CHROMOSOME STUDIES IN ASTERACEAE FROM THE UNITED STATES,MEXICO, THE WEST INDIES,AND SOUTH AMERICA

Chromosome counts of Asteraceae are reported from Mexico, the United States, the West Indies, Peru, and Bolivia. First counts are reported for 27 species, eight infraspecific taxa, and three interspecific hybrids in Brickellia, Chrysanthellum, Cirsium, Egletes, Erigeron, Flaveria, Gnaphalium, Heterotheca, Hieracium, Hymenothrix, Koanophyllon, Layia, Lessingia, Pectis, Sclerocarpus, Stuessya, Tagetes and Wedelia. Counts are also reported for 196 taxa or hybrids for which chromosome numbers have been published previously. Of these, nine are new numbers. Taxonomic implications of certain counts are discussed.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC IMPLICATIONS IN LIPOCHAETA (COMPOSITAE:HELIANTHEAE)

Chromosome counts are reported for 71 collections in 14 taxa of Lipochaeta DC. (Compositae) of the Hawaiian Islands. Counts for 13 of the taxa are first reports. Lipochaeta contains diploids, n = 15, and tetraploids, n = 26. Ploidy level is taxonomically significant for recognizing sections, and on the basis of these data, together with morphological and chemical evidence, major realignments of species into the secions of Lipochaeta have been made.     

CHROMOSOME COUNTS OF COMPOSITAE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

Chromosome counts are reported for 126 taxa representing 122 species and 61 genera of Compositae. First reports include two genera, Stylocline (n = 14) and Chromolepis (n = 19), 17 species, two infraspecific taxa, and one interspecific hybrid. Five additional taxa have chromosome numbers differing from previously published accounts. Carminatia is reinstated to generic status.     

ACCUMULATION OF NICKEL AND ZINC BY WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN GENERA CONTAINING SERPENTINE-TOLERANT SPECIES

Nickel and zinc were determined in 57 taxa of western North American genera containing serpentine-tolerant species. The studies resulted in the identification of three varieties of Thlaspi montanum (var. montanum, var. siskiyouense, and var. californicum) which are hyperaccumulators (> 1,000 μg/g dry mass) of nickel. These three taxa together with the previously reported Streptanthus polygaloides are the only hyperaccumulators of nickel so far reported for continental America. Significantly higher than normal nickel values (up to 664 μg/g) were recorded for the serpentinophyte Viola cuneata. Elevated zinc levels (> 1,000 μg/g dry mass) were also recorded in four of the Thlaspi taxa and confirm the tendency of many species of this genus to accumulate zinc. It is suggested that hyperaccumulation of nickel by the three varieties of T. montanum is a neo-endemic rather than palaeo-endemic process and that the precursor of these varieties is T. montanum var. montanum from non-mineralized soils.     

Using leaf anatomy to solve taxonomic problems within the Anemopaegma arvense species complex (Bignonieae,Bignoniaceae)

Anemopaegma is a monophyletic lineage included in the tribe Bignonieae. The genus is taxonomically problematic, especially in the Anemopaegma arvense species complex, a group whose taxa have been delimited on the basis of leaf external morphology. Here we study the leaf anatomy of all three species and nine varieties currently included in this species complex (A. acutifolium DC., A. arvense (Vell.) Stellf. ex de Souza and A. glaucum Mart. ex DC.) in search for additional characters that may help circumscribe taxa within this group. For comparison, this study also investigated the leaf anatomy of two species that are morphologically similar to representatives of the species complex but currently placed outside it (A. album Mart. ex DC. and A. scabriusculum Mart. ex DC.). All taxa were analyzed using standard anatomical procedures and light microscopy. In addition, leaves of A. acutifolium and Anemopaegma album were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, stomata position, composition of the vascular system of the petiole, midrib, lateral veins and margin constitution represented the most important anatomical features for the recognition of the species and varieties. The study also demonstrated that A. scabriusculum presents leaf anatomical traits that differ from those encountered in species of the Anemopaegma arvense complex, corroborating earlier anatomical and molecular phylogenetic results and indicating that A. scabriusculum is indeed best placed outside the A. arvense species complex. Leaf anatomical data also support the synonymization of some varieties of A. mirandum with A. arvense, as well as varieties of A. glaucum into this species.     

