Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

The embryology ofStegnospermataceae,with a discussion on its status,affinities and systematic position

The embryology ofStegnosperma halimifolium andS. watsonii has been studied in detail. The tapetum is of the secretory type and its cells become multinucleate. Simultaneous cytokinesis in the pollen mother cells follows meiosis. The ripe pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovule is crassinucellate, bitegmic and amphitropous, with the micropyle formed by the inner integument alone. The female archesporium is one celled, and the parietal tissue 3–5 layered. The embryo sac development conforms to thePolygonum type. A central strand, 6 or 7 cells thick, differentiates inside the nucellus and extends from the base of the embryo sac to the chalazal region. The endosperm is nuclear. The embryogeny conforms to the Caryophyllad type. The seed coat is formed by the outer epidermis of the outer integument and the inner epidermis of the inner integument. Based on this evidence and other data, the status of the genus as an independent family,Stegnospermataceae (Stegnospermaceae) is confirmed. Apparently, it forms a connecting link betweenPhytolaccaceae andCaryophyllaceae.     

韭菜胚囊发育与胚胎发生

韭菜胚囊发育为葱型,胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。成熟胚囊中,三个反足细胞形态上常类似卵器,其中二个呈助细胞状,一个呈卵细胞状。卵状反足细胞可分裂成多细胞原胚,但随着胚乳的发育而退化。在未受精胚囊中,卵细胞和卵状反足细胞均可分裂,它们的发生过程与合子胚相似,但因无胚乳哺育,均不能继续发育。论证了反足细胞胚的性质,初步探讨了胚乳与反足细胞无配子生殖的关系。     

Fertilization and embryogeny in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton

Fertilization and embryogeny in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis are described for the first time, and embryogenic characters of Agapanthus are discussed. The main results are: (1) The pollen tube enters the embryo sac and discharges two sperm 44?C48?h after pollination. (2) The sperm fuse with the egg cell and polar nuclei, forming zygote and primary endosperm nucleus, approximately 50?h after pollination. The zygote then enters a short period of dormancy. (3) Seven days after pollination, the zygote starts division. The first division of the zygote is transversal. (4) The embryo undergoes globular stage, rod-shaped stage, and finally forms a monocotyledonous embryo. (5) The suspensor cells are ephemeral and degenerate at the globular embryo stage. (6) Endosperm cells contain massive starch grains as nutrition for embryo development. (7) Embryogeny conforms to the Onagrad type, and endosperm formation is of the nuclear type; the whole process of embryogeny and endosperm development needs approximately 60?days in A. praecox ssp. orientalis. (8) Dicotyledonous together with monocotyledonous forms of embryo morphogenesis in Agapanthus supports the concept of homology of monocots and dicot cotyledons.     

Studies in the embryology of compositae

The male and female gametophytes formation, fertilisation, and embryo development were observed inSolidago canadensis andConyza stricta. The anther is tetrasporangiate and its wall development conforms to the Dicotyledonous type. Simultaneous cytokinesis in pollen mother cells results in tetrahedral or isobilateral tetrads. Pollen polymorphism is a common feature inS. canadensis. The ovule is anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate showing an ovular vascular strand. The female archesporium is hypodermal and single celled. The development of the embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. InS. canadensis seed set is completely absent and multiplication occurs by vegetative propagation. InC. stricta fertilisation is progamous. Triple fusion and syngamy occur more or less simultaneously. Endosperm is cellular and the embryogeny corresponds to the Asterad type. A part of the thesis accepted for the Ph. D. degree of the Andhra University.     

