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1.
Soybean seed growth in response to long-term exposures to differing oxygen partial pressures 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
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Short-term studies have indicated that alterations in the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) around developing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seeds may alter seed growth characteristics. A 2-year field study was undertaken to determine the effects on seed development of long-term exposures of individual pods to either sub-ambient or supra-ambient pO2. Pod chambers were used through which fixed pO2 were continuously flowed throughout seed development. No effects on maturity date were observed from exposures to either sub-ambient or supra-ambient pO2. On the other hand, seed weight was reduced by 0.10 pO2 in both years of the study implicating an O2 limitation on seed growth rate at this fairly high pO2. In 1 of the 2 years, supra-ambient pO2 resulted in increased seed weight. 相似文献
2.
Yield reduction of pea (Pisum sativum) due to various types of infections by Mycosphaerella pinodes on pods was assessed. A range of disease severities was created on pods of pea plants grown in the glasshouse, by painting the pods with different concentrations of spore suspensions, at three different pod development stages: lag phase, the beginning of seed filling (BSF) and mid-filling of the seeds. Seed number at harvest was reduced only if the pods were infected before BSF, as shown previously for whole plant infections. Pod infections led to individual seed weight (ISW) losses from zero (for late infections, at mid-filling) to 20% (for earlier infections and severe disease). Infection during the lag phase affected ISW by reducing seed growth rate, whereas infection at BSF tended to reduce the duration of seed filling. There was a linear relationship between the area under the disease progress curve and the percentage decrease in ISW. This model should be complemented by the effect of leaves and stem infections, in order to predict ISW losses in diseased crop conditions, in which epidemics occur on all aerial parts of the pea plant. 相似文献
3.
The rate of photosynthesis (P
N) in leaves and pods as well as carbon isotope content in leaves, pod walls, and seeds was measured in well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) chickpea plants. The P
N, on an area basis, was negligible in pods compared to leaves and was reduced by water stress (by 26%) only in leaves. WS pod walls and seeds discriminated less against 13CO2 than did the controls. This response was not observed for leaves as is usually the case. Pod walls and seeds discriminated less against 13CO2 than did leaves in both WW and WS plants. Measurement of carbon isotope composition in pods may be a more sensitive tool for assessing the impact of water stress on long-term assimilation than is the instantaneous measurement of gas exchange rates. 相似文献
4.
Daniel H. Janzen 《American journal of botany》1977,64(3):347-349
The mature viable seeds within the seed crop of one individual of Costa Rican Mucuna andreana varied in fresh weight from 2.6 to 9.4 g (average of 6.81 g, s.d. = 1.09 g, n = 282). The seed coats weighed 14 to 17 percent of the fresh seed weight and variation in their weight was not the cause of the variation in seed weight. There was no significant difference in average seed weight of seeds from pods with 1 to 5 filled seeds. The great range of seed weights within one plant's seed crop is interpreted as possibly of adaptive significance in generating a more homogeneous seed shadow than would be the case with a narrow range of seed weights. 相似文献
5.
The dry weight of the whole fruit, the pod wall and an enclosedseed of randomly harvested soya beans is estimated from theexternal dimensions of the attached pod. The relations betweendimensions and dry weight are independent of cultivar and growthcondition and can be used on pods from 1 cm in length untilthe seeds reach their maximum fresh weight. Dimensions of tagged pods of three cultivars of field grownsoya beans differing in time to reach maturity were measuredevery 23 days from initial pod elongation until maturation.Dry weights for each pod were estimated from the dimensions,and the dry weight accumulation with time was fitted to thelogistic function to find the growth rate that best characterizedthe data for each pod. The final weight, the specific growthrate and the maximum growth rate of the whole fruit, the podwall and a single seed were subjected to analysis of variance. The most significant difference between pods of these cultivarswas the specific growth rate of individual seeds, which decreasedwith increasing maturity group. There were no differences ingrowth of the pod wall. However, most of the variation was betweenindividual pods within a cultivar, where the rate of dry weightaccumulation of the whole fruit, governed largely by the seedgrowth rate times the number of seeds, was highly correlatedwith the earlier growth of the pod wall. This suggests thatthe growth of individual whole fruit was determined early inpod development and was slightly influenced by factors appliedduring the period of rapid seed growth. Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Soya bean, seed growth analysis, specific growth rate 相似文献
6.
