城市化对植物生长发育的影响

 本文研究了北京市首钢工业区和樱桃沟游览区生态条件的变化及城市化对植物生长发育的影响。两个功能区的气温、相对湿度、降雨量以及雨水、飘尘、植物中的污染物质含量都有很大差异。工业区大多数植物的开花期、结果期比游览区早,而营养结束期延晚;有些植物甚至不能开花、结果;有些虽能正常开花,但花的数量少,结的果实也小等;游览区九种乔木、灌木的叶面积和四种常绿乔木的枝条年生长量都比工业区大0.5—1倍。     

氯化胆碱对小麦光合性能及生长的影响

盆栽和田间试验结果表明：经喷施有效作用浓度范围（２００—５００ｐｐｍ）氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）后的小麦叶片叶绿素含量略有增加,希尔反应和光合速率增高：促进了游离叶绿体非环式光合电子传递活性;叶绿体片展的发育有所改善;Ｃａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｍａ（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性均有所提高;对正常呼吸代谢活力无影响．但降低了光呼吸的关键酶乙醇酸氧化酶活性,利于光合提高。对田间小麦株高无明显影响,但叶面积明显增加,功能叶寿命延长;千粒重和小区产量增加;对籽粒含氮量、蛋白质、粗脂肪等含量无明显影响,但总糖量明显增加。本文对ＣＣ促进小麦光合性能之原因和有效作用浓度作了讨论。     

EFFECT OF SOIL SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY AND LITTER COVER ON THE GERMINATION,SURVIVAL, AND GROWTH OF MUSK THISTLE (CARDUUS NUTANS)

In natural populations of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) germination occurs over several months in the fall and spring. To better understand the physical environmental mechanisms that influence this pattern of germination, a greenhouse experiment was established consisting of ten treatments in which soil surface topography and the amount and consistency of litter cover was varied. Significant differences occurred among the treatments for germination percentage, levels of mortality and individual growth rates. Optimum levels of germination, survival and growth occurred in treatments that provided microhabitats with reduced evaporation. Treatments with cracks or moderately irregular surface topographies provided the best conditions. A light covering of litter benefited establishment and growth but thick layers of litter prevented seeds from reaching the soil surface and reduced germination and establishment. These results were consistent with what is known about the germination ecology of musk thistle in natural populations.     

THE EFFECT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN

Abstract— The phospholipid content and composition of the different regions of the developing human brain were studied. Brains from 25 fetuses and 9 infants, aged 13 weeks gestation to 26 months, were analysed. The concentration of total lipid-P was highest in the brain stem and lowest in the cerebellum at any age. Compared with the forebrain or brain stem, the cerebellum had a sharp phospholipid growth spurt between 3 months before and 6 months after birth. Before birth, the phospholipid pattern was similar in each part of the brain, with choline phosphoglycerides as the major phospholipid. After birth, the pattern in the brain stem changed further and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides became the dominant phospholipid, while in the other two there was little change. In all parts of the brain the proportion of sphingomyelin increased. The relative proportion of serine and inositol phosphoglycerides remained almost constant throughout the whole period of development. The possible significances of the changes in the phospholipids in neurological development are discussed.     

EFFECT OF CERTAIN CHLORONITROBENZENES ON GERMINATION, GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF SOME FUNGI

When grown in an atmosphere saturated with tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB) vapour, Botrytis cinerea showed retarded germination and colony growth and its sporulation was completely suppressed. Retardation of growth was greater on dilute or acidified media and at lower temperatures.
Similar effects were shown by Bhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora parasitica, Mucor hiemalis and Trichoderma viride but none of these was as sensitive as Botrytis cinerea , especially as regards linear growth. Of two strains of Fusarium caeruleum , one was much more sensitive than the other, both in linear growth and sporulation. Pythium deBaryanum was unaffected in its growth rate.
TCNB, as a growth repressant, is fungistatic without being fungicidal.
With fungi which are sensitive, tetrachloronitrobenzene was more effective than the penta-derivative, except for Trichoderma viride where the converse applied.     

营养条件对香菇生长发育的影响

本文报道香菇(Lentinus edodes)营养生长和生殖生长阶段对营养条件的要求。在基本培养基上添加0.2％水解乳蛋白和1毫克/升6-BA的结果,提高了菌丝体的生长速度和干重。单加6-BA的培养基上,菌落的生长比单加β-蜕皮激素的效果好。在低营养水平的木屑菌砖上追加2ppm 6-BA和3％葡萄糖液,促进了原基的分化和子实体的形成。在菇蕾基部追加不同比例的碳、氮溶液,鲜菇的重量增加,加C/N=30:1的营养液,菇的鲜重比对照提高73％。     

THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN BENZAZOLE COMPOUNDS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Klingensmith , M. J. (Colgate U., Hamilton, N. Y.) The effect of certain benzazole compounds on plant growth and development. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(1): 40–45. Illus. 1961.—A number of benzazoles, in particular benzimidazole, benzothiazole, and benzotriazole, were examined for their effects on growth of seedlings and established plants. Benzothiazole was the most active in repressing elongation of the primary root of cucumber. Benzimidazole and benzotriazole were about 1/10 as active. Adenine was without effect in reversing the benzazole-induced inhibition of cucumber root elongation and, in fact, supplemented the inhibition caused by benzimidazole and benzothiazole. Application of benzotriazole to the root medium of bean, coleus, tomato, oat and wheat caused a pronounced inhibition of internodal elongation with a stimulation of axillary development. Distinct morphological changes were observed which did not correspond to those produced by other growth regulators. Application of benzimidazole to the root medium of several genera of plants resulted in injury to laminar tissue followed by desiccation, with no concomitant effect on the stem. Application of benzothiazole to the root medium induced development of adventitious roots in bean and tomato. This compound also caused initiation of roots on cultures of tobacco-stem segments, while not suppressing bud development. The benzazoles tested seem to be of a different class of compounds from other growth regulators which have been studied. The responses elicited by treatment with each of the 3 benzazoles are distinctly characteristic and are dependent on the structure of the azole portion of the molecule.     