Ultrastructural Changes of the Egg Apparatus Associated with Fertilization and Proembryo Development of Soybean, Glycine max (Fabaceae)

As part of a study involving pod retention in soybean, Glycinemax (L.) Merr., we investigated changes occurring in the eggapparatus of non-abscised flowers from the time immediatelypreceding fertilization through early embryogeny. Prior to theentry of the pollen tube into the embryo sac, one of the synergidsbegins to degenerate as evidenced by increased electron densityand a loss of volume. This cell serves as the site of entryfor the pollen tube. The cytoplasm of the second, or persistentsynergid, remains unaltered until after fertilization. Bothsynergids contain, in addition to a filiform apparatus, a singleunidentified inclusion of flocculent material located in thechalazal portion of each cell. The zygote can be distinguishedfrom the egg by its consistently narrow wall; and it dividesto form a proembryo, a mass of cells not yet differentiatedinto embryo proper and suspensor. The basal cells of the proembryoare more vacuolate than the apical ones, characteristic of thebasal vacuolation of both egg and zygote. Cells of the proembryoare connected to one another via plasmodesmata, and with theexception of the basal-most cell, are isolated symplasticallyfrom the surrounding endosperm. Wall ingrowths frequently occurin certain cells of the proembryo, notably those cells in contactwith the degenerate synergid and embryo sac wall. At a laterstage of ontogeny, by which time the globular embryo properhas become distinct from the suspensor, the wall ingrowths areconcentrated in the suspensor. Glycine max, soybean, embryogeny, synergids     

藏药椭圆叶花锚的胚胎学

本文首次报道了藏药椭圆叶花锚的胚胎学特征。花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层异型起源,腺质型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列方式为四面体型;成熟花粉为３－细胞。子房２心皮,而二心皮连接处强烈膨大、内凸,４列胚珠。薄珠心,单珠被,直生胚珠。胚囊发育为蓼型。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆Ｉ变型。反足细胞在胚囊成熟时期宿存。承珠盘发达。果实成熟时,种子只发育至球型胚阶段。比较了该种与龙胆族其它属、种的胚胎学特征,发现它们大部分特征是相似的,但在如下３个特征上存在区别：子房二心皮连接处强烈膨大、内凸;直生胚珠;具有发达的承珠盘。其胚胎学特征的系统学和分类学意义有待进一步比较与评价     

獐牙菜的胚胎发生

对獐牙菜大孢子发生、雌配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了研究。主要结果如下：子房2心皮,1室,4列胚珠,侧膜胎座;薄珠心,单珠被,倒弯生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子直线形排列,合点端的大孢子具功能,胚囊发育为蓼型。3个反足细胞宿存,每个细胞均多核和异常膨大,反足吸器明显,并在胚乳之外形成染色较深的类似“外胚乳”的结构。珠孔受精,受精作用属于有丝分裂前类型。胚乳发育为核型;胚胎发育为茄型。果实成熟时,种子发育至球形胚阶段。反足细胞在龙胆科一些短命植物中的宿存与分裂具有重要的生殖适应与进化意义。     

黑节草双受精过程及胚胎发育的研究

黑节草从传粉到受精约需１３０ｄ,精子在花粉管中形成,胚囊发育属蓼型胚囊,因反足细胞较早退化,故受精前胚囊多只由卵器和中央细胞组成。精卵核融合时,精核染色质进入卵核后凝集成颗粒状,并在原位与卵核的染色质融合,雌、雄性核仁一直维持至合子的第一次分裂期前。双受精作用正常,属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型,初生胚乳核发生２－３次分裂后逐渐退化消失,胚的发育局限于球形胚阶段。     

多花地宝兰胚囊和胚发育的细胞学研究

为探讨多花地宝兰(Geodorum recurvum)胚胎发育的系统分类学意义,采用石蜡制片法对多花地宝兰胚囊和胚的发育进行解剖学观察。结果表明,在开花前,多花地宝兰胚珠原基发育缓慢,开花授粉后胚珠原基快速发育成"树状二杈分枝结构",随后在"分枝结构"末端形成孢原细胞,开始胚囊发育。多花地宝兰的胚囊发育属于单孢蓼型胚囊,胚珠具有双层珠被。孢原细胞形成后,经过细胞膨大延长发育形成胚囊母细胞,胚囊母细胞经过减数分裂形成线性四分体,在珠孔端形成1个功能大孢子,功能大孢子经过3次有丝分裂形成8核胚囊。多花地宝兰的胚发育具有藜型和紫苑型两种方式。双受精完成后,多花地宝兰合子进行一次橫裂后形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞经过多次分裂形成细胞团,细胞团中的细胞向不同方向膨大延长形成多个胚柄细胞;顶细胞有两种分裂方式,一种是横裂形成藜型胚,一种是纵裂形成紫苑型胚。因此,推测多花地宝兰在兰科植物系统分类学上属于较为原始种。     