It has been known since 1948 that seeds of Impatiens species (family Balsaminaceae) contain a polyconjugated 18:4 fatty acid, α-parinaric acid. Content of this acid is high in seeds of the two species of Impatiens native to eastern North America, I. capensis Meerb. and I. pallida Nutt. The cotyledons of these seeds also have an unusual blue pigmentation that disappears when lipids are extracted. Deposition of oil reserves and appearance of cotyledon color was observed during fruit development. Pods of I. capensis and I. pallida were measured daily after anthesis. Length increased linearly to a maximum of about 27 mm (I. capensis) and 30 mm (I. pallida) by day 10 after which increase in girth and fresh weight of pods, and fresh weight of seeds, increased exponentially. At maturity (15 days) seeds of I. pallida were twice the weight of seeds of I. capensis. Lipid reserves, extracted with chloroform-methanol, were detectable by day 6 and increased rapidly to 28% fresh weight (2 mg/seed) in seeds of I. capensis and to 24% (4 mg/seed) in I. pallida. The characteristic ultra-violet (uv) spectrum of α-parinaric acid was already present by day 6, and content of this acid increased to 42% of total lipids in I. capensis and to 30% in I. pallida at maturity. Fatty acids as determined by gas chromatography of oil of mature seeds were 16:0 (13%, I. capensis; 11%, I. pallida); 16:1 (trace); 18:0 (2%); 18:1 (20%, 25%); 18:2 (17%, 14%); 18:3 + 18:4 (48%, 47%). Electron micrographs of mature seeds of I. capensis showed abundant oleosomes and protein bodies. The blue color of the cotyledons was faint at day 11 and then intensified with age. It was somewhat paler in I. pallida than in I. capensis, suggesting that it may be associated with the presence of α-parinaric acid. 相似文献
7.
Seed number per pod in pea is variable. After fertilization,any number of ovules may abort in the pod. This paper describesan analysis of the relationship between pod growth and seedabortion rate. Pod dry weight was highly correlated to pod lengthbefore the final stage in seed abortion. By measuring pod lengthduring the period of seed formation and counting the seeds inthe same pods at the end of this period, we show that seed numberper pod was correlated with early pod elongation. From thesedata we propose and test a model for predicting seed numberper pod from early pod elongation rates. Key words: Pea, pod length, pod growth, seed number, modelling 相似文献
8.
Seed Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole: I. Developmental Independence of Seed Maturation
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Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole pods removed from the plant continued their development when incubated in suitable conditions. Seeds continued to grow and develop and pods and seeds passed through an apparently normal developmental sequence to dryness. Seed growth was at the expense of pod dry weight (DW) reserves. Losses of pod DW paralleled DW gains by seeds in detached pods and in pod cylinders containing a seed. The transfer activity was apparent only within the period 10 to 30 days after anthesis (DAA) with maximal activity between 15 to 20 DAA. This period corresponds to maximum pod growth and the attainment of maximal DW. Seeds are in only the early phase of seed growth at this time. No DW transfer was observed at developmental stages beyond 30 to 35 DAA when normal senescence DW losses in pods became evident and seeds were in the later phase of seed fill. Pods or pod cylinders remained green and succulent over the transfer period, later passing through yellowing and drying phases characteristic of normal development. DW transfer was dependent on funicle integrity and was readily detectable in pod cylinders after 7 days incubation. The DW transfer activity may contribute to continuing nutrition of seeds under conditions where the normal assimilate supply to seeds becomes limiting. Defoliation and water stress treatments applied to Phaseolus plants reduced seed yields but allowed persistence of seed maturation processes such that all seeds developing to dryness were capable of germination. 相似文献
9.