中国合耳菊属(菊科-千里光族)两新记录种

首次报道了红脉合耳菊[Synotis rufinervis(DC.)C.JeffreyY.L.Chen]和须弥合耳菊[S.kunthiana(Wall.ex DC.)C.JeffreyY.L.Chen](菊科-千里光族)在中国的分布记录。两种植物都在中国西藏南部有分布。提供了它们的详细形态描述、形态特征图及其在中国的地理分布,同时报道了两种植物的花药领构型和花药内壁细胞增厚方式。     

Rosularia globulariifolia var. pallidiflora comb. et stat. nov. (Crassulaceae)

Rosularia globulariifolia (Fenzl) A. Berger and R. pallidiflora (Holmboe) Meikle were originally described as species in Umbilicus DC. in 1842 and 1914, respectively. In the present study, morphological and palynological features were examined in detail to determine the status of these taxa. The general characteristics, seed structure and micromorphology, pollen measurements and pollen characteristics were established. Morphologically, the two taxa cannot easily be distinguished. Pollen grains of both species are tricolporate, subspheroidal and eutectate, ornamentation is psilate and exine structures are similar. Based on morphological and palynological similarities, and the fact that both taxa are found in the same habitats, we propose that R. pallidiflora should be reduced to the rank of variety as Rosularia globulariifolia (Fenzl) A. Berger var. pallidiflora (Meikle) Minareci & K. Yildiz comb. et stat. nov.     

中国的兰伯特盘菌属和兰斯盘菌属

本文报道中国兰伯特盘菌属15种和兰斯盘菌属6个分类单元,其中小晚兰斯盘菌为新种.同时,提供了上述两个属的分种检索表.     

Jurinea tortumensis sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from northeast Anatolia,Turkey

A new species, Jurinea tortumensis A. Duran & B. Dogan (Asteraceae), is described and illustrated from Anatolia, Turkey. The species grows on serpentine stony places in the Tortum district (Erzurum Province) in northeast Anatolia. It is morphologically similar to J. consanguinea DC. The pollen characteristics and achene surface morphology of J. tortumensis and J. consanguinea are examined by SEM. Diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar taxa are discussed and arranged in a key. Ecology, conservation status and biogeography of the species are also presented. In addition, the geographical distributions of the new species and other related species are mapped.     

A conspectus of Indo‐Burmese Annonaceae

A list of the Annonaceae taxa native to the Indo‐Burmese Region is presented. Species are listed with synonyms and types, and the regional distribution is given by country (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Burma). In total, 195 species from 28 genera are listed. Two new combinations, Monoon nitidum (A. DC.) I. M. Turner and Polyalthia malabarica (Bedd.) I. M. Turner, are included. Polyalthia corticosa (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. is considered the correct name for P. obliqua in India and Bangladesh. Artabotrys cubittii Chatterjee is reduced to a synonym of A. burmanicus A. DC. Two new records for Burma, Polyalthia bullata King and Uvaria hahnii (Finet & Gagnep.) J. Sinclair, are presented.     

A new Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey

A new Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey is described and illustrated. Centaurea mersinensis Uysal and Hamzao?lu exists on calcareous slopes in Pinus brutia forests of Ayd?nc?k (Mersin) in southern Anatolia. It belongs to C. sect. Phalolepis (Cass.) DC., and taxonomically its closest relative is C. lycaonica. Diagnostic morphological characters from very similar taxa are provided, and a key is provided that includes related species of sect. Phalolepis from Turkey. The geographical distribution of the new species and relatives of the same section are mapped. The chromosome number of C. mersinensis, 2n = 18, counted in root tips, is also reported and illustrated.     

