POSTGENITAL CARPEL FUSION IN CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (APOCYNACEAE) IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FUSION

The ontogenetic and phylogenetic significances of the postgenital carpel fusion in Catharanthus roseus were investigated experimentally. When one of the two carpel primordia was surgically destroyed prior to carpel fusion, the remaining carpel differentiated nevertheless; however, the tissue development on the adaxial (normally fused) carpel face appeared aberrant. Possible reasons for this modified ontogeny are discussed. The suggestion that syncarpy is phylogenetically significant because any pollen tube can potentially reach any ovule was verified in C. roseus by monitoring pollen tube growth following spatially controlled pollinations. The suture formed by the postgenital fusion was no barrier to pollen tube growth, and the pollen tubes rapidly became distributed throughout the stigmatic tissue.     

REACTIONS OF ALKALOID AND HISTOCHEMICAL INDICATORS IN LATICIFERS AND SPECIALIZED PARENCHYMA CELLS OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (APOCYNACEAE)

Chromic acid, iodine-potassium iodide and Dragendorff reagent were employed to identify reactive cells that may indicate sites of alkaloid accumulation in fresh tissues and latex of C. roseus. Laticifers in all parts of the mature plant and certain parenchyma cells in the cortex and pith regions accumulated reaction products of these alkaloid indicators. These same cells showed primary fluorescence, accumulated vital dyes and lipid indicators in excess of other cells, and exhibited a more intense nadi reaction than other cells. Tests on fresh tissues are interpreted to indicate possible qualitative and quantitative differences in alkaloid content between subterranean and aerial portions of the plant and between mature and immature tissues. These studies showed that reactive products are unevenly distributed in cells and organs of the plant and can be microscopically detected only in laticifers and specialized parenchyma cells.     

LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HYDRA CARNEA

In the freshwater hydrozoan Hydra carnea, the egg, matured and grown between the mesoglea and the epitheliomuscular cells of the ectoderm, is extruded after the emission of the second polar body. Surrounded by a clear jelly layer the egg remains attached to the polyp. Sperm which are released from the testicular sacs of male polyps are attracted by the egg. The jelly layer is penetrated only at the site of emission of the polar bodies by sperm which lack a structurally distinct acrosome. One sperm fuses with the egg at that site where the female pronucleus is found to lie close to the egg membrane. After fertilization and cleavage an acellular embryotheca is secreted by the blastomeres. These events were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy.     

LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON POLLEN OF TETRAPLASANDRA (ARALIACEAE) AND RELATIVES

Pollen of seven species in Tetraplasandra and three species in related genera were studied with light and scanning electron microscopes. A new thin-section technique was employed for the study of exine stratification and apertural structure. This study reveals several previously undescribed pollen structures for the group. Trends toward increase in pollen size and in specialization of other pollen characters are evident in Tetraplasandra. Pollen of Reynoldsia and Peekeliopanax differs from Tetraplasandra in the pertectate sexine and the absence of inner nexinous breaks, respectively. A pollen correlation study shows that Munroidendron falls readily within the genus Tetraplasandra but is distinguishable from the latter by its bifurcate colpi.     

STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES DURING INDUCED EPIDERMAL CELL REDIFFERENTIATION IN DEVELOPING FLOWERS OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (APOCYNACEAE)

Stereological principles were used to study epidermal cell redifferentiation during the post-genital tissue union in the developing flowers of Catharanthus roseus. Volume densities of ultrastructural components at three separate stages of cell differentiation were analyzed and compared. Nuclear volume density decreased and vacuolar volume density increased throughout the period studied. The only other components whose volume densities changed significantly were plastids, mitochondria, and dictyosomes. For each of these organelles, the mean relative volume was greatest at the time of fusion. By 12 hr after fusion, however, the mean relative volume of each fell to a level significantly lower than its volume in the prefusion cells.     