Embryological studies inGlaucidium palmatum Sieb. et Zucc. with a discussion on the taxonomy of the genus

Embryological features ofGlaucidium palmatum are as follows: the ovule is anatropous and bitegmic; the archesporium is hypodermal and multicelled, consisting of about 10 to 15 cells; all the archesporial, cells develop directly into megaspore mother cells, only three or four of which, however, generally complete meiotic divisions; before and during meiosis, dermal cells of the nucellar apical part undergo successive periclinal divisions forming a thick nucellar cap of as many as 20 cell-layers; embryo sac formation is of the Polygonum type; multiple embryo sacs occur frequently; antipodal cells are small in size and ephemeral or persistent; the inner integument is 3 to 5 cell-layers thick, and the outer integument 7 to 13 cell-layers thick; the outer integument is vascularized; a micropyle is formed by the inner integument alone; the endosperm is of the Nuclear type; embryogeny is of a type similar to the Onagrad type. In light of evidence from embryology and other sources it seems that there is ample reason for recognizing the family Glaucidiaceae which is distinct from the Ranunculaceae and its related families. Several common embryological features suggest an affinity between the Glaucidiaceae and the Paeoniaceae.     

The development of female gametophyte and antipodal embryo formation in Sedum fabaria

In Sedum fabaria, the ovule is anantropus, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The development of the nucellus conforms to the Sedum type. The development of the embryo sac is of the Allium type. The antipodal cells in unfertilized embryo sac occasionally divide and one of them forms four-celled structures resembling embryos and remaining once elongate in the form of haustoria. The entry of the pollen tube is porogamous. After division the primary endosperm nucleus forms two cells: the apical one develops into cellular endosperm according to the Acre type and the basal one acts as the endosperm haustorium of the Sempervivum type. The embryogeny corresponds to the Caryophyllad type. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

香果树花及胚胎发育的细胞学研究

香果树为茜草科香果树属单种属植物,是我国特种古老珍稀濒危树种。对香果树大小孢子发生及胚胎发育过程进行了细胞学观察,观察结果表明：香果树子房两室,中轴胎座,胚珠多数,倒生,单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子四分体排列成线性,靠近合点端的大孢子发育成功能大孢子,珠孔端的3个退化,胚囊发育为蓼型,典型的七胞八核胚囊。雄蕊浅黄色,蝶形花粉囊,小孢子四分体成四面体型,成熟的花粉为二胞花粉。胚胎发育过程经历了合子、原胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚5个阶段,种子成熟时,胚发育未完全成熟。本文在香果树大小孢子发生发育切片的观察中未发现异常现象,胚胎发育停留在鱼雷胚时期。     

Embryo sac studies in three Indian species ofPolypleurum (Podostemaceae)

New combinations for three species ofPolypleurum have been proposed. The Apinagia type of embryo sac is recorded for the first time in a species ofPolypleurum, P. filifolium. The Dicraea type of embryo sac found inP. dichotomum andP. munnarensis has been reinterpreted and renamed as the Polypleurum type. The embryo sac types met with in the family are discussed. The nucellar plasmodium organizes before the embryo sac attains maturity in all the three investigated species.     