Scorzonera aksekiensis sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from south Anatolia,Turkey

Scorzonera aksekiensis A. Duran & M. Öztürk sp. nov. from the Akseki district (C3 Antalya province) in Turkey is described and illustrated. The diagnostic morphological characters of similar taxa are discussed. Scorzonera aksekiensis is related to S. semicana DC. from which it mainly differs in its habitus, indumentum, leaves, capitula and achenes. The ecology, biogeography and conservation status of the new species are also presented. The geographical distribution of S. aksekiensis and related species is mapped.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE LEGUMINOSAE. III. SPECIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

Turner, B. L., and Olin S. Fearing. (U. Texas, Austin.) Chromosome numbers in the Leguminosae. III. Species of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(7) : 603–608. Illus. 1960.—Chromosome counts for 43 species of the Leguminosae from the southwestern United States and Mexico have been reported. These include first reports for 42 taxa of which 16 are for the subfamily Mimosoideae. Olneya tesota (2n = 18) is the only new generic count listed. Chromosome reports of particular significance include a single polyploid count for a North American species of Acacia, as well as diploid and tetraploid counts for closely related taxa in this genus. Four species of the genus Schrankia were found to be diploid with In = 26, indicating a base of x = 13 instead of the x = 8 reported by some previous workers. Leucaena pulverulenta was found to have a diploid count of 2n = 56 indicating a base of x = 14.     

Paederiantiti sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) from the Comoros and notes on the affinities of Comorian rubiaceous climbers and lianas

A new species of Paederia L. (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae, Paederieae), P. ntiti Mouly & Puff, endemic to the Comoros (Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mayotte) and occurring in natural elevated forests is described and illustrated. Its conservation status is evaluated and the species is rated ‘Endangered’ (EN). A key to the Paederia taxa of the Comorian archipelago is provided. Also included are notes on the three other species of rubiaceous climbers and lianas known from the Comoros: Paederia bojeriana (A. Rich. ex DC.) Drake Danais comorensis Drake, and Uncaria africana G. Don.     

CYTOGEOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERBENA

Lewis , Walter H., and Royce L. Oliver . (Stephen F. Austin State Coll., Nacogdoches, Texas.) Cytogeography and phylogeny of the North American species of Verbena. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(7): 638–643. Illus. 1961.—Chromosome numbers of 26 Verbena species in North America, separable into 2 series, are reported. The x = 5 series has no diploid representative, few tetraploids, and numerous widespread hexaploid species, while the x = 7 series has many pandemic diploid species and few tetraploid and hexaploid taxa. When compared with the data available for the South American verbenas, these frequencies and distributions were found to be almost opposite. The origin of the 2 groups from an x = 6 prototype followed by ascending and descending aneuploidy is suggested. Migration via tropical land bridges is proposed to explain the occurrence of both groups in the 2 continents. The following taxa are proposed: subgenus Verbenaca (Schauer) Lewis, and subgenus Glandularia (Gmelin) Lewis.     

Trichome morphology provides phylogenetically informative characters for Tremandra, Platytheca and Tetratheca (former Tremandraceae)

Summary Trichomes of Tremandra R.Br. ex DC., Platytheca Steetz and Tetratheca Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae, former Tremandraceae), together with two outgroup species of Elaeocarpus L., are illustrated using scanning electron microscopy, and their distribution on various plant organs is documented. Various trichomes types were identified that relate taxa: simple hairs, stellate hairs, short glandular trichomes, long glandular trichomes, and three forms of tubercules. Both outgroup and ingroup taxa have simple hairs. Stellate hairs are confirmed as unique to Tremandra. Prominent and sculptured multicelled tubercules, some bearing a stout hair, are characteristic of Platytheca. Smaller multicelled tubercules occur in both Platytheca and Tetratheca, except for the Western Australian taxon Te. filiformis Benth. (possibly plesiomorphic). Unicellular tubercules (papilla) characterise two species of Tetratheca. Short glandular trichomes, usually found on the ovary, also occur in both of these genera but not in all species (possibly secondary losses), while long glandular trichomes, usually on stems and leaves, occur only in some groups of Tetratheca. Within Tetratheca, Western Australian taxa that have five-merous flowers fall into three ‘groups’: seven species (together with one from South Australia) that have short glandular trichomes but no long glandular trichomes; six species that have long glandular trichomes but no short glandular trichomes; and four species that have both trichome types. All other species of Tetratheca have four-merous flowers and form two ‘groups’: 12 eastern species (including one from South Australia) that have both short glandular trichomes and long glandular trichomes; 4 western species and six eastern species that lack short glandular trichomes. On the basis of these characters, a phylogenetic hypothesis for the three genera is presented.     