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE FUSION CELL IN ASTEROCOLAX GARDNERI SETCH. (RHODOPHYTA,CERAMIALES)12

The fusion cell in Asterocolax gardneri Setch, is a large, multinucleate, irregularly-shaped cell resulting from cytoplasmic fusions of haploid and diploid cells. Subsequent enlargement takes place by incorporating adjacent gonimoblast cells. The resultant cell consists of two parts—a central portion of isolated cytoplasm, surrounded by an electron dense cytoplasmic barrier, and the main component of the fusion cell cytoplasm surrounding the isolated cytoplasm. The fusion cell contains many nuclei, large quantities of floridean starch, endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles, but few mitochondria, plastids and dictyosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum forms vesicles that apparently secrete large quantities of extracellular mucilage which surrounds the entire carposporophyte. The isolated cytoplasm also is multinucleate but lacks starch and a plasma membrane. Few plastids, ribosomes and mitochondria are found in this cytoplasm. However, numerous endoplasmic reticulum cisternae occur near the cytoplasmic barrier and they appear to secrete material for the barrier. In mature carposporophytes, all organelles in the isolated cytoplasm have degenerated.     

具尾蓝隐藻(CHROOMONASCAUDATAGEITLER)的研究 Ⅰ形态特征──光镜及扫描电镜观察

对具尾蓝隐藻（Chrcomonascaudata）进行了光学显微镜及扫描电镜的观察。扫描电镜观察证明具尾蓝隐藻具有明显的纵沟,细胞顶端具圆形四口,表明该种有口沟存在。从而澄清了文献上对该种有无口沟相互矛盾或模糊不清的描述。     

A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF PEROXIDASE LOCALIZATION IN THE ONION ROOT TIP

Peroxidase activity in the onion root tip was localized by the diaminobenzidine procedure and studied at the light and electron microscope levels. Reaction product was observed in the cell wall, on the plasmalemma, in the Golgi apparatus cisternae and vesicles, in young and developing vacuoles, in the endoplasmic reticulum, and on both soluble and membrane-bound ribosomes. The reaction product at the various cellular and subcellular sites occurs in distinct tissue and developmental patterns.     

百合离体生殖细胞骨架的扫描电镜观察

从百合的花粉管分离出来的生殖细胞,经表面活化剂Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ Ｘ－１００ 及核糖核酸酶、硫酸铵离析处理。离析后的细胞经临界点干燥,扫描电镜观察显示：在离体生殖细胞的胞质内有一个非常复杂的支架网络系统。这一网络系统有内外两层：外层（靠近细胞膜）网络结构紧密,纤维束粗长;内层（靠近核）网络结构疏松,纤维束短细。一些间接证据显示,这一支架网络系统可能为微管骨架     

A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF RHIZOID DEVELOPMENT IN POLYSIPHONIA LANOSA (L.) TANDY1,2

The ontogeny of P. lanosa rhizoids was investigated by light and electron microscopy. A series of distinct, changes was recognized. Prior to penetration of the host, Ascophyllum nodosum, starch reserves were depleted and a large number of dictyosome vesicles accumulated in the cell. These appeared to have been discharged immediately prior to or during host, penetration with a concomitant increase in rhizoid wall thickness. Following initial penetration, the tip became highly convolute and dominated by ER, ribosomes, and mitochondria. Senescence was marked by almost complete, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, degeneration of most organelles, and the loss of color. These ultrastructural changes are correlated wth the habit of P. lanosa.     

A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FLORAL ORGANS OF BRASSICA NAPUS (CV. WESTAR)

The initiation and development of the floral organs of Brassica napus L. (cv. Westar) were examined using the scanning electron microscope. After transition of the vegetative apex into an inflorescence apex, flower primordia were initiated in a helical phyllotactic pattern. The sequence of initiation of the floral organs in a flower bud was that of sepals, stamens, petals and gynoecium. Of the four sepal primordia, the abaxial was initiated first, followed by the two lateral and finally the adaxial primordium. The four long stamens were initiated simultaneously in positions alternating with the sepals. The two short stamens were initiated basipetal to and outside the long stamens, and opposite the lateral sepals. The petals arose on either side of the two short stamens and the gynoecium was produced from the remainder of the apex. During development, the sepal primordia curved sharply at the tips and tightly enclosed the other organs. Stamen primordia developed tetralobed anthers at an early stage while filament elongation occurred just prior to anthesis. A unique pattern of bulbous cells was present on the abaxial surface of the anther. Growth of petal primordia lagged relative to the other floral organs but expansion was rapid prior to anthesis. The gynoecium primordium was characterized by an invagination early in development. At maturity, there was differentiation of a papillate stigma, an elongated style and a long ovary marked externally by sutures and divided internally by a septum. Distinct patterns of cuticular thickenings were observed on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the petals and stamens and on the surface of the style. The patterns were less obvious on the sepals and ovary. Stomata were present on both surfaces of the mature sepals, on the style and restricted areas on the abaxial surface of the anthers and nectaries but were absent from the petals, the adaxial surface of the stamens and the ovary. No hairs were present on any of the floral organs.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF PINOCYTOSIS IN AMEBA : I. The Surface Attachment Phase