黄花油点草胚胎发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对百合科植物黄花油点草[Tricyrtis maculata(D.Don)Machride]双受精、胚及胚乳发育进行了研究,以明确其胚胎发育的特征,为百合科植物的系统研究提供生殖生物学资料。结果表明:(1)黄花油点草为珠孔受精;进入胚囊的2枚精子分别与卵细胞和中央细胞进行正常的双受精,其受精作用属有丝分裂前型。(2)受精后的初生胚乳核立即分裂,其发育方式为核型胚乳;早期的游离胚乳核沿胚囊的边缘分布,胚囊中央部位主要为胚乳细胞质,随着游离胚乳核数量的增加,胚乳核慢慢充满整个胚囊;当发育至球形胚早期阶段,在各胚乳核周围产生胚乳细胞壁,形成完整的胚乳细胞。(3)合子有较长的休眠时间,胚的发育方式为茄型;合子第一次有丝分裂为横裂,分裂后形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞经过3次横裂,形成一列胚柄细胞;顶细胞经过分裂形成胚体,依次形成球形胚、棒状胚和盾形胚。(4)种子成熟时胚无器官分化;成熟种子由种皮、胚和胚乳三部分组成。     

Morfogenesi Del Fiore Ed Embriologia Di Un Populus Deltoides Bisessuale

Abstract

Flower morphogenesis and embriogeny in a bisexual POPULUS DELTOIDES. — Flower organogeny and embryogeny in a bisexual P. deltoides is studied. The most interesting stages of its sexual cycle: microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, evolution of the female gametophyte, fertilization, endosperm and embryo development, are described. From the research appears that the flower is protrandrous and embryogeny is of the normal type as described by Nagaraj (1952) for the dioecious P. deltoides. It is also pointed out that in the poplar studied the self-fertilization with production of high percentage (more than 65%) of fertile seeds is possible.     

红直獐牙菜的胚胎学

首次报道了红直獐牙菜大小孢子发生,雌雄配子体形成和胚胎发育过程。主要结果如下：花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型,绒毡层异型起源,接近腺质绒毡层,中层３层,花药壁表皮宿存,细胞柱状伸长,纤维状加厚,药室内壁退化,小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列方式为四面体形;成熟花粉为３－细胞;子房２心皮,１室,１２列胚珠,侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠,蓼型胚囊,反足细胞３个,宿存时间短,胚乳发育为核型     

STRUCTURE AND HISTOGENESIS OF THE EMBRYO OF ACER SACCHARINUM. I. EMBRYO SAC AND PROEMBRYO

Structure of the embryo sac and development of the proembryo of Acer saccharinum L. are described from paraffin sections. The embryo sac is monosporic and identical to the 8-nucleate Polygonum type in all respects. Cell, nuclear, and nucleolar sizes are constant within a narrow range and sharply distinctive for all components of the mature sac. Polar nuclei fuse before double fertilization. The longitudinal axis of symmetry of the egg, zygote, and proembryo is variously oriented with respect to the longitudinal axis of the embryo sac and is determined by the point of attachment of the presumptive egg cell to the sac wall. Subsequent development of the young embryo is responsive to aligning factors within the embryo sac and is collateral with the longitudinal axis of the sac. The first segmentation is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the zygote; the second and third are transverse in the basal cell and longitudinal in the apical cell. Descendants of ci form a short irregular suspensor; ca and m give rise to the apical and basal halves respectively of the embryo proper. The contribution of the proembryonic tiers to the older embryo differs in embryos of different initial orientation. Distribution and orientation of mitosis in the proembryo are shown in two accumulation maps.     

Is the wild oat embryo monocotylous?

The embryogeny of the wild oat (Avena fatua L.) was studied in detail. The pattern of embryo development was observed to be similar to the other investigated grass taxa, conforming to thePoa variation of the Asterad type. The embryogeny and anatomy of young seedlings showed that the embryo of the wild oat was not monocotylous, but dicotylous. The scutellum of the embryo, as reported for other grasses, was regarded as the first cotyledon, and the first leaf primordium, which developed later into a photosynthesizing leaf and situated opposite the scutellum, was interpreted as the second cotyledon. Observations indicated that the cotyledons of the embryo were placed lateral to the shoot apical meristem, which was terminal in position. The cotyledons were found to be dimorphic in structure and function. The scutellum, a modified cotyledon, functioned as a suctorial organ, transporting nutrients from the endosperm to the embryo axis. The second cotyledon or the first true leaf supplied nutrients directly to the embryo axis through the process of photosynthesis.