米象的种群形成抑制率达 10 0 %。     

园柏挥发油化学成分的GC—MS分析

利用毛细管气相色谱保留指数定性、标准样品叠加和色谱－质谱－计算机联用技术,对园柏挥发油的化学成分进行了分离和鉴定,共鉴定出单萜烃１６个、倍半萜烃１８个,并测得了各化合物的相对含量。其主要成分是：香桧烯、α－蒎烯、萜品醇－４、柠檬烯、γ－萜品烯和对一花烃。     

各种挥发油的药理活性及在医学方面的应用

通过查阅文献对近年来有关挥发油的药理活性及在医学方面应用的研究进行综述。结果表明挥发油具有抗过敏,酶抑制,抗炎,抗突变,抗癌,抗微生物,抗病毒,驱虫,抗氧化和对中枢神经系统的镇静作用等药理活性并在医学方面具有多种用途。本文兹在为今后进一步研究挥发油的药理活性提供依据。     

茴香菖蒲精油化学成分的研究

利用色谱—质谱联用方法,结合薄层层析、气相层析、红外和核磁共振光谱等鉴定了茴香菖蒲全株的精油成分为:α-派烯,β-水芹烯,伪柠檬烯,异龙脑,胡椒酚甲醚,大茴香脑,榄香烯,β-石竹烯等17种以上。为进一步开发利用茴香菖蒲精油提供科学依据。     

夜合花叶的精油成份研究

利用气相色谱—质谱—计算机联用技术对夜合花[Magnolia coco(Lour.)DC.]叶的精油成份进行了分析。从分离出的139个色谱峰中鉴定出25个化合物,其含量占总组成的66.358％,主要成份是β-松油烯(37.570％),松油醇4(6.504％),α-蒎烯(3.499％),去氢白菖蒲烯(2.758％),芳樟醇(2.440％),1-(1,5-二甲基-4-己烯)苯(2.436％)等。     

小茴香挥发油的成分

小茴香(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)为伞形科茴香属植物。成熟果实不仅为上等调味品,而且是传统中药,具有理气和胃、祛寒止疼等作用。小茴香的嫩枝叶是人们喜爱的蔬菜,民间用其治疗胃病、风湿痛和疝痛。德国民间还用小茴香治疗肝病。小茴香是一种适应力很强的作物,在我国南北各地均有种植。为了开发和利用我国丰富的小茴香资源,我们研究了小茴香挥发油的化学成分。     

MICROSPOROGENESIS IN CITRUS LIMON (RUTACEAE)

Prior to meiosis tapetal cells become binucleate, and callose deposition separates spore mother cells from each other. No cytomictic channels are present during meiosis. Cytokinesis is simultaneous, by furrowing. The primexine and a rudimentary exine are laid down while the microspores are still in tetrads. After callose dissolution the released microspores gradually become vacuolate and the exine becomes more complex and massive. During the tetrad stage tapetal walls are gradually lost and orbicules are deposited outside the plasmalemma. This continues after microspore release. Later, at the vacuolate microspore stage, the tapetal cells become amoeboid and intrude among the microspores. Tapetal dissolution occurs just prior to the appearance of large amounts of starch and lipids in the microspores.