Two experiments were done in Saxcil growth cabinets in order to investigate the effects of climatic factors and nitrogen nutrition on the growth, reproductive development and seed yield of soyabean cv. TK5. In the first, plants were grown to maturity in eight environments comprising all combinations of two short daylengths (11 h 40 min and 13 h 20 min), two day (27 and 33oC) and two night (19 and 24oC) temperatures. In the second, day temperature was kept at 33oC but the night temperature was varied (19 and 24oC) as was the mineral nitrogen supply (20 and 197 ppm N) to plants which were either inoculated or not with an effective single strain of Rhizobium. Taller, more branched, later flowering plants were produced in the longer daylength but seed yield was hardly affected because the components of yield did not all respond similarly. In the higher day temperature treatments seed yield per plant was reduced by half because all yield components were adversely affected - pods per plant by 34 %, mean seed dry weight by 24 % and seeds per pod just slightly. There was a marked effect of the higher night temperature which promoted early vegetative growth, induced early flowering and although the number of pods per plant was, overall, reduced by 48 %, seed yield per plant was little affected as mean seed dry weight was increased by 37 % and the number of seeds per pod was also increased slightly. Prior to flowering, nodulated plants obtained about two thirds of their total nitrogen requirement via direct uptake and one third through the symbiotic system. Vegetative dry weight and plant nitrogen content were increased by the higher mineral nitrogen level and, although height was slightly diminished, more branches were produced. Seed yield, however, was only slightly increased. These experiments have shown that night temperature is an environmental factor of major importance for the growth of this soyabean cultivar. They have provided, also, a more rational basis for interpreting seasonal variations in growth and seed yield of soyabean in the tropics where, clearly, day and night temperature effects can override those of daylength and nitrogen nutrition. 相似文献
10.
Growth, sucrose synthase, and invertase activities of developing Phaseolus vulgaris L. fruits 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Activities of the sucrose-cleaving enzymes, acid and neutral invertase and sucrose synthase, were measured in pods and seeds of developing snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fruits, and compared with 14C-import, elongation and dry weight accumulation. During the first 10 d post-anthesis, pods elongated rapidly with pod dry weight increase lagging behind by several days. The temporal patterns of acid invertase activity and import coincided closely during the first part of pod development, consonant with a central role for this enzyme in converting imported sucrose during pod elongation and early dry weight accumulation. Later, sucrose synthase became the predominant enzyme of dry weight accumulation and was possibly associated with the development of phloem in pod walls. Sucrose synthase activity in seeds showed two peaks, corresponding to two phases of rapid import and dry weight accumulation; hence, sucrose synthase was associated with seed sink growth. Acid invertase activities in seeds were low and did not show a noticeable relationship with import or growth. All neutral invertase activities, during pod and seed development, were too low for it to have a dominant role in sucrose cleavage. Changes in activities of certain sucrose-cleaving enzymes appear to be correlated with certain sink functions, including import, storage of reserves, and biosynthetic activities. The data supports the association of specific sucrose-cleaving enzymes with the specific processes that occur in the developing pods and seeds of snap bean fruits; for example, acid invertase with pod elongation and sucrose synthase with fruit dry matter accumulation. 相似文献
11.
Gibberellins A1, A8, A20 and A29 were identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the pods and seeds from 5-d-old pollinated ovaries of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska). These gibberellins were also identified in 4-d-old non-developing, parthenocarpic and pollinated ovaries. The level of gibberellin A1 within these ovary types was correlated with pod size. Gibberellin A1, applied to emasculated ovaries cultured in vitro, was three to five times more active than gibberellin A20. Using pollinated ovary explants cultured in vitro, the effects of inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis on pod growth and seed development were examined. The inhibitors retarded pod growth during the first 7 d after anthesis, and this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous application of gibberellin A3. In contrast, the inhibitors, when supplied to 4-d-old pollinated ovaries for 16 d, had little effect on seed fresh weight although they reduced the levels of endogenous gibberellins A20 and A29 in the enlarging seeds to almost zero. Paclobutrazol, which was one of the inhibitors used, is xylem-mobile and it efficiently reduced the level of seed gibberellins without being taken up into the seed. In intact fruits the pod may therefore be a source of precursors for gibberellin biosynthesis in the seed. Overall, the results indicate that gibberellin A1, present in parthenocarpic and pollinated fruits early in development, regulates pod growth. In contrast the high levels of gibberellins A20 and A29, which accumulate during seed enlargement, appear to be unnecessary for normal seed development or for subsequent germination.Abbreviations GA(a)
gibberellin An
- GC-MS
combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HPLC
high-performance liquid chromatography
- PFK
perfluorokerosene
- PVP
polyvinylpyrrolidone 相似文献
12.
