CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. I. ASTEREAE

Raven , Peter H. (U. California, Los Angeles.), Otto T. Solbrig , Donald W. Kyhos , and Richard Snow . Chromosome numbers in Compositae. I. Astereae. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(2) : 124—132. Illus. 1960.–Ninety-two new counts are reported for the tribe Astereae of Compositae, mostly based on determinations of meiotic material. These include the first counts reported for the genera Acamptopappus, Amphipappus, Benitoa, Chrysothamnus, Corethrogyne, Lessingia, Monoptilon, and Xanthocephalum, as well as for many species. The original counts are discussed in relation to those previously reported for the tribe; together these constitute a total of 39 genera examined cytologically out of the approximately 100 known. Because of its widespread occurrence in diverse phylogenetic lines within the tribe and the family, and because of its high degree of correlation with the woody habit, which is thought to be primitive, x=9 is regarded as the original basic number for Astereae. Within the Haplopappus alliance there is a strong secondary mode of chromosome numbers centering around x=5. The hiatus between these two modes in number is explained on the basis of ancient phylogenetic reduction in chromosome number followed by the extinction of less successful intermediate types, and is compared with similar trends that have been reported for Cichorieae. It is suggested that the family is not of polyploid origin but may have had an original diploid basic number.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE V. ASTEREAE II.

Reports of 100 new chromosome counts are made for the tribe Astereae of Compositae, mostly based on determinations of meiotic material, including first counts for 9 genera and 53 species. Counts are now available for 58 of the approximately 100–120 genera and 431 of the approximately 2000 species in the tribe. Comparisons are made between chromosome number and habit and also between chromosome number and geographical distribution. Species and genera with a basic number of x = 9 are the most abundant. Within different phyletic lines x = 9 is also the most abundant number. On the other hand, many species with x = 4 and 5, belonging to a number of small, largely annual genera, are concentrated in southwestern North America. The low chromosome number in these plants is probably correlated with the dry habitat they occupy, and is most likely a specialized condition.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. IX. HAPLOPAPPUS AND OTHER ASTEREAE

Reports of 209 original chromosome counts are made for the tribe Astereae of Compositae, including first counts for two genera and 46 species or subspecies. With over 80 % of the species counted, chromosome numbers are now available for all North American sections of Haplopappus. Two major groupings are apparent: one, with basic numbers of x = 4, 5, or 6, is basically herbaceous; the other, with x = 9, consists of shrubs or subshrubs. Aneuploidy is known only in the “herbaceous” group of Haplopappus, and polyploidy is more extensive there than in the woodier group of sections.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE COMPOSITAE. IV. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES,WITH PHYLETIC INTERPRETATIONS

Turner , B. L., W. L. Ellison , and R. M. King . (U. Texas, Austin.) Chromosome numbers in the Compositae. IV. North American species, with phyletic interpretations. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(3): 216–223. Illus. 1961.—Chromosome counts from 116 different plant populations representing 75 taxa (72 species in 39 genera) are reported. These include the first species counts for the following genera: Actinospermum (x = 19), Baltimora (x =15), Calea (x = ca. 17, 18), Calyptocarpus (x = 12), Hecubaea (x = 17), Lagascea (x = 17), Schistocarpha (x = 8), Melanthera (x = 15), Pectis (x = 12), Perymenium (x = 15), Sanvitalia (x = 8), and Trigonospermum (x = 15). Chromosome counts for Chrysopsis trichophylla (n = 5), Cirsium horridulum (n = 16), Hidalgoa ternata (n = 16,) Tridax balbisioides (n = 10), Tridax trilobata (n = 10), and Verbesina crocata (n =18) differ from the reported basic numbers as determined from other species in these genera. Taxa closely related to Tridax procumbens were found to have the diploid number n = 9, thus establishing the polyploid nature (n = 18) of this widespread polymorphic species. When appropriate, the chromosomal information has been related to systematic problems.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE COMPOSITAE. X. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES

Chromosome counts from 132 plant populations representing 124 taxa (in 67 genera) are reported. These include previously unreported counts for over 70 species and 5 new generic counts (Hofmeisteria, x = 19; Oxypappus, x = 10; Pterocaulon, x = 10; Stenocarpha, x = 8; and Urbinella, x = 8). Two new base numbers are reported for specieis of Perityle (P. californica, x = 13 and P. palmeri, x = 17), and previously unreported n numbers have been found for species of the genera Bidens (n = 17) and Hymenostephium (n = 21). Several gametic cells with differing meiotic configurations were found in the same head of Stevia viscida (n = 11 pairs; 11 pairs and 11 univalents; 33 univalents). When appropriate, the chromosomal information has been related to systematic problems, especially for genera of the subtribes Flaverinae, Coreopsidinae, Galinsoginae and Peritylinae.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. X.