The attachment to the surface of the ameba (Chaos chaos L. (Pelomyxa carolinensis, Wilson)) of two proteins, ribonuclease and ferritin, and two colloidal suspensions, thorium dioxide and gold, was studied in the electron microscope. The initial step in the pinocytosis of ferritin and thorium dioxide particles by amebas is shown to be the attachment of these substances to the "hairlike" extensions of the plasmalemma. Ribonuclease caused alterations in the structure of the plasmalemma, but on account of its relative lack of density, it could not be definitely localized. Colloidal gold did not appear to be active with respect to pinocytosis in amebas. Since molecules in solution and particles in suspension are taken up by the same mechanism, the first step of which is their attachment to the cell surface, it is suggested that a single mechanism underlies phagocytosis, pinocytosis, ropheocytosis, cytopempsis, and potocytosis.     

LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC RADIOAUTOGRAPHY OF HEPATIC CELL NUCLEOLI IN MICE TREATED WITH ACTINOMYCIN D

Nucleolar partition induced by actinomycin D was used to demonstrate some aspects of nucleolar RNA synthesis and release in mouse hepatic cells, with light and electron microscopic radioautography. The effect of the drug on RNA synthesis and nucleolar morphology was studied when actinomycin D treatment preceded labeling with tritiated orotic acid. Nucleolar partition, consisting of a segegration into granular and fibrillar parts was visible if a dosage of 25 µg of actinomycin D was used, but nucleolar RNA was still synthesized. After a dosage of 400 µg of actinomycin D, nucleolar RNA synthesis was completely stopped If labeling with tritiated orotic acid preceded treatment with 400 µg of actinomycin D, labeled nucleolar RNA was present 15 min after actinomycin D treatment while high resolution radioautography showed an association of silver grains with the granular component. At 30 min after actinomicyn D treatment all labeling was lost. Since labeling was associated with the granular component the progressive loss of label as a result of actinomycin D treatment indicated a release of nucleolar granules. The correlation between this release and the loss of 28S RNA from actinomycin D treated nucleoli as described in the literature is discussed.     

日本血吸虫肝门型童虫扫描电镜观察

1.本文报道用扫描电镜观察正常情况下日本血吸虫10日龄和15日龄肝门型童虫体被超微结构,可供血吸虫免疫学、药理学和生理学研究参考。 2.根据肝门型童虫的大小、形状、皮式等错综复杂的表现,认为童虫皮式,不仅在同龄而且在同一个体不同部位,其演变是不同步的。 3.对本型童虫与日本血吸虫成虫有关资料如皮褶、体棘和感觉乳突等方面作了比较。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CEPHALEUROS VIRESCENS (CHROOLEPIDACEAE; CHLOROPHYTA). I. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ZOOSPORANGIA