Observations have been made in pot cultures on the effect of presoaking seed treatment of Vigna catjang T. 5269 in extract of P. foveolarum. The algal extract on the whole exhibits beneficial effect on the vegetative growth and yield, including length, number and weight of pods; and number and weight of seeds per plant. 相似文献
13.
The heritability, the number of segregating genes and the type of gene interaction of nine agronomic traits were analysed
based on F2 populations of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea through ovary culture. The nine traits—plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of pods
per plant, number of seeds per pod, length of pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight—had heritabilities of 0.927,
0.215, 0.172, 0.381, 0.360, 0.972, 0.952, 0.516 and 0.987 respectively, while the mean numbers of controlling genes for these
characters were 7.4, 10.4, 9.9, 12.9, 11.5, 21.7, 20.5, 19.8 and 6.4 respectively. According to estimated coefficients of
skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, no significant gene interaction was found for plant height, stem width, number
of branches, length of main raceme, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield per plant is an important target
for oilseed production. In partial correlation analysis, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight
were positively correlated with seed yield per plant. On the other hand, length of pod was negatively correlated (r = -0.69) with seed yield per plant. Other agronomic characters had no significant correlation to seed yield per plant. In
this experiment, the linear regressions of seed yield per plant and other agronomic traits were also analysed. The linear
regression equation wasy = 0.074x8 + 1.819x9 + 6.72x12 -60.78 (R
2 = 0.993), wherex
8, x9 and x12 represent number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight respectively. The experiment also showed
that erucic acid and oil contents of seeds from F2 plants were lower than those of their maternal parents. However, glucosinolate content was higher than that of the maternal
plants. As for protein content, similar results were found in the F2 plants and their maternal parents. It was shown that the four quality traits, i.e. erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil content,
and protein content, had heritability values of 0.614, 0.405, 0.153 and 0.680 respectively. 相似文献
14.
Pseudomonas fluorescens BAM-4, Burkholderia cepacia BAM-6 and B. cepacia BAM-12 isolated from the rhizosphere of moong bean (Vigna radiata L.) showed significant growth-inhibitory activity against a range of phytopathogenic fungi. Light and scanning electron microscopic
(SEM) studies showed morphological abnormalities such as fragmentation, swelling, perforation and lysis of hyphae of pathogens
by Pseudomonas and Burkholderia. Two of the strains (BAM-4 and BAM-6) produced siderophore in CAS agar plates, whereas all three strains produced chitinase.
Bacterization of seeds of moong bean with pseudomonads has been reported as a potential method for enhancing plant growth
and yield, and for providing protection against Macrophomina phaseolina. Seed bacterization with these plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) showed a significant increase in seed germination,
shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, root length, root fresh and dry weight, leaf area and rhizosphere colonization.
Yield parameters such as pods, number of seeds, and grain yield per plant also enhanced significantly in comparison to control.
The disease suppression and plant growth enhancement along with the positive rhizosphere colonization by these strains indicate
their possible use as PGPR/biocontrol agents against charcoal rot. 相似文献
15.