Reports of 126 new counts are recorded for 9 tribes of Compositae, including reports for 45 genera and 102 species. Six genera, Psilocarphus (n = 14). Relhania (n = 7), Rutidosis (n = 9), Chaetanthera (n = 14), Hecastocleis (n = 8), and Hesperomannia (n = 10), and 41 species were previously unreported.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. II. HELENIEAE

Raven , Peter H. (Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, Calif.), and Donald W. Kyhos. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. II. Heleniae. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(9): 842–850. Illus. 1961.—Chromosome counts are now available for 42 of the approximately 55 genera of Compositae, tribe Helenieae, which is predominantly a group of western North America. These chromosome numbers are summarized here at the generic level, and 100 original counts for the tribe are added, including what seem to be the first published reports for the genera Amblyopappus, Baeriopsis, Hulsea, Jaumea, Pericome, Rigiopappus, Trichoptilium, and Venegasia, as well as for many species. The phylogeny of Chaenactis is discussed in the light of published records and 46 original counts, and C. douglasii is shown to include plants in which n = 6, 12, and 18, which differ somewhat morphologically. Helenium has species which have a complete series of aneuploid numbers from n = 13 to n = 17. Chromosome numbers coincide with morphological variability in indicating that Helenieae are a diverse group. More detailed studies of various kinds will be necessary before the genera of Helenieae can be re-aligned effectively, but it is evident that different genera show affinities with various other tribes of the family. Nevertheless, it is thought to be convenient to continue to recognize Helenieae at the tribal level for the present.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE. VI. SENECIONEAE. II

Chromosome counts are reported for 76 taxa and 2 natural hybrids of tribe Senecioneae (Compositae). First counts are reported for several species of Senecioneae as well as for the genera Cadiscus and Whitneya. New chromosome numbers are added to those previously known in Arnica, Cacalia, and Senecio. Additional counts from Arnica support our previous suggestion that x = 19 for this genus. It is assumed that observed meiotic irregularities are associated with apomixis in this genus. Basic chromosome numbers for various New World sections of Senecio are proposed, and certain problems of sectional relationships in this genus are discussed. Chromosome numbers and plant morphology of Cadiscus, Hulsea, and Whitneya indicate that these genera should be removed from Helenieae to Senecioneae. The possible affinity of the anomalous genus Adenocaulon with Mutisieae is discussed. Data presented in the paper further support our earlier proposal that the basic chromosome number for Senecioneae is x = 10.     

A CYTOTAXOXOMIC SURVEY OF MELAMPODIUM (COMPOSITAE-HELIANTHEAE)

Turner , B. L.. and R. M. King . (U. Texas, Austin.) A cytotaxonomic survey of Melampodium (Compositae-Heliantheae). Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(3): 233–26. Illus. 1962.—Chromosome counts are reported for individuals from 89 populations of Melampodium representing 26 species The genus is multibasic with x = 9, 10, 11, 12, 16 and 23. Chromosome numbers on a base of x = 10 characterize the section Melampodium while basic numbers of x = 23, 16, 12, 11 and 9 occur in the section Zarabellia. Melampodium camphoratum (n = 16) differs from all other species examined in having relatively small meiotic chromosomes. Only 6 of the 23 species are polyploid or have polyploid races. Melampodium leucanthum and M. cinereum have both diploid and tetraploid populations; the latter occur without any apparent morphological or geographical correlation and are probably autoploid in origin. A survey of the basic chromosome numbers known for other genera of the subtribe Melampodinae (12 of 22 genera) is presented. and it is suggested that x = 10 is the most probable basic number of the genus and subtribe.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE VIII: HELIANTHEAE

One hundred and ninety-three new counts are reported for the tribe Heliantheae of Compositae, mostly based on determinations of meiotic material, including first counts for the genera Adenothamnus, Chrysogonum, Enceliopsis, Guardiola, Isocarpha, Lipochaeta, Otopappus, and Oyedaea, as well as first counts for 66 species. The original counts are discussed in relation to those previously reported for the tribe, by genera and subtribe. Two-thirds of the approximately 150 genera and more than a third of the roughly 1500 species have now been examined. The incomplete knowledge of generic relationships in the tribe often make the interpretation of these chromosome numbers difficult. Three observations are documented and discussed: (1) genera with low chromosome numbers are few; (2) genera with aneuploid series are abundant; and (3) the original basic chromosome number in the tribe is probably in the range of x = 8 to x = 12.     