Scanning election microscopic examination of Cephaleuros virescens growing on leaves of Magnolia grandiflora has provided detailed observations which parallel, extend, and, in general, confirm previous light microscopic studies. The present study has revealed that in the ontogeny of terminal zoosporangia, apical zones form in the surface of an enlarged pyriform cell and that these zones, in some cases, are surrounded by a circumferential ridge, an external indication of an internal septum. A similar circumferential ridge is seen at the base of developing terminal zoosporangia. Contrary to some published accounts, the abscission of terminal sporangia does not commence with tearing of the pedicel-sporangium septal wall, but rather with an internal separation of the septum which is followed by a circumscissile tearing of the septal wall. The completion of abscission entails the emergence of a septal protuberance from the pedicel and/or the terminal sporangium in a process reminiscent of filament fragmentation in zygnematacean algae containing “replicate end walls.” Zoospore exit pores form in a lateral position on the terminal sporangia and are not coincident with the septal protuberances as has been reported in some recent accounts. Although both biflagellate and quadriflagellate zoospores have been seen in the light microscope, only the former have been observed with SEM. The SEM observations recorded in this study have provided a basis for comparison not only with light microscopic data, but also with transmission electron microscopic data which are now being recorded. Observations reported will be useful for interspecific and intergeneric comparisons.     

亚美万代兰与多花兰种子发芽过程的扫描电镜观察

兰种子发芽之后形成原球茎与根状茎,前者以亚美万代兰,后者以多花兰为材料进行扫描电镜观察。多花兰种子发芽初期,与亚美万代兰相似,但分化子叶的能力较差,在暗培养下,只形成鳞片状叶,紧贴在根状茎的分生组织上。根状茎只有转入光培养才有茎叶分化。兰种子发芽时的毛状物,在电子显微镜下观察,其形态与根毛较接近。     

大鼠舌乳头酶组织化学及扫描电镜的研究

实验采用酶组织化学法和扫描电镜对大鼠舌乳头的酶活性及其表面结构进行了观测。结果表明。大、鼠舌菌状乳头和轮廓乳头的味蕾处Mg^2 -ATPase为强阳性反应（ ）,ChEase为中等阳性反应（ ）,使用ChE Ag^ 染色方法显示。味蕾含有丰富的神经末梢,结果提示ATP可能是味觉传导中神经递质或调质。     

MECHANISM OF GAMETE FUSION IN DINOPHYSIS FORTII (DINOPHYCEAE,DINOPHYTA): LIGHT MICROSCOPIC AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS1

A variety of studies have examined the sexual life cycle of species belonging to the genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg. Here, we used TEM to investigate the mechanism of cellular fusion during the sexual life cycle in Dinophysis fortii Pavillard. We observed that fusion always occurred between a normal‐sized cell and a small cell following attachment of their ventral margins. After cell attachment, the small cell moved toward the epitheca of the normal‐sized cell, and the cingular and sulcal lists of the small cell shrunk or were almost lost. The epitheca of the normal‐sized cell then opened between the cingulum plates and the upper cingular list, after which the small cell was gradually engulfed. This is the first ultrastructural observation in a dinoflagellate of a larger cell opening its epitheca to engulf the smaller gamete. In another case, the normal‐sized cell did not open the epitheca, the cell wall of the attached small cell underwent extensive extracellular digestion, and the cytoplasm appeared to flow into the normal‐sized cell via the periflagellar area. Inflow of the nucleus was not observed in this case, suggesting that it represented a failure of sexual fusion. In both cases, membranous separations between the cytoplasm of the two cells were not observed. At the beginning of the fusion process, the nucleus of the small cell was substantially deformed. The planozygote, formed upon completion of sexual fusion, sometimes had two longitudinal flagella, but was identical to a normal vegetative cell in its cellular shape, as already mentioned by previous authors.     

花背蟾蜍蝌蚪表皮移植片在角膜诱导中的扫描电镜研究

扫描电镜研究表明,花背蟾蜍蝌蚪在角膜诱导过程中表皮移植片外表面的主要变化是:当移植片细胞中色素消失时,细胞的分泌活动变旺盛,表现在细胞外分泌物增多,这可能与排色素有关。同时移植片细胞表面的微突起和边界嵴日趋细小,移植片透明时它更类似正常角膜。在此期间移植片内表面的主要变化是:细胞外基质不断增加,尤其是胶原纤维的增多和逐渐排列整齐,以及可能由于GAG的合成形成的颗粒状结构的出现和消失,这些都与移植片向角膜上皮分化相关联。由于眼球诱导作用引起的上述变化,都可促进表皮移植片转变为透明的角膜。