Norikuni Ohtake Momoko Suzuki Yoshihiko Takahashi Toru Fujiwara Mitsiio Chino Taro Ikarashi Takuji Ohyama 《Physiologia plantarum》1996,96(1):101-110
Nodulated (T202) and non-nodulated (T201) isolines of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) were cultivated in a rotated paddy field in Niigata, Japan. The pods, and seeds were harvested at 7-day intervals until maturity, and the subunit compositions of seed storage proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The β-subunit of β-conglycinin could scarcely be detected in the non-nodulated isoline, T201, at any period throughout seed development, although it was a major component in T202. The accumulation of α′- and α-subunits of β-conglycinin, together with the acidic and basic subunits of glycinin, appeared about one week later in seeds of T201 than in those of T202, perhaps due to a shortage of nitrogen and growth retardation. Northern hybridization could not detect the β-subunit mRNA in immature T201 seeds, while it was pronounced in T202. These results indicate that the suppression of the β-subunit in the non-nodulating isoline T201 is regulated at the level of mRNA accumulation. The α′(α)-subunit mRNAs were actively expressed in both isolines. Total nitrogen concentration was consistently lower in T201 than T202. No significant difference was observed in either the free amino acid or ureide concentrations in seeds, although the concentration of sucrose was considerably lower in T201 seeds and pods compared with T202. This result indicates the possibility that β-subunit accunmlation was regulated not only directly by total nitrogen concentration but also by carbohydrate concentrations. Nitrogen regulation of storage protein subunit levels of soybean seed were evaluated using T201 and T202. Greenhouse-grown plants were subjected to different levels and timing of nitrate treatments. The culture solution (2, 5 or 10 mM NO3–was supplied from flowering, 42 days after planting (DAP), until maturation (137 DAP), or switched from 2 to 10 mM, or from 10 to 2 mM at 61 DAP. With a continuous 2 mM NO3–treatment, seed dry weight and N concentration of the T201 plants were significantly lower than those in the T202 plants due to the lack of N2 fixation by the non nodulated T201 plants. However, when adequate NO3 was supplied, N concentration and dry weight were similar in T201 and T202 seeds. When 5 mM NO3 was supplied, the subunit proportion of the seed storage protein was similar in non-nodulating and nodulating isolines. On the other hand, when plants received a low level of NO3 (2 mM), the β-conglycinin proportion was lower in T201 than in T2O2. Furthermore, in the nodulating T202 plants treated with 10 mM NO3–the proportion of β-conglycinin increased markedly. The results indicate that non-nodulated T201 has a normal, non-defective, β-subunit gene and that limited N availability decreases accumulation of β-conglycinin, whereas high N availability increases the proportion of β-conglycinin in soybean seeds, irrespective of whether N was derived from N2 fixation or from NO3 absorption. 相似文献
16.
Maxine F. Miller 《Oecologia》1994,97(2):265-270
This study investigated the interactions of large African herbivores and bruchid seed beetles with Acacia seeds. The germination of bruchid-infested and uninfested seeds was compaed. The effects of pod consumption by large herbivores on bruchid infestation and seed germination was also assessed. Bruchid-infested seeds did germinate, and the germination of bruchid-infested and uninfested A. tortilis, A. nilotica and A. hebeclade seeds did not differ. Pod ingestion by large herbivores lowered the bruchid infestation of consumed and defaecated seeds compared to uningested seeds. Uninfested, ingested and voided A. tortilis seeds germinated seeds. Furthermore, infested A. tortilis seeds egested by giraffe, kudu and ostrich germinated better than infested, uningested seeds. Pod ingestion by large herbivores may reduce bruchid infestation, increase Acacia seed germination and therefore increase potential Acacia seedling recruitment. 相似文献
17.