Another perspective on cytoevolution in Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)

The Lobelioideae is a cosmopolitan group whose cytoevolution is discussed on a model of primitively high diploid chromosome numbers, in which x = 14 is relatively plesiomorphic and x = 21 may be even more plesiomorphic. This model is suggested from the high frequency of lobelioid genera with x = 14, the probably plesiomorphic condition of x = 17 in the sister group Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae), and the primitive x = 15 in Stylidiaceae (Campanulales). It contrasts with that for a primitive x = 7 and paleopolyploidy to higher chromosome numbers. In our analysis, the genus Lobelia shows three broad cytoevolutionary groups, which probably have phylogenetic and infrageneric taxonomic significance: (1) woody diploids with x = 21 in Chile and woody diploids with x = 14 in Africa, Asia, and Hawaii; (2) herbaceous diploids with several series of dysploid chromosome numbers n = 19, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, mainly in Africa and Australia; (3) widespread and speciose herbaceous taxa based on a very derived n = 7, with recent frequent euploid rises (neopolyploidy) at or below the species level in subgenus Lobelia and allied or segregate genera. Other woody and herbaceous lobeliad genera have comparable cytoevolutionary patterns. New chromosome counts for Australian Lobelia, Pratia, and Isotoma illustrate the last two cytoevolutionary groups.     

729. ERIGERON KARVINSKIANUS

Erigeron karvinskianus DC. (Compositae: Astereae: Conyzinae) is described and illustrated, and its cultivation and propagation discussed. The etymology of the species name is explained with a short biography of Baron Karwinsky von Karwin.     

The relationships of 8 tribes of the compositae as suggested by plastocyanin amino acid sequence data

Partial amino acid sequences of the plastocyanins from 22 members of 8 tribes of the Compositae are separated by ancestral amino acid sequence methods into 3 groups. These groups agree generally with those of previous classifications of the species from which the plastocyanins were obtained, based mainly on morphological characters, although closer relationships between the Cichorieae and Cynareae, between the Heliantheae, Senecioneae and Calenduleae and between the Astereae and Inuleae are suggested by the sequence data.     

Reclassification of North American Haplopappus (Compositae: Astereae) completed: Rayjacksonia gen. nov.

Rayjacksonia R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, gen. nov. (Compositae: Astereae), is named to accommodate the “phyllocephalus complex,” formerly of Haplopappus Cass. sect. Blepharodon DC. The new combinations are R. phyllocephalus (DC.) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, R. annua (Rydb.) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane, and R. aurea (A. Gray) R. L. Hartman & M. A. Lane. This transfer completes the reclassification of the North American species of Haplopappus sensu Hall, leaving that genus exclusively South American. Rayjacksonia has a base chromosome number of x = 6. Furthermore, it shares abruptly ampliate disk corollas, deltate disk style-branch appendages, and corolla epidermal cell type, among other features, with Grindelia, Isocoma, Olivaea, Prionopsis, Stephanodoria, and Xanthocephalum. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological and chloroplast DNA restriction site data, taken together, demonstrate that these genera are closely related but distinct.     

Chromosome numbers in the tribes Anthemideae and Inuleae (Asteraceae)

Twenty-two chromosome counts of 19 taxa (21 populations) in the tribe Anthemideae and one member (one population) of the tribe Inuleae of the family Asteraceae are reported. The Anthemideae studied belong to the subtribes Artemisiinae (14 Artemisia taxa, and one species each of the genera Dendranthema , Filifolium and Neopallasia ) and Tanacetinae (one species each of the genera Lepidolopha and Tanacetopsis ). From the Inuleae, we studied one Inula species. Five counts are new reports (including two at generic level), six are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very limited (one to four records) previous data. Most of populations of Anthemideae studied have the basic chromosome number x  = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2 x to 10 x . Dysploidy is also present, with two x  = 8 diploid taxa. The species of Inuleae studied is a diploid with x  = 10, also indicating dysploidy, other members of the same genus Inula having basic numbers of x  = 9 or 8.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 77–85.     

CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF COMPOSITAE FROM MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES

Chromosome counts of Compositae are reported from Mexico and the United States. First generic counts are from Egletes (n = 27), Hydropectis (n = 9), and Pippenalia (2n = ca. 60). First counts also are reported for 22 specific and infraspecific taxa in Baccharis, Erigeron, Flaveria, Gnaphalium, Grindelia, Helenium, Heterotheca, Melampodium, Montanoa, Perymenium, Piqueria, Senecio, Stevia, Verbesina, Xanthocephalum, and Zaluzania. Additional counts also are provided for 123 populations of taxa counted previously, of which eight are new numbers. Taxonomic implications of certain counts are discussed.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE LEGUMINOSAE. III. SPECIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

Turner, B. L., and Olin S. Fearing. (U. Texas, Austin.) Chromosome numbers in the Leguminosae. III. Species of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(7) : 603–608. Illus. 1960.—Chromosome counts for 43 species of the Leguminosae from the southwestern United States and Mexico have been reported. These include first reports for 42 taxa of which 16 are for the subfamily Mimosoideae. Olneya tesota (2n = 18) is the only new generic count listed. Chromosome reports of particular significance include a single polyploid count for a North American species of Acacia, as well as diploid and tetraploid counts for closely related taxa in this genus. Four species of the genus Schrankia were found to be diploid with In = 26, indicating a base of x = 13 instead of the x = 8 reported by some previous workers. Leucaena pulverulenta was found to have a diploid count of 2n = 56 indicating a base of x = 14.     

Ajania semnanensis sp. nov. (Asteraceae–Anthemideae), from northeast Iran: insights from karyological and micromorphological data

Ajania semnanensis (Compositae: Anthemideae), a new species of Ajania from northeast of Iran, Semnan province, is described and illustrated. Ajania semnanensis is a suffruticose perennial growing on rocky and stony slopes of mountains at altitudes of 1500–2800 m a.s.l. Karyological and micromorphological data of the pollen and achenes, as well as a distribution map for the species are provided. The cytotype of the species was found to be diploid (2n = 2x = 18) based on x = 9. The karyotype formula is 2n = 2x = 4M + 6m + 6sm + 2st. Pollen grains of A. semnanensis are prolate‐spheroidal (P/E = 1.1), 3‐zonocolporate and echinate (Anthemis type). The achenes of A. semnanensis are obovate, 1.0–1.5 × 0.5–0.6 mm, light brown, with 4–6 fine and inconspicuous ribs, glabrous, without pappus and with a subbasal carpopodium. The IUCN status of the new species is suggested to be ‘Least Concern’ (LC).     

Systematic position of Cyathocline Cass. (Asteraceae): evidences from molecular,cytological and morphological data

Cyathocline, a small genus, has been treated as a member of subtribe Grangeinae of tribe Astereae (Asteraceae), but has been neglected in molecular phylogenetic analyses of Astereae. Plastid trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences were used to carry out phylogenetic analyses of Cyathocline (represented by C. purpurea) through maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. In addition, its karyotype, morphology and micromorphology were also investigated. The results show that in our three phylogenetic trees, C. purpurea is deeply nested within the Blumea clade and/or the Inulinae clade, and is closest to Blumea balsamifera (Inuleae, Inulinae). C. purpurea is similar to Blumea in chromosome size bimodality and to Inulinae in one single large oxalate crystal within each cell of the cypsela epidermis, which, together with molecular evidences, suggests strongly that Cyathocline should be transferred from Astereae to Inuleae subtribe Inulinae. Although C. purpurea has many anomalous features, its most characters still are within a wide range of morphological variations of Blumea. DNA data and the karyotypic character support to merge C. purpurea into Blumea. As a result, the new combination Blumea purpurea (O. Kuntze) W.P. Li was made.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME EAST AFRICAN GRASSES

Chromosome numbers of 133 collections of grasses belonging to 51 genera and 105 species are reported here for material from East Africa. These include first counts for 5 genera and 51 species. The basic chromsome number of x = 6 has been found in Sporobolus; x = 10 in Loudetia and x = 13 in Pentaschistis have been confirmed. It is pointed out that chromosomes of Eragrostis vary considerably in size. The genera Harpachne, Commelinidium, Acritochaete, Pseudechinolaena and Exotheca, which are cytologically examined for the first time, have chromosomes with the socalled “panicoid” features, viz., chromosomes with small size and x = 9 or 10.