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIGHTING ON THE GROWTH AND PROMETAMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL RANA PIPIENS

This study was designed to investigate whether the larval development of an anuran amphibian could be modified by raising the animals in continuous light or darkness instead of under conditions of diurnal illumination, and to quantify the effects of these treatments at various intervals during this period of development.
Larvae of the frog, Rana pipiens , were raised through metamorphosis under conditions of constant light, constant darkness, or diurnal lighting. As measured by stages of development, body weight, tail length and body length at 20-day intervals, no significant differences in growth rate or metamorphic change were observed until near the middle of the prometamorphic period, which began at approximately the 50th day of development. After midmetamorphosis, a significant acceleration in the measured parameters was seen for the animals raised in conditions of constant light in comparison with those in constant darkness. Those with diurnal lighting were intermediate.
These results suggested that light, or its absence, can respectively stimulate or retard amphibian metamorphosis in late larval stages after the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis has matured. Neither continuous light nor continuous darkness during larval development prevented the transformation from tadpole to frog.     

侧杂食线螨的生长发育与温湿度的关系

侧杂食线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus(Banks)亦称黄茶螨,严重为害茶叶、茄子、辣椒等作物,造成损失,该螨发育速率与温度成逻辑斯蒂曲线关系。在30℃以下随温度的上升而加快,但在35℃下速度反而减慢。本文用接近致死50%的上下两个温度结合内插法来估计高温致死点,更为简单、精确。本试验测定侧杂食线螨雌螨致死中温为43.60℃,用内插法估计为43.86℃,两者十分接近。湿度对其发育速度的影响不如温度影响显著。     

温度对萼花臂尾轮虫卵的发育、种群增长和生产量的影响

1981—1983年,在不同的培养温度下,观察了萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)卵的发育时间、种群的增长并用3种不同方法测算生产量。在5—30℃的培养温度下,轮虫卵的发育时间(D)随温度(T)升高而缩短,其曲线迴归方程为: LnD=2.0539+0.1097LnT-0.3046(LnT)2 在10,15,20,25℃的培养温度下,从休眠卵孵化出来的孤雌生殖雌体,其繁殖的种群增长曲线都呈“S”形,或称逻辑斯蒂曲线(Logistic curve)。不同的温度,种群达到高峰所需的时间有所不同,温度高者短,低者长;容纳量(carrying capacity)却随温度增加而有所增加。用线性和指数方法计算轮虫种群的生产量所得的结果相似;而与世代时间方法计算所获得的结果相比,差距很大。这种差距随着温度增加而增加。根据本文的研究结果和文献中报道的数据,获得了在0.6—35.2℃温度范围内,卵的发育时间(D)与温度(T)之间的迴归方程: LnD=2.1869-0.1919LnT-0.2218(LnT)2       

THE EFFECT OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GERMINATION OF POLYMORPHIC SEEDS AND GROWTH OF ATRIPLEX TRIANGULARIS WILLD.

Polymorphic seeds of Atriplex triangularis were germinated at various temperatures (5–15 C, 5–25 C, 10–20 C, 20–30 C) and salinity regimes (0 to 1.5% NaCl) in order to determine their germinability and early seedling growth under these conditions. Larger seeds generally had a higher germination percentage in saline medium. The rate and percentage of germination decreased with increased salinity stress. A thermoperiod of 25 C day and 5 C night, 12 hr/12 hr, temperature enhanced germination of seeds. Early seedling growth is promoted in larger seeds at lower salinity, and at high-day and low-night temperatures. Polymorphic seeds have different physiological requirements which provide alternative situations for seed germination in natural habitats.     

稀土元素对甜菜种子萌发,幼苗生长及块根产量的影响

本文研究了稀土元素对甜菜的生物效应。结果表明,稀土元素可显著地提高种子萌发率,促进幼苗生长,增加幼苗根系活力、叶片净光合速率与块根产量,并明显地降低了甜菜叶片细胞膜在低温下的透性,即提高了叶片的抗寒力。     

温度对近亲裸腹溞发育、生长和卵的生产量的影响

近亲裸腹溞(Moina affinis)的胚胎发育和总生活时间与温度呈反比。其后各龄期的生长、卵的生产量与温度的变化密切相关。30℃时,总胚胎发育时间为18—20小时,平均龄期为25.1小时,总生活时间为15.7天;20℃时,总胚胎发育时间为42—48小时,平均龄期为53.2小时,总生活时间为33.3天。在30℃时,有2个成体前龄,13个成龄;而在20℃时,有3个成体前龄,12个成龄。不论30℃或20℃,幼龄的龄期短于成龄龄期。近亲裸腹溞各个不同龄期的生长也因温度而变化。30℃时,10龄之前,以1、2龄的增长尤为迅速,而10龄以后增长速度则缓慢;在20℃时,第1—4龄,第6—7龄增长速度最快,第10龄后,增长趋于停止。30℃时,各成龄的累计产卵数为133.0个;而20℃为213.9个。30℃时卵的生产率(a值)为1.1811;高于20℃时的a值0.9643。