The Ih and lh
i alleles have been shown previously to reduce the level of endogenous gibberellin A1 (GA1) in shoots of pea (Pisum sativum L.), resulting in a dwarf phenotype compared with the wild type, cv. Torsdag (Lh). In addition, plants homozygous for the lh
i allele have reduced seed yield compared with Lh (tall, wild type) and lh (dwarf) plants. In this paper we show that the lh
i mutation is expressed in developing seeds and pods. Comparison of GA levels in young shoots and developing seeds of genotypes lh and lh
i demonstrates that the relative severity of the two mutations varies in different tissues. Homozygous h
i seeds have reduced GA levels, weigh less, and are less likely to develop to maturity when compared with Lh seeds. However, fertilization of lh
i plants with Lh pollen increases seed GA levels, seed weight and seed survival, indicating that an increase in seed GA levels due to the presence of the Lh allele can restore normal seed growth. Pods developing on self-pollinated lh
i plants are shorter than pods on Lh (wild type) plants, although this may be an indirect effect of the increased seed abortion of lh
i plants. Based on these results we suggest that endogenous GAs play an important role in the development of seeds of P. sativum L.Abbreviations GA(n)
gibberellin An
We wish to thank Katherine McPherson, Peter Newman, Leigh Johnson and Peter Bobbi for technical assistance, Professor L. Mander (ANU, Canberra) and Professor B.O. Phinney (UCLA, USA) for labelled GA standards, and the Australian Research Council for financial support. 相似文献
18.
Components of seed yield of cv. Ultra (Lupinus albus L.) andcv. Unicrop (L. angustifolius L.) were measured when grown atthree densities. The low density (10 plants m2) Unicropyield (34 g seed per plant) was 1.8 times that of Ultra as ithad more branches, pods and seeds per pod. Ultra seeds (310mg per seed) were heavier than Unicrop seeds (180 mg). The branchingpattern of Ultra was less dependent on plant density, henceat 93 plants m2 it gave a higher per plant yield (7.4vs 6.4 g) than Unicrop at lower densities (83 plants m2).Density had most influence on pod formation and only small effectson seeds per pod and seed weight. Yield components on the main-steminflorescence were influenced less by density than componentson branch inflorescences. Later formed, higher order generationsof inflorescences were most affected by increased inter- andintra-plant competition. Pod numbers on the main-stem were similarfor both species. Pods formed at higher flower nodes in Unicrop,but the lower flower nodes were less fertile than those in Ultra.Node position of flowers had no influence on seed set in main-stemUnicrop pods, but pods from higher nodes in Ultra formed fewerseeds. Seed weights in Unicrop were similar among main-stemnodes but in Ultra seed weights tended to increase at highernodes. Lupinus spp, lupins, seed yield, planting density 相似文献
19.
Mwangi Gathua 《Biotropica》2000,32(1):127-132
I examined the fate of seeds from ten focal trees of Afzelia quanzensis (Leguminosae), a canopy tree in the Arabuko‐Sokoke, Kenya. The study was conducted for one fruiting season, between August 1990 and July 1991. Yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus), Syke's monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis), sun squirrels (Heliosciurus rufobrachium), and bush squirrels (Paraxerus palliatus) were all observed to interact with A. quanzensis seeds at various stages of pod development. Baboons and squirrels consumed high percentages of seeds when they were still immature, but the seeds were still unavailable to Syke's monkeys at this stage. Baboons bit open the hard green pods and squirrels gnawed through the pods to extract the immature seeds (hereafter referred to as seed predation), but monkeys were unable to open the pods. Upon maturity, the pods opened slightly, revealing red arils that were sought by baboons, monkeys, and squirrels. Monkeys removed the highest percentage of mature seeds from these pods. These mammal dispersers ate the arils from the mature seeds and discarded the viable part that germinates (hereafter referred to as seed dispersal). My data indicate that baboons and squirrels are seed predators while monkeys are seed dispersers of A. quanzensis. 相似文献
20.
The complete removal of the reproductive structures once andshoot apices of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) during earlyanthesis but before the rapid seed development stage significantlyincreased flowering and pod set in greenhouse and field grownplants. The treated plants had darker green leaves, shorterstems and petioles and retained their chlorophyll content longerthan control plants. Pod maturation was also delayed. Althoughdecapitation and the removal of reproductive structures increasedthe number of 3- or more-seeded pods in all varieties tested,seed weight per plant was not consistently increased. The possibleinvolvement of endogenous hormones in pod set and multi-loculepod production in soybeans is discussed. Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr, Reproductive structures, Shoot apex, Growth, Flowering, Pod set, Multi-locule pods 相似文献