Cytogenetic effects of nine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helichrysum</Emphasis> taxa in human lymphocytes culture

Helichrysum Mill. (Asteraceae) species have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years in the world. The in vitro cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes of nine Helichrysum taxa used in Turkey folk medicine were investigated. Blood samples were obtained from healthy donors, non-smoking volunteers, which were incubated and exposed to increasing concentrations of methanol extracts of Helichrysum taxa (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL). The inhibitory effects of H. stoechas (L.) Moench subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman, H. armenium DC. subsp. armenium, H. armenium DC. subsp. araxinum (Kirp.) Takht., H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum, H. compactum Boiss. and H. artvinense P.H.Davis & Kupicha on the mitotic index and replication index indicate that these taxa can have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. They should therefore not be used freely in alternative medicine although their antiproliferative activity may suggest anticarcinogenic properties. Increase effects of H. stoechas subsp. barrelieri, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. armenium subsp. araxinum, H. chasmolycicum P.H.Davis, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum, H. compactum and H. artvinense on the micronucleus rates showed that these taxa can have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN SPHAERALCEA SECTION FENDLERIANAE

Chromosome numbers are reported for ten taxa in Sphaeralcea section Fendlerianae (Malvaceae). New ploidy levels are reported for six taxa, with one species not previously reported, and extensive polyploidy at all taxonomic levels is documented. The geographic and taxonomic distribution of polyploids suggests that polyploidy arose many times in the taxa of Sphaeralcea. Sphaeralcea fendleri var. venusta, S. polychroma, and S. wrightii populations have yielded exclusively tetraploid counts. Tetraploidy is correlated with taxa having lavender petals. Polyploidy has also allowed the taxa to expand their distributions without resulting in speciation.     

TAXONOMIC REVISION OF SARGASSUM SPECIES (FUCALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM NEW CALEDONIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES1

Sargassum C. Agardh (1820) is a taxonomically difficult genus distributed worldwide and reported as the most species‐rich genus of the Fucales. It is especially abundant in the Pacific where decreasing species richness is reported to occur from west to east. New Caledonia has been recognized as one of the hotspots of Sargassum diversity; however, species lists available for this region are old and incomplete and have not yet been updated with regard to the latest taxonomic revisions published. This study aimed at revising Sargassum diversity in New Caledonia and to assess its geographic affinities with neighboring Pacific regions. We used combined morphological and DNA analyses on new collections and examined numerous type specimens. Although 45 taxa have been listed in the literature, most of them have been either transferred to synonymy since or misidentified, and in this study, only 12 taxa were recognized as occurring in New Caledonia. They belong to the subgenus Sargassum sect. Binderianae (Grunow) Mattio et Payri (2), sect. Ilicifoliae (J. Agardh) Mattio et Payri (2), sect. Polycystae Mattio et Payri. (1), sect. Sargassum (4), sect. Zygocarpicae (J. Agardh) Setch. (2), and subgenus Phyllotrichia (Aresh.) J. Agardh (1). New Caledonian Sargassum flora appeared as the second richest in the region after the Pacific coast of Australia, with which it has shown high similarity, and shared species with all neighboring regions. One species, S. turbinarioides Grunow, is considered as endemic to New Caledonia. The low genetic diversity detected among several polymorphic species belonging to sect. Sargassum is